Created by Nathan Kelber for JSTOR Labs under Creative Commons CC BY License

---

Tokenizers

Description: This notebook focuses on the basic concepts surrounding tokenization. It includes material on the following concepts:

• Word segmentation

• n-grams

• Stemming

• Lemmatization

• Tokenizers

Knowledge Required:

• Python Basics (Start Python Basics 1)

Knowledge Recommended:

• Python Intermediate 2

---

What is a word?

The concept of a word makes intuitive sense in everyday language, but it starts to break down significantly when we begin trying to formalize it for analysis with computer programs. Linguists have spent decades creating formal rules for breaking down texts into smaller parts for analysis, dealing in great detail with the normally unspoken rules of grammar. In this lesson, we consider what a word is and consider how we could write a program for collecting the words within a text.

Let’s take a look at an example sentence:

Now that summer’s here, we’re going to visit the beach at Lake Michigan and eat ice cream.

How many words are in this sentence? We could start by simply looking at words that are separated by spaces.

Now, that, summer’s, here, we’re, going, to, visit, the, beach, at, Lake, Michigan, and, eat, ice, cream.

That would give us 17 words. But we could ask a few questions about this count. For example, is ‘Lake Michigan’ one word or two words? Certainly, lake and Michigan have their own individual meanings, but Lake Michigan certainly has a different meaning from either of those words individually. Similarly, what about ‘ice cream’?

What about contractions? Is ‘we’re’ a single word or two words: ‘we’ and ‘are’? If our goal is to count how many times a given word occurs in the sentence, does ‘we’ occur in the sentence? Does the word ‘summer’ occur in our sentence?

Verb conjugations pose yet another problem. Should the word ‘going’ be counted separately from ‘go’. What about ‘went’? From a computational linguistics perspective, we could ‘stem’ words, simply lopping off the ‘ing’ from ‘going’ to get ‘go’. But that would poses some serious programming challenges for words like ‘running’ where the base form is ‘run’ instead of ‘runn’. And we might run into issues with words ‘sing’ or ‘singing’ that should not have ‘ing’ removed in the former case but once in the later case. How could we distinguish between words that are conjugated, like’sings’, and words that are plural like ‘wings’. Sometimes an -s ending is plural (fens) and other times it is not (lens).

Tokenization

Tokenization, or segmenting a text into word chunks, is the first part of a Natural Language Processing pipeline. Tokens can be sentences, words, or sub-word chunks. The tokenization process involves many practical decisions, and this has led to many different methods that are reflected by a variety of available tokenizers. A tokenizer takes a text as input and generated tokens as output automatically.

In the case of tokenizing words, this is traditionally done by splitting on whitespace and punctuation. (There are more advanced tokenization methods for language models such as BERT and GPT. These include Byte-Pair Encoding, WordPiece, and SentencePiece.) We will look at a few examples of traditional tokenizers with a goal of gathering tokens into one-, two-, and three-word constructions. The general name for these is n-grams.

An n-gram is a sequence of n items from a given sample of text or speech. Most often, this refers to a sequence of words, but it can also be used to analyze text at the level of syllables, letters, or phonemes. N-grams are often described by their length. For example, word n-grams might include:

• stock (a 1-gram, or unigram)

• vegetable stock (a 2-gram, or bigram)

• homemade vegetable stock (a 3-gram, or trigram)

A text analysis approach that looks only at unigrams would not be able to differentiate between the “stock” in “stock market” and “vegetable stock.” By including bigrams and trigrams in our analysis, we are able to look at concepts that extend across multiple words. One of the most popular examples of text analysis with n-grams is the Google N-Gram Viewer.

Constellate Datasets

The Constellate dataset builder has a historical term frequency viewer that is similar to the Google N-Gram Viewer. For example, we could create a dataset of medical journals and see how common particular terms are over time.

The Constellate term frequency viewer will graph frequencies for bigrams and trigrams as well.

Building a dataset triggers a process that gathers up all the unigrams, bigrams, and trigrams for the documents you’ve selected. We are able to supply these n-gram lists with their accompanying metadata for any source, even if the materials are under copyright. This is the essence of a “non-consumptive” dataset. The researcher can access the n-grams but not the underlying full-text. In cases where there are no copyright restrictions, we also supply the full-text of the material.

The materials are available for download and analysis in several dataset types. The most complete type is a JSON-Lines file which contains all of the data we can legally provide. Many of the notebooks we offer rely on this data formatand make it easy to accomplish common text analysis tasks such as counting word frequencies, creating word clouds, significant terms weighting, and topic modeling.

We can create our own Constellate-compatible datasets from any texts by extracting the unigrams, bigrams, trigrams, and full text. We would then simply need to put them into the appropriate form matching the Constellate data schema. Then we could run the analyses mentioned above on our own texts. This notebook focuses on the tokenization processes to gather the unigrams, bigrams, and trigrams.

Creating your own basic tokenizer

It is possible to create your own basic tokenizer by using Python string methods. The following example uses the .split() method to gather unigrams.

# Download Shakespeare's Othello from Project Gutenberg
import urllib.request
from pathlib import Path

# Check if a data folder exists. If not, create it.
data_folder = Path('../data/')
data_folder.mkdir(exist_ok=True)

text_address = 'https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1531/pg1531.txt'
text_name = '../data/' + text_address.rsplit('/', 1)[-1]
urllib.request.urlretrieve(text_address, text_name)

('../data/pg1531.txt', <http.client.HTTPMessage at 0x1040b1d10>)

# Opening a file in read mode
with open(text_name, 'r') as f:
    text = f.read()
    print(text)

The Project Gutenberg eBook of Othello, the Moor of Venice
    
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online
at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States,
you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located
before using this eBook.

Title: Othello, the Moor of Venice

Author: William Shakespeare

Release date: November 1, 1998 [eBook #1531]
                Most recently updated: December 16, 2023

Language: English

Credits: the PG Shakespeare Team, a team of about twenty Project Gutenberg volunteers


*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OTHELLO, THE MOOR OF VENICE ***




cover




OTHELLO, THE MOOR OF VENICE

by William Shakespeare




Contents

 ACT I
 Scene I. Venice. A street
 Scene II. Venice. Another street
 Scene III. Venice. A council chamber

 ACT II
 Scene I. A seaport in Cyprus. A Platform
 Scene II. A street
 Scene III. A Hall in the Castle

 ACT III
 Scene I. Cyprus. Before the Castle
 Scene II. Cyprus. A Room in the Castle
 Scene III. Cyprus. The Garden of the Castle
 Scene IV. Cyprus. Before the Castle

 ACT IV
 Scene I. Cyprus. Before the Castle
 Scene II. Cyprus. A Room in the Castle
 Scene III. Cyprus. Another Room in the Castle

 ACT V
 Scene I. Cyprus. A Street
 Scene II. Cyprus. A Bedchamber in the castle




Dramatis Personæ

DUKE OF VENICE
BRABANTIO, a Senator of Venice and Desdemona’s father
Other Senators
GRATIANO, Brother to Brabantio
LODOVICO, Kinsman to Brabantio
OTHELLO, a noble Moor in the service of Venice
CASSIO, his Lieutenant
IAGO, his Ancient
MONTANO, Othello’s predecessor in the government of Cyprus
RODERIGO, a Venetian Gentleman
CLOWN, Servant to Othello

DESDEMONA, Daughter to Brabantio and Wife to Othello
EMILIA, Wife to Iago
BIANCA, Mistress to Cassio

Officers, Gentlemen, Messenger, Musicians, Herald, Sailor, Attendants,
&c.

SCENE: The First Act in Venice; during the rest of the Play at a
Seaport in Cyprus.




ACT I

SCENE I. Venice. A street.


Enter Roderigo and Iago.

RODERIGO.
Tush, never tell me, I take it much unkindly
That thou, Iago, who hast had my purse,
As if the strings were thine, shouldst know of this.

IAGO.
’Sblood, but you will not hear me.
If ever I did dream of such a matter,
Abhor me.

RODERIGO.
Thou told’st me, thou didst hold him in thy hate.

IAGO.
Despise me if I do not. Three great ones of the city,
In personal suit to make me his lieutenant,
Off-capp’d to him; and by the faith of man,
I know my price, I am worth no worse a place.
But he, as loving his own pride and purposes,
Evades them, with a bombast circumstance,
Horribly stuff’d with epithets of war:
And in conclusion,
Nonsuits my mediators: for “Certes,” says he,
“I have already chose my officer.”
And what was he?
Forsooth, a great arithmetician,
One Michael Cassio, a Florentine,
A fellow almost damn’d in a fair wife,
That never set a squadron in the field,
Nor the division of a battle knows
More than a spinster, unless the bookish theoric,
Wherein the toged consuls can propose
As masterly as he: mere prattle without practice
Is all his soldiership. But he, sir, had the election,
And I, of whom his eyes had seen the proof
At Rhodes, at Cyprus, and on other grounds,
Christian and heathen, must be belee’d and calm’d
By debitor and creditor, this counter-caster,
He, in good time, must his lieutenant be,
And I, God bless the mark, his Moorship’s ancient.

RODERIGO.
By heaven, I rather would have been his hangman.

IAGO.
Why, there’s no remedy. ’Tis the curse of service,
Preferment goes by letter and affection,
And not by old gradation, where each second
Stood heir to the first. Now sir, be judge yourself
Whether I in any just term am affin’d
To love the Moor.

RODERIGO.
I would not follow him, then.

IAGO.
O, sir, content you.
I follow him to serve my turn upon him:
We cannot all be masters, nor all masters
Cannot be truly follow’d. You shall mark
Many a duteous and knee-crooking knave
That, doting on his own obsequious bondage,
Wears out his time, much like his master’s ass,
For nought but provender, and when he’s old, cashier’d.
Whip me such honest knaves. Others there are
Who, trimm’d in forms, and visages of duty,
Keep yet their hearts attending on themselves,
And throwing but shows of service on their lords,
Do well thrive by them, and when they have lin’d their coats,
Do themselves homage. These fellows have some soul,
And such a one do I profess myself. For, sir,
It is as sure as you are Roderigo,
Were I the Moor, I would not be Iago:
In following him, I follow but myself.
Heaven is my judge, not I for love and duty,
But seeming so for my peculiar end.
For when my outward action doth demonstrate
The native act and figure of my heart
In complement extern, ’tis not long after
But I will wear my heart upon my sleeve
For daws to peck at: I am not what I am.

RODERIGO.
What a full fortune does the thick-lips owe,
If he can carry’t thus!

IAGO.
Call up her father,
Rouse him, make after him, poison his delight,
Proclaim him in the streets; incense her kinsmen,
And though he in a fertile climate dwell,
Plague him with flies: though that his joy be joy,
Yet throw such changes of vexation on’t,
As it may lose some color.

RODERIGO.
Here is her father’s house, I’ll call aloud.

IAGO.
Do, with like timorous accent and dire yell
As when, by night and negligence, the fire
Is spied in populous cities.

RODERIGO.
What ho, Brabantio! Signior Brabantio, ho!

IAGO.
Awake! what ho, Brabantio! Thieves, thieves!
Look to your house, your daughter, and your bags!
Thieves, thieves!

Brabantio appears above at a window.

BRABANTIO.
What is the reason of this terrible summons?
What is the matter there?

RODERIGO.
Signior, is all your family within?

IAGO.
Are your doors locked?

BRABANTIO.
Why, wherefore ask you this?

IAGO.
Zounds, sir, you’re robb’d, for shame put on your gown,
Your heart is burst, you have lost half your soul;
Even now, now, very now, an old black ram
Is tupping your white ewe. Arise, arise,
Awake the snorting citizens with the bell,
Or else the devil will make a grandsire of you:
Arise, I say.

BRABANTIO.
What, have you lost your wits?

RODERIGO.
Most reverend signior, do you know my voice?

BRABANTIO.
Not I. What are you?

RODERIGO.
My name is Roderigo.

BRABANTIO.
The worser welcome.
I have charg’d thee not to haunt about my doors;
In honest plainness thou hast heard me say
My daughter is not for thee; and now in madness,
Being full of supper and distempering draughts,
Upon malicious bravery, dost thou come
To start my quiet.

RODERIGO.
Sir, sir, sir,—

BRABANTIO.
But thou must needs be sure
My spirit and my place have in them power
To make this bitter to thee.

RODERIGO.
Patience, good sir.

BRABANTIO.
What tell’st thou me of robbing?
This is Venice. My house is not a grange.

RODERIGO.
Most grave Brabantio,
In simple and pure soul I come to you.

IAGO.
Zounds, sir, you are one of those that will not serve God if the devil
bid you. Because we come to do you service, and you think we are
ruffians, you’ll have your daughter cover’d with a Barbary horse;
you’ll have your nephews neigh to you; you’ll have coursers for cousins
and gennets for germans.

BRABANTIO.
What profane wretch art thou?

IAGO.
I am one, sir, that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are
now making the beast with two backs.

BRABANTIO.
Thou art a villain.

IAGO.
You are a senator.

BRABANTIO.
This thou shalt answer. I know thee, Roderigo.

RODERIGO.
Sir, I will answer anything. But I beseech you,
If ’t be your pleasure, and most wise consent,
(As partly I find it is) that your fair daughter,
At this odd-even and dull watch o’ the night,
Transported with no worse nor better guard,
But with a knave of common hire, a gondolier,
To the gross clasps of a lascivious Moor:
If this be known to you, and your allowance,
We then have done you bold and saucy wrongs.
But if you know not this, my manners tell me,
We have your wrong rebuke. Do not believe
That from the sense of all civility,
I thus would play and trifle with your reverence.
Your daughter (if you have not given her leave)
I say again, hath made a gross revolt,
Tying her duty, beauty, wit, and fortunes
In an extravagant and wheeling stranger
Of here and everywhere. Straight satisfy yourself:
If she be in her chamber or your house,
Let loose on me the justice of the state
For thus deluding you.

BRABANTIO.
Strike on the tinder, ho!
Give me a taper! Call up all my people!
This accident is not unlike my dream,
Belief of it oppresses me already.
Light, I say, light!

[_Exit from above._]

IAGO.
Farewell; for I must leave you:
It seems not meet nor wholesome to my place
To be produc’d, as if I stay I shall,
Against the Moor. For I do know the state,
However this may gall him with some check,
Cannot with safety cast him, for he’s embark’d
With such loud reason to the Cyprus wars,
Which even now stand in act, that, for their souls,
Another of his fathom they have none
To lead their business. In which regard,
Though I do hate him as I do hell pains,
Yet, for necessity of present life,
I must show out a flag and sign of love,
Which is indeed but sign. That you shall surely find him,
Lead to the Sagittary the raised search,
And there will I be with him. So, farewell.

[_Exit._]

Enter Brabantio with Servants and torches.

BRABANTIO.
It is too true an evil. Gone she is,
And what’s to come of my despised time,
Is naught but bitterness. Now Roderigo,
Where didst thou see her? (O unhappy girl!)
With the Moor, say’st thou? (Who would be a father!)
How didst thou know ’twas she? (O, she deceives me
Past thought.) What said she to you? Get more tapers,
Raise all my kindred. Are they married, think you?

RODERIGO.
Truly I think they are.

BRABANTIO.
O heaven! How got she out? O treason of the blood!
Fathers, from hence trust not your daughters’ minds
By what you see them act. Is there not charms
By which the property of youth and maidhood
May be abused? Have you not read, Roderigo,
Of some such thing?

RODERIGO.
Yes, sir, I have indeed.

BRABANTIO.
Call up my brother. O, would you had had her!
Some one way, some another. Do you know
Where we may apprehend her and the Moor?

RODERIGO.
I think I can discover him, if you please
To get good guard, and go along with me.

BRABANTIO.
Pray you lead on. At every house I’ll call,
I may command at most. Get weapons, ho!
And raise some special officers of night.
On, good Roderigo. I will deserve your pains.

[_Exeunt._]

SCENE II. Venice. Another street.

Enter Othello, Iago and Attendants with torches.

IAGO.
Though in the trade of war I have slain men,
Yet do I hold it very stuff o’ the conscience
To do no contriv’d murder; I lack iniquity
Sometimes to do me service: nine or ten times
I had thought to have yerk’d him here under the ribs.

OTHELLO.
’Tis better as it is.

IAGO.
Nay, but he prated,
And spoke such scurvy and provoking terms
Against your honour,
That with the little godliness I have,
I did full hard forbear him. But I pray you, sir,
Are you fast married? Be assur’d of this,
That the magnifico is much belov’d
And hath in his effect a voice potential
As double as the duke’s; he will divorce you,
Or put upon you what restraint and grievance
The law (with all his might to enforce it on)
Will give him cable.

OTHELLO.
Let him do his spite;
My services, which I have done the signiory,
Shall out-tongue his complaints. ’Tis yet to know,—
Which, when I know that boasting is an honour,
I shall promulgate,—I fetch my life and being
From men of royal siege. And my demerits
May speak unbonneted to as proud a fortune
As this that I have reach’d. For know, Iago,
But that I love the gentle Desdemona,
I would not my unhoused free condition
Put into circumscription and confine
For the sea’s worth. But look, what lights come yond?

IAGO.
Those are the raised father and his friends:
You were best go in.

OTHELLO.
Not I; I must be found.
My parts, my title, and my perfect soul
Shall manifest me rightly. Is it they?

IAGO.
By Janus, I think no.

Enter Cassio and Officers with torches.

OTHELLO.
The servants of the duke and my lieutenant.
The goodness of the night upon you, friends!
What is the news?

CASSIO.
The duke does greet you, general,
And he requires your haste-post-haste appearance
Even on the instant.

OTHELLO.
What is the matter, think you?

CASSIO.
Something from Cyprus, as I may divine.
It is a business of some heat. The galleys
Have sent a dozen sequent messengers
This very night at one another’s heels;
And many of the consuls, rais’d and met,
Are at the duke’s already. You have been hotly call’d for,
When, being not at your lodging to be found,
The senate hath sent about three several quests
To search you out.

OTHELLO.
’Tis well I am found by you.
I will but spend a word here in the house,
And go with you.

[_Exit._]

CASSIO.
Ancient, what makes he here?

IAGO.
Faith, he tonight hath boarded a land carrack:
If it prove lawful prize, he’s made forever.

CASSIO.
I do not understand.

IAGO.
He’s married.

CASSIO.
To who?

Enter Othello.

IAGO.
Marry to—Come, captain, will you go?

OTHELLO.
Have with you.

CASSIO.
Here comes another troop to seek for you.

Enter Brabantio, Roderigo and Officers with torches and weapons.

IAGO.
It is Brabantio. General, be advis’d,
He comes to bad intent.

OTHELLO.
Holla, stand there!

RODERIGO.
Signior, it is the Moor.

BRABANTIO.
Down with him, thief!

[_They draw on both sides._]

IAGO.
You, Roderigo! Come, sir, I am for you.

OTHELLO.
Keep up your bright swords, for the dew will rust them.
Good signior, you shall more command with years
Than with your weapons.

BRABANTIO.
O thou foul thief, where hast thou stow’d my daughter?
Damn’d as thou art, thou hast enchanted her,
For I’ll refer me to all things of sense,
(If she in chains of magic were not bound)
Whether a maid so tender, fair, and happy,
So opposite to marriage, that she shunn’d
The wealthy curled darlings of our nation,
Would ever have, to incur a general mock,
Run from her guardage to the sooty bosom
Of such a thing as thou—to fear, not to delight.
Judge me the world, if ’tis not gross in sense,
That thou hast practis’d on her with foul charms,
Abus’d her delicate youth with drugs or minerals
That weakens motion. I’ll have’t disputed on;
’Tis probable, and palpable to thinking.
I therefore apprehend and do attach thee
For an abuser of the world, a practiser
Of arts inhibited and out of warrant.—
Lay hold upon him, if he do resist,
Subdue him at his peril.

OTHELLO.
Hold your hands,
Both you of my inclining and the rest:
Were it my cue to fight, I should have known it
Without a prompter. Where will you that I go
To answer this your charge?

BRABANTIO.
To prison, till fit time
Of law and course of direct session
Call thee to answer.

OTHELLO.
What if I do obey?
How may the duke be therewith satisfied,
Whose messengers are here about my side,
Upon some present business of the state,
To bring me to him?

OFFICER.
’Tis true, most worthy signior,
The duke’s in council, and your noble self,
I am sure is sent for.

BRABANTIO.
How? The duke in council?
In this time of the night? Bring him away;
Mine’s not an idle cause. The duke himself,
Or any of my brothers of the state,
Cannot but feel this wrong as ’twere their own.
For if such actions may have passage free,
Bond-slaves and pagans shall our statesmen be.

[_Exeunt._]

SCENE III. Venice. A council chamber.

The Duke and Senators sitting at a table; Officers attending.

DUKE.
There is no composition in these news
That gives them credit.

FIRST SENATOR.
Indeed, they are disproportion’d;
My letters say a hundred and seven galleys.

DUKE.
And mine a hundred and forty.

SECOND SENATOR
And mine two hundred:
But though they jump not on a just account,
(As in these cases, where the aim reports,
’Tis oft with difference,) yet do they all confirm
A Turkish fleet, and bearing up to Cyprus.

DUKE.
Nay, it is possible enough to judgement:
I do not so secure me in the error,
But the main article I do approve
In fearful sense.

SAILOR.
[_Within._] What, ho! what, ho! what, ho!

OFFICER.
A messenger from the galleys.

Enter Sailor.

DUKE.
Now,—what’s the business?

SAILOR.
The Turkish preparation makes for Rhodes,
So was I bid report here to the state
By Signior Angelo.

DUKE.
How say you by this change?

FIRST SENATOR.
This cannot be
By no assay of reason. ’Tis a pageant
To keep us in false gaze. When we consider
The importancy of Cyprus to the Turk;
And let ourselves again but understand
That, as it more concerns the Turk than Rhodes,
So may he with more facile question bear it,
For that it stands not in such warlike brace,
But altogether lacks the abilities
That Rhodes is dress’d in. If we make thought of this,
We must not think the Turk is so unskilful
To leave that latest which concerns him first,
Neglecting an attempt of ease and gain,
To wake and wage a danger profitless.

DUKE.
Nay, in all confidence, he’s not for Rhodes.

OFFICER.
Here is more news.

Enter a Messenger.

MESSENGER.
The Ottomites, reverend and gracious,
Steering with due course toward the isle of Rhodes,
Have there injointed them with an after fleet.

FIRST SENATOR.
Ay, so I thought. How many, as you guess?

MESSENGER.
Of thirty sail, and now they do re-stem
Their backward course, bearing with frank appearance
Their purposes toward Cyprus. Signior Montano,
Your trusty and most valiant servitor,
With his free duty recommends you thus,
And prays you to believe him.

DUKE.
’Tis certain, then, for Cyprus.
Marcus Luccicos, is not he in town?

FIRST SENATOR.
He’s now in Florence.

DUKE.
Write from us to him; post-post-haste dispatch.

FIRST SENATOR.
Here comes Brabantio and the valiant Moor.

Enter Brabantio, Othello, Iago, Roderigo and Officers.

DUKE.
Valiant Othello, we must straight employ you
Against the general enemy Ottoman.
[_To Brabantio._] I did not see you; welcome, gentle signior,
We lack’d your counsel and your help tonight.

BRABANTIO.
So did I yours. Good your grace, pardon me.
Neither my place, nor aught I heard of business
Hath rais’d me from my bed, nor doth the general care
Take hold on me; for my particular grief
Is of so flood-gate and o’erbearing nature
That it engluts and swallows other sorrows,
And it is still itself.

DUKE.
Why, what’s the matter?

BRABANTIO.
My daughter! O, my daughter!

DUKE and SENATORS.
Dead?

BRABANTIO.
Ay, to me.
She is abused, stol’n from me, and corrupted
By spells and medicines bought of mountebanks;
For nature so preposterously to err,
Being not deficient, blind, or lame of sense,
Sans witchcraft could not.

DUKE.
Whoe’er he be, that in this foul proceeding,
Hath thus beguil’d your daughter of herself,
And you of her, the bloody book of law
You shall yourself read in the bitter letter,
After your own sense, yea, though our proper son
Stood in your action.

BRABANTIO.
Humbly I thank your grace.
Here is the man, this Moor, whom now it seems
Your special mandate for the state affairs
Hath hither brought.

ALL.
We are very sorry for ’t.

DUKE.
[_To Othello._] What, in your own part, can you say to this?

BRABANTIO.
Nothing, but this is so.

OTHELLO.
Most potent, grave, and reverend signiors,
My very noble and approv’d good masters:
That I have ta’en away this old man’s daughter,
It is most true; true, I have married her.
The very head and front of my offending
Hath this extent, no more. Rude am I in my speech,
And little bless’d with the soft phrase of peace;
For since these arms of mine had seven years’ pith,
Till now some nine moons wasted, they have us’d
Their dearest action in the tented field,
And little of this great world can I speak,
More than pertains to feats of broil and battle,
And therefore little shall I grace my cause
In speaking for myself. Yet, by your gracious patience,
I will a round unvarnish’d tale deliver
Of my whole course of love: what drugs, what charms,
What conjuration, and what mighty magic,
(For such proceeding I am charged withal)
I won his daughter.

BRABANTIO.
A maiden never bold:
Of spirit so still and quiet that her motion
Blush’d at herself; and she, in spite of nature,
Of years, of country, credit, everything,
To fall in love with what she fear’d to look on!
It is judgement maim’d and most imperfect
That will confess perfection so could err
Against all rules of nature, and must be driven
To find out practices of cunning hell,
Why this should be. I therefore vouch again,
That with some mixtures powerful o’er the blood,
Or with some dram conjur’d to this effect,
He wrought upon her.

DUKE.
To vouch this is no proof;
Without more wider and more overt test
Than these thin habits and poor likelihoods
Of modern seeming do prefer against him.

FIRST SENATOR.
But, Othello, speak:
Did you by indirect and forced courses
Subdue and poison this young maid’s affections?
Or came it by request, and such fair question
As soul to soul affordeth?

OTHELLO.
I do beseech you,
Send for the lady to the Sagittary,
And let her speak of me before her father.
If you do find me foul in her report,
The trust, the office I do hold of you,
Not only take away, but let your sentence
Even fall upon my life.

DUKE.
Fetch Desdemona hither.

OTHELLO.
Ancient, conduct them, you best know the place.

[_Exeunt Iago and Attendants._]

And till she come, as truly as to heaven
I do confess the vices of my blood,
So justly to your grave ears I’ll present
How I did thrive in this fair lady’s love,
And she in mine.

DUKE.
Say it, Othello.

OTHELLO.
Her father lov’d me, oft invited me,
Still question’d me the story of my life,
From year to year—the battles, sieges, fortunes,
That I have pass’d.
I ran it through, even from my boyish days
To the very moment that he bade me tell it,
Wherein I spake of most disastrous chances,
Of moving accidents by flood and field;
Of hair-breadth scapes i’ th’ imminent deadly breach;
Of being taken by the insolent foe,
And sold to slavery, of my redemption thence,
And portance in my traveler’s history,
Wherein of antres vast and deserts idle,
Rough quarries, rocks, and hills whose heads touch heaven,
It was my hint to speak,—such was the process;
And of the Cannibals that each other eat,
The Anthropophagi, and men whose heads
Do grow beneath their shoulders. This to hear
Would Desdemona seriously incline.
But still the house affairs would draw her thence,
Which ever as she could with haste dispatch,
She’d come again, and with a greedy ear
Devour up my discourse; which I observing,
Took once a pliant hour, and found good means
To draw from her a prayer of earnest heart
That I would all my pilgrimage dilate,
Whereof by parcels she had something heard,
But not intentively. I did consent,
And often did beguile her of her tears,
When I did speak of some distressful stroke
That my youth suffer’d. My story being done,
She gave me for my pains a world of sighs.
She swore, in faith, ’twas strange, ’twas passing strange;
’Twas pitiful, ’twas wondrous pitiful.
She wish’d she had not heard it, yet she wish’d
That heaven had made her such a man: she thank’d me,
And bade me, if I had a friend that lov’d her,
I should but teach him how to tell my story,
And that would woo her. Upon this hint I spake:
She lov’d me for the dangers I had pass’d,
And I lov’d her that she did pity them.
This only is the witchcraft I have us’d.
Here comes the lady. Let her witness it.

Enter  Desdemona, Iago and Attendants.

DUKE.
I think this tale would win my daughter too.
Good Brabantio,
Take up this mangled matter at the best.
Men do their broken weapons rather use
Than their bare hands.

BRABANTIO.
I pray you hear her speak.
If she confess that she was half the wooer,
Destruction on my head, if my bad blame
Light on the man!—Come hither, gentle mistress:
Do you perceive in all this noble company
Where most you owe obedience?

DESDEMONA.
My noble father,
I do perceive here a divided duty:
To you I am bound for life and education.
My life and education both do learn me
How to respect you. You are the lord of duty,
I am hitherto your daughter: but here’s my husband.
And so much duty as my mother show’d
To you, preferring you before her father,
So much I challenge that I may profess
Due to the Moor my lord.

BRABANTIO.
God be with you! I have done.
Please it your grace, on to the state affairs.
I had rather to adopt a child than get it.—
Come hither, Moor:
I here do give thee that with all my heart
Which, but thou hast already, with all my heart
I would keep from thee.—For your sake, jewel,
I am glad at soul I have no other child,
For thy escape would teach me tyranny,
To hang clogs on them.—I have done, my lord.

DUKE.
Let me speak like yourself, and lay a sentence,
Which as a grise or step may help these lovers
Into your favour.
When remedies are past, the griefs are ended
By seeing the worst, which late on hopes depended.
To mourn a mischief that is past and gone
Is the next way to draw new mischief on.
What cannot be preserved when fortune takes,
Patience her injury a mockery makes.
The robb’d that smiles steals something from the thief;
He robs himself that spends a bootless grief.

BRABANTIO.
So let the Turk of Cyprus us beguile,
We lose it not so long as we can smile;
He bears the sentence well, that nothing bears
But the free comfort which from thence he hears;
But he bears both the sentence and the sorrow
That, to pay grief, must of poor patience borrow.
These sentences to sugar or to gall,
Being strong on both sides, are equivocal:
But words are words; I never yet did hear
That the bruis’d heart was pierced through the ear.
I humbly beseech you, proceed to the affairs of state.

DUKE.
The Turk with a most mighty preparation makes for Cyprus. Othello, the
fortitude of the place is best known to you. And though we have there a
substitute of most allowed sufficiency, yet opinion, a sovereign
mistress of effects, throws a more safer voice on you: you must
therefore be content to slubber the gloss of your new fortunes with
this more stubborn and boisterous expedition.

OTHELLO.
The tyrant custom, most grave senators,
Hath made the flinty and steel couch of war
My thrice-driven bed of down: I do agnize
A natural and prompt alacrity
I find in hardness, and do undertake
This present wars against the Ottomites.
Most humbly, therefore, bending to your state,
I crave fit disposition for my wife,
Due reference of place and exhibition,
With such accommodation and besort
As levels with her breeding.

DUKE.
If you please,
Be’t at her father’s.

BRABANTIO.
I’ll not have it so.

OTHELLO.
Nor I.

DESDEMONA.
Nor I. I would not there reside,
To put my father in impatient thoughts,
By being in his eye. Most gracious duke,
To my unfolding lend your prosperous ear,
And let me find a charter in your voice
T’ assist my simpleness.

DUKE.
What would you, Desdemona?

DESDEMONA.
That I did love the Moor to live with him,
My downright violence and storm of fortunes
May trumpet to the world: my heart’s subdued
Even to the very quality of my lord.
I saw Othello’s visage in his mind,
And to his honours and his valiant parts
Did I my soul and fortunes consecrate.
So that, dear lords, if I be left behind,
A moth of peace, and he go to the war,
The rites for which I love him are bereft me,
And I a heavy interim shall support
By his dear absence. Let me go with him.

OTHELLO.
Let her have your voice.
Vouch with me, heaven, I therefore beg it not
To please the palate of my appetite,
Nor to comply with heat, the young affects
In me defunct, and proper satisfaction,
But to be free and bounteous to her mind.
And heaven defend your good souls that you think
I will your serious and great business scant
For she is with me. No, when light-wing’d toys
Of feather’d Cupid seel with wanton dullness
My speculative and offic’d instruments,
That my disports corrupt and taint my business,
Let housewives make a skillet of my helm,
And all indign and base adversities
Make head against my estimation.

DUKE.
Be it as you shall privately determine,
Either for her stay or going. The affair cries haste,
And speed must answer it.

FIRST SENATOR.
You must away tonight.

OTHELLO.
With all my heart.

DUKE.
At nine i’ the morning here we’ll meet again.
Othello, leave some officer behind,
And he shall our commission bring to you,
With such things else of quality and respect
As doth import you.

OTHELLO.
So please your grace, my ancient,
A man he is of honesty and trust,
To his conveyance I assign my wife,
With what else needful your good grace shall think
To be sent after me.

DUKE.
Let it be so.
Good night to everyone. [_To Brabantio._] And, noble signior,
If virtue no delighted beauty lack,
Your son-in-law is far more fair than black.

FIRST SENATOR.
Adieu, brave Moor, use Desdemona well.

BRABANTIO.
Look to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see:
She has deceiv’d her father, and may thee.

[_Exeunt Duke, Senators, Officers, &c._]

OTHELLO.
My life upon her faith! Honest Iago,
My Desdemona must I leave to thee.
I prithee, let thy wife attend on her,
And bring them after in the best advantage.—
Come, Desdemona, I have but an hour
Of love, of worldly matters, and direction,
To spend with thee. We must obey the time.

[_Exeunt Othello and Desdemona._]

RODERIGO.
Iago—

IAGO.
What sayst thou, noble heart?

RODERIGO.
What will I do, thinkest thou?

IAGO.
Why, go to bed and sleep.

RODERIGO.
I will incontinently drown myself.

IAGO.
If thou dost, I shall never love thee after. Why, thou silly gentleman!

RODERIGO.
It is silliness to live, when to live is torment; and then have we a
prescription to die when death is our physician.

IAGO.
O villainous! I have looked upon the world for four times seven years,
and since I could distinguish betwixt a benefit and an injury, I never
found man that knew how to love himself. Ere I would say I would drown
myself for the love of a guinea-hen, I would change my humanity with a
baboon.

RODERIGO.
What should I do? I confess it is my shame to be so fond, but it is not
in my virtue to amend it.

IAGO.
Virtue! a fig! ’Tis in ourselves that we are thus or thus. Our bodies
are gardens, to the which our wills are gardeners. So that if we will
plant nettles or sow lettuce, set hyssop and weed up thyme, supply it
with one gender of herbs or distract it with many, either to have it
sterile with idleness or manured with industry, why, the power and
corrigible authority of this lies in our wills. If the balance of our
lives had not one scale of reason to poise another of sensuality, the
blood and baseness of our natures would conduct us to most preposterous
conclusions. But we have reason to cool our raging motions, our carnal
stings, our unbitted lusts; whereof I take this, that you call love, to
be a sect, or scion.

RODERIGO.
It cannot be.

IAGO.
It is merely a lust of the blood and a permission of the will. Come, be
a man. Drown thyself? Drown cats and blind puppies. I have professed me
thy friend, and I confess me knit to thy deserving with cables of
perdurable toughness; I could never better stead thee than now. Put
money in thy purse; follow thou the wars; defeat thy favour with an
usurped beard; I say, put money in thy purse. It cannot be that
Desdemona should long continue her love to the Moor,—put money in thy
purse,—nor he his to her. It was a violent commencement, and thou shalt
see an answerable sequestration—put but money in thy purse. These Moors
are changeable in their wills. Fill thy purse with money. The food that
to him now is as luscious as locusts shall be to him shortly as acerb
as the coloquintida. She must change for youth. When she is sated with
his body, she will find the error of her choice. She must have change,
she must. Therefore put money in thy purse. If thou wilt needs damn
thyself, do it a more delicate way than drowning. Make all the money
thou canst. If sanctimony and a frail vow betwixt an erring barbarian
and a supersubtle Venetian be not too hard for my wits and all the
tribe of hell, thou shalt enjoy her; therefore make money. A pox of
drowning thyself! It is clean out of the way: seek thou rather to be
hanged in compassing thy joy than to be drowned and go without her.

RODERIGO.
Wilt thou be fast to my hopes if I depend on the issue?

IAGO.
Thou art sure of me. Go, make money. I have told thee often, and I
retell thee again and again, I hate the Moor. My cause is hearted;
thine hath no less reason. Let us be conjunctive in our revenge against
him: if thou canst cuckold him, thou dost thyself a pleasure, me a
sport. There are many events in the womb of time which will be
delivered. Traverse, go, provide thy money. We will have more of this
tomorrow. Adieu.

RODERIGO.
Where shall we meet i’ the morning?

IAGO.
At my lodging.

RODERIGO.
I’ll be with thee betimes.

IAGO.
Go to, farewell. Do you hear, Roderigo?

RODERIGO.
What say you?

IAGO.
No more of drowning, do you hear?

RODERIGO.
I am changed. I’ll sell all my land.

[_Exit._]

IAGO.
Thus do I ever make my fool my purse.
For I mine own gain’d knowledge should profane
If I would time expend with such a snipe
But for my sport and profit. I hate the Moor,
And it is thought abroad that ’twixt my sheets
He has done my office. I know not if ’t be true,
But I, for mere suspicion in that kind,
Will do as if for surety. He holds me well,
The better shall my purpose work on him.
Cassio’s a proper man. Let me see now,
To get his place, and to plume up my will
In double knavery. How, how? Let’s see.
After some time, to abuse Othello’s ear
That he is too familiar with his wife.
He hath a person and a smooth dispose,
To be suspected, fram’d to make women false.
The Moor is of a free and open nature
That thinks men honest that but seem to be so,
And will as tenderly be led by the nose
As asses are.
I have’t. It is engender’d. Hell and night
Must bring this monstrous birth to the world’s light.

[_Exit._]




ACT II

SCENE I. A seaport in Cyprus. A Platform.


Enter Montano and two Gentlemen.

MONTANO.
What from the cape can you discern at sea?

FIRST GENTLEMAN.
Nothing at all, it is a high-wrought flood.
I cannot ’twixt the heaven and the main
Descry a sail.

MONTANO.
Methinks the wind hath spoke aloud at land.
A fuller blast ne’er shook our battlements.
If it hath ruffian’d so upon the sea,
What ribs of oak, when mountains melt on them,
Can hold the mortise? What shall we hear of this?

SECOND GENTLEMAN.
A segregation of the Turkish fleet.
For do but stand upon the foaming shore,
The chidden billow seems to pelt the clouds,
The wind-shak’d surge, with high and monstrous main,
Seems to cast water on the burning Bear,
And quench the guards of the ever-fixed pole;
I never did like molestation view
On the enchafed flood.

MONTANO.
If that the Turkish fleet
Be not enshelter’d, and embay’d, they are drown’d.
It is impossible to bear it out.

Enter a third Gentleman.

THIRD GENTLEMAN.
News, lads! Our wars are done.
The desperate tempest hath so bang’d the Turks
That their designment halts. A noble ship of Venice
Hath seen a grievous wreck and sufferance
On most part of their fleet.

MONTANO.
How? Is this true?

THIRD GENTLEMAN.
The ship is here put in,
A Veronessa; Michael Cassio,
Lieutenant to the warlike Moor Othello,
Is come on shore; the Moor himself at sea,
And is in full commission here for Cyprus.

MONTANO.
I am glad on’t. ’Tis a worthy governor.

THIRD GENTLEMAN.
But this same Cassio, though he speak of comfort
Touching the Turkish loss, yet he looks sadly,
And prays the Moor be safe; for they were parted
With foul and violent tempest.

MONTANO.
Pray heavens he be;
For I have serv’d him, and the man commands
Like a full soldier. Let’s to the sea-side, ho!
As well to see the vessel that’s come in
As to throw out our eyes for brave Othello,
Even till we make the main and the aerial blue
An indistinct regard.

THIRD GENTLEMAN.
Come, let’s do so;
For every minute is expectancy
Of more arrivance.

Enter Cassio.

CASSIO.
Thanks you, the valiant of this warlike isle,
That so approve the Moor! O, let the heavens
Give him defence against the elements,
For I have lost him on a dangerous sea.

MONTANO.
Is he well shipp’d?

CASSIO.
His bark is stoutly timber’d, and his pilot
Of very expert and approv’d allowance;
Therefore my hopes, not surfeited to death,
Stand in bold cure.

[_Within._] A sail, a sail, a sail!

Enter a Messenger.

CASSIO.
What noise?

MESSENGER.
The town is empty; on the brow o’ the sea
Stand ranks of people, and they cry “A sail!”

CASSIO.
My hopes do shape him for the governor.

[_A shot._]

SECOND GENTLEMAN.
They do discharge their shot of courtesy.
Our friends at least.

CASSIO.
I pray you, sir, go forth,
And give us truth who ’tis that is arriv’d.

SECOND GENTLEMAN.
I shall.

[_Exit._]

MONTANO.
But, good lieutenant, is your general wiv’d?

CASSIO.
Most fortunately: he hath achiev’d a maid
That paragons description and wild fame,
One that excels the quirks of blazoning pens,
And in the essential vesture of creation
Does tire the ingener.

Enter second Gentleman.

How now? Who has put in?

SECOND GENTLEMAN.
’Tis one Iago, ancient to the general.

CASSIO.
He has had most favourable and happy speed:
Tempests themselves, high seas, and howling winds,
The gutter’d rocks, and congregated sands,
Traitors ensteep’d to clog the guiltless keel,
As having sense of beauty, do omit
Their mortal natures, letting go safely by
The divine Desdemona.

MONTANO.
What is she?

CASSIO.
She that I spake of, our great captain’s captain,
Left in the conduct of the bold Iago;
Whose footing here anticipates our thoughts
A se’nnight’s speed. Great Jove, Othello guard,
And swell his sail with thine own powerful breath,
That he may bless this bay with his tall ship,
Make love’s quick pants in Desdemona’s arms,
Give renew’d fire to our extincted spirits,
And bring all Cyprus comfort!

Enter Desdemona, Iago, Roderigo, and Emilia.

O, behold,
The riches of the ship is come on shore!
Ye men of Cyprus, let her have your knees.
Hail to thee, lady! and the grace of heaven,
Before, behind thee, and on every hand,
Enwheel thee round!

DESDEMONA.
I thank you, valiant Cassio.
What tidings can you tell me of my lord?

CASSIO.
He is not yet arrived, nor know I aught
But that he’s well, and will be shortly here.

DESDEMONA.
O, but I fear—How lost you company?

[_Within._] A sail, a sail!

CASSIO.
The great contention of the sea and skies
Parted our fellowship. But, hark! a sail.

[_Guns within._]

SECOND GENTLEMAN.
They give their greeting to the citadel.
This likewise is a friend.

CASSIO.
See for the news.

[_Exit Gentleman._]

Good ancient, you are welcome. [_To Emilia._] Welcome, mistress.
Let it not gall your patience, good Iago,
That I extend my manners; ’tis my breeding
That gives me this bold show of courtesy.

[_Kissing her._]

IAGO.
Sir, would she give you so much of her lips
As of her tongue she oft bestows on me,
You would have enough.

DESDEMONA.
Alas, she has no speech.

IAGO.
In faith, too much.
I find it still when I have list to sleep.
Marry, before your ladyship, I grant,
She puts her tongue a little in her heart,
And chides with thinking.

EMILIA.
You have little cause to say so.

IAGO.
Come on, come on; you are pictures out of doors,
Bells in your parlours, wild-cats in your kitchens,
Saints in your injuries, devils being offended,
Players in your housewifery, and housewives in your beds.

DESDEMONA.
O, fie upon thee, slanderer!

IAGO.
Nay, it is true, or else I am a Turk.
You rise to play, and go to bed to work.

EMILIA.
You shall not write my praise.

IAGO.
No, let me not.

DESDEMONA.
What wouldst thou write of me, if thou shouldst praise me?

IAGO.
O gentle lady, do not put me to’t,
For I am nothing if not critical.

DESDEMONA.
Come on, assay.—There’s one gone to the harbour?

IAGO.
Ay, madam.

DESDEMONA.
I am not merry, but I do beguile
The thing I am, by seeming otherwise.—
Come, how wouldst thou praise me?

IAGO.
I am about it, but indeed, my invention
Comes from my pate as birdlime does from frieze,
It plucks out brains and all: but my Muse labours,
And thus she is deliver’d.
If she be fair and wise, fairness and wit,
The one’s for use, the other useth it.

DESDEMONA.
Well prais’d! How if she be black and witty?

IAGO.
If she be black, and thereto have a wit,
She’ll find a white that shall her blackness fit.

DESDEMONA.
Worse and worse.

EMILIA.
How if fair and foolish?

IAGO.
She never yet was foolish that was fair,
For even her folly help’d her to an heir.

DESDEMONA.
These are old fond paradoxes to make fools laugh i’ the alehouse. What
miserable praise hast thou for her that’s foul and foolish?

IAGO.
There’s none so foul and foolish thereunto,
But does foul pranks which fair and wise ones do.

DESDEMONA.
O heavy ignorance! Thou praisest the worst best. But what praise
couldst thou bestow on a deserving woman indeed, one that in the
authority of her merit did justly put on the vouch of very malice
itself?

IAGO.
She that was ever fair and never proud,
Had tongue at will and yet was never loud,
Never lack’d gold and yet went never gay,
Fled from her wish, and yet said, “Now I may”;
She that, being anger’d, her revenge being nigh,
Bade her wrong stay and her displeasure fly;
She that in wisdom never was so frail
To change the cod’s head for the salmon’s tail;
She that could think and ne’er disclose her mind,
See suitors following and not look behind;
She was a wight, if ever such wight were—

DESDEMONA.
To do what?

IAGO.
To suckle fools and chronicle small beer.

DESDEMONA.
O most lame and impotent conclusion!—Do not learn of him, Emilia,
though he be thy husband.—How say you, Cassio? is he not a most profane
and liberal counsellor?

CASSIO.
He speaks home, madam. You may relish him more in the soldier than in
the scholar.

IAGO.
[_Aside._] He takes her by the palm. Ay, well said, whisper. With as
little a web as this will I ensnare as great a fly as Cassio. Ay, smile
upon her, do. I will gyve thee in thine own courtship. You say true,
’tis so, indeed. If such tricks as these strip you out of your
lieutenantry, it had been better you had not kissed your three fingers
so oft, which now again you are most apt to play the sir in. Very good;
well kissed, an excellent courtesy! ’Tis so, indeed. Yet again your
fingers to your lips? Would they were clyster-pipes for your sake!

[_Trumpets within._]

The Moor! I know his trumpet.

CASSIO.
’Tis truly so.

DESDEMONA.
Let’s meet him, and receive him.

CASSIO.
Lo, where he comes!

Enter Othello and Attendants.

OTHELLO.
O my fair warrior!

DESDEMONA.
My dear Othello!

OTHELLO.
It gives me wonder great as my content
To see you here before me. O my soul’s joy!
If after every tempest come such calms,
May the winds blow till they have waken’d death!
And let the labouring bark climb hills of seas
Olympus-high, and duck again as low
As hell’s from heaven! If it were now to die,
’Twere now to be most happy, for I fear
My soul hath her content so absolute
That not another comfort like to this
Succeeds in unknown fate.

DESDEMONA.
The heavens forbid
But that our loves and comforts should increase
Even as our days do grow!

OTHELLO.
Amen to that, sweet powers!
I cannot speak enough of this content.
It stops me here; it is too much of joy:
And this, and this, the greatest discords be [_They kiss._]
That e’er our hearts shall make!

IAGO.
[_Aside._] O, you are well tun’d now,
But I’ll set down the pegs that make this music,
As honest as I am.

OTHELLO.
Come, let us to the castle.—
News, friends, our wars are done, the Turks are drown’d.
How does my old acquaintance of this isle?
Honey, you shall be well desir’d in Cyprus;
I have found great love amongst them. O my sweet,
I prattle out of fashion, and I dote
In mine own comforts.—I prithee, good Iago,
Go to the bay and disembark my coffers.
Bring thou the master to the citadel;
He is a good one, and his worthiness
Does challenge much respect.—Come, Desdemona,
Once more well met at Cyprus.

[_Exeunt Othello, Desdemona and Attendants._]

IAGO.
Do thou meet me presently at the harbour. Come hither. If thou be’st
valiant—as, they say, base men being in love have then a nobility in
their natures more than is native to them—list me. The lieutenant
tonight watches on the court of guard: first, I must tell thee this:
Desdemona is directly in love with him.

RODERIGO.
With him? Why, ’tis not possible.

IAGO.
Lay thy finger thus, and let thy soul be instructed. Mark me with what
violence she first loved the Moor, but for bragging, and telling her
fantastical lies. And will she love him still for prating? Let not thy
discreet heart think it. Her eye must be fed. And what delight shall
she have to look on the devil? When the blood is made dull with the act
of sport, there should be, again to inflame it and to give satiety a
fresh appetite, loveliness in favour, sympathy in years, manners, and
beauties; all which the Moor is defective in: now, for want of these
required conveniences, her delicate tenderness will find itself abused,
begin to heave the gorge, disrelish and abhor the Moor, very nature
will instruct her in it, and compel her to some second choice. Now sir,
this granted (as it is a most pregnant and unforced position) who
stands so eminently in the degree of this fortune as Cassio does? a
knave very voluble; no further conscionable than in putting on the mere
form of civil and humane seeming, for the better compassing of his salt
and most hidden loose affection? Why, none, why, none! A slipper and
subtle knave, a finder out of occasions; that has an eye can stamp and
counterfeit advantages, though true advantage never present itself: a
devilish knave! Besides, the knave is handsome, young, and hath all
those requisites in him that folly and green minds look after. A
pestilent complete knave, and the woman hath found him already.

RODERIGO.
I cannot believe that in her, she is full of most blessed condition.

IAGO.
Blest fig’s end! the wine she drinks is made of grapes: if she had been
blessed, she would never have loved the Moor. Blessed pudding! Didst
thou not see her paddle with the palm of his hand? Didst not mark that?

RODERIGO.
Yes, that I did. But that was but courtesy.

IAGO.
Lechery, by this hand. An index and obscure prologue to the history of
lust and foul thoughts. They met so near with their lips that their
breaths embrac’d together. Villainous thoughts, Roderigo! When these
mutualities so marshal the way, hard at hand comes the master and main
exercise, the incorporate conclusion. Pish! But, sir, be you ruled by
me. I have brought you from Venice. Watch you tonight. For the command,
I’ll lay’t upon you. Cassio knows you not. I’ll not be far from you. Do
you find some occasion to anger Cassio, either by speaking too loud, or
tainting his discipline, or from what other course you please, which
the time shall more favourably minister.

RODERIGO.
Well.

IAGO.
Sir, he is rash, and very sudden in choler, and haply with his
truncheon may strike at you: provoke him that he may, for even out of
that will I cause these of Cyprus to mutiny, whose qualification shall
come into no true taste again but by the displanting of Cassio. So
shall you have a shorter journey to your desires by the means I shall
then have to prefer them, and the impediment most profitably removed,
without the which there were no expectation of our prosperity.

RODERIGO.
I will do this, if I can bring it to any opportunity.

IAGO.
I warrant thee. Meet me by and by at the citadel: I must fetch his
necessaries ashore. Farewell.

RODERIGO.
Adieu.

[_Exit._]

IAGO.
That Cassio loves her, I do well believe it;
That she loves him, ’tis apt, and of great credit:
The Moor, howbeit that I endure him not,
Is of a constant, loving, noble nature;
And, I dare think, he’ll prove to Desdemona
A most dear husband. Now, I do love her too,
Not out of absolute lust (though peradventure
I stand accountant for as great a sin)
But partly led to diet my revenge,
For that I do suspect the lusty Moor
Hath leap’d into my seat. The thought whereof
Doth, like a poisonous mineral, gnaw my inwards,
And nothing can or shall content my soul
Till I am even’d with him, wife for wife,
Or, failing so, yet that I put the Moor
At least into a jealousy so strong
That judgement cannot cure. Which thing to do,
If this poor trash of Venice, whom I trash
For his quick hunting, stand the putting on,
I’ll have our Michael Cassio on the hip,
Abuse him to the Moor in the rank garb
(For I fear Cassio with my night-cap too)
Make the Moor thank me, love me, and reward me
For making him egregiously an ass
And practicing upon his peace and quiet
Even to madness. ’Tis here, but yet confus’d.
Knavery’s plain face is never seen till us’d.

[_Exit._]

SCENE II. A street.

Enter Othello’s Herald with a proclamation.

HERALD.
It is Othello’s pleasure, our noble and valiant general, that upon
certain tidings now arrived, importing the mere perdition of the
Turkish fleet, every man put himself into triumph: some to dance, some
to make bonfires, each man to what sport and revels his addition leads
him. For besides these beneficial news, it is the celebration of his
nuptial. So much was his pleasure should be proclaimed. All offices are
open, and there is full liberty of feasting from this present hour of
five till the bell have told eleven. Heaven bless the isle of Cyprus
and our noble general Othello!

[_Exit._]

SCENE III. A Hall in the Castle.

Enter Othello, Desdemona, Cassio and Attendants.

OTHELLO.
Good Michael, look you to the guard tonight.
Let’s teach ourselves that honourable stop,
Not to outsport discretion.

CASSIO.
Iago hath direction what to do.
But notwithstanding with my personal eye
Will I look to’t.

OTHELLO.
Iago is most honest.
Michael, good night. Tomorrow with your earliest
Let me have speech with you. [_To Desdemona._] Come, my dear love,
The purchase made, the fruits are to ensue;
That profit’s yet to come ’tween me and you.—
Good night.

[_Exeunt Othello, Desdemona and Attendants._]

Enter Iago.

CASSIO.
Welcome, Iago. We must to the watch.

IAGO.
Not this hour, lieutenant. ’Tis not yet ten o’ th’ clock. Our general
cast us thus early for the love of his Desdemona; who let us not
therefore blame: he hath not yet made wanton the night with her; and
she is sport for Jove.

CASSIO.
She’s a most exquisite lady.

IAGO.
And, I’ll warrant her, full of game.

CASSIO.
Indeed, she is a most fresh and delicate creature.

IAGO.
What an eye she has! methinks it sounds a parley to provocation.

CASSIO.
An inviting eye, and yet methinks right modest.

IAGO.
And when she speaks, is it not an alarm to love?

CASSIO.
She is indeed perfection.

IAGO.
Well, happiness to their sheets! Come, lieutenant, I have a stoup of
wine; and here without are a brace of Cyprus gallants that would fain
have a measure to the health of black Othello.

CASSIO.
Not tonight, good Iago. I have very poor and unhappy brains for
drinking. I could well wish courtesy would invent some other custom of
entertainment.

IAGO.
O, they are our friends; but one cup: I’ll drink for you.

CASSIO.
I have drunk but one cup tonight, and that was craftily qualified too,
and behold, what innovation it makes here: I am unfortunate in the
infirmity, and dare not task my weakness with any more.

IAGO.
What, man! ’Tis a night of revels. The gallants desire it.

CASSIO.
Where are they?

IAGO.
Here at the door. I pray you, call them in.

CASSIO.
I’ll do’t; but it dislikes me.

[_Exit._]

IAGO.
If I can fasten but one cup upon him,
With that which he hath drunk tonight already,
He’ll be as full of quarrel and offence
As my young mistress’ dog. Now my sick fool Roderigo,
Whom love hath turn’d almost the wrong side out,
To Desdemona hath tonight carous’d
Potations pottle-deep; and he’s to watch:
Three lads of Cyprus, noble swelling spirits,
That hold their honours in a wary distance,
The very elements of this warlike isle,
Have I tonight fluster’d with flowing cups,
And they watch too. Now, ’mongst this flock of drunkards,
Am I to put our Cassio in some action
That may offend the isle. But here they come:
If consequence do but approve my dream,
My boat sails freely, both with wind and stream.

Enter Cassio, Montano and Gentlemen; followed by Servant with wine.

CASSIO.
’Fore God, they have given me a rouse already.

MONTANO.
Good faith, a little one; not past a pint, as I am a soldier.

IAGO.
Some wine, ho!
[_Sings._]

    _And let me the cannikin clink, clink,
    And let me the cannikin clink, clink:
        A soldier’s a man,
        O, man’s life’s but a span,
    Why then let a soldier drink._

Some wine, boys!

CASSIO.
’Fore God, an excellent song.

IAGO.
I learned it in England, where indeed they are most potent in potting:
your Dane, your German, and your swag-bellied Hollander,—drink, ho!—are
nothing to your English.

CASSIO.
Is your Englishman so expert in his drinking?

IAGO.
Why, he drinks you, with facility, your Dane dead drunk; he sweats not
to overthrow your Almain; he gives your Hollander a vomit ere the next
pottle can be filled.

CASSIO.
To the health of our general!

MONTANO.
I am for it, lieutenant; and I’ll do you justice.

IAGO.
O sweet England!

[_Sings._]

    _King Stephen was a worthy peer,
        His breeches cost him but a crown;
    He held them sixpence all too dear,
        With that he call’d the tailor lown.
    He was a wight of high renown,
        And thou art but of low degree:
    ’Tis pride that pulls the country down,
        Then take thine auld cloak about thee._

Some wine, ho!

CASSIO.
’Fore God, this is a more exquisite song than the other.

IAGO.
Will you hear ’t again?

CASSIO.
No, for I hold him to be unworthy of his place that does those things.
Well, God’s above all, and there be souls must be saved, and there be
souls must not be saved.

IAGO.
It’s true, good lieutenant.

CASSIO.
For mine own part, no offence to the general, nor any man of quality, I
hope to be saved.

IAGO.
And so do I too, lieutenant.

CASSIO.
Ay, but, by your leave, not before me; the lieutenant is to be saved
before the ancient. Let’s have no more of this; let’s to our affairs.
Forgive us our sins! Gentlemen, let’s look to our business. Do not
think, gentlemen, I am drunk. This is my ancient, this is my right
hand, and this is my left. I am not drunk now. I can stand well enough,
and I speak well enough.

ALL.
Excellent well.

CASSIO.
Why, very well then. You must not think, then, that I am drunk.

[_Exit._]

MONTANO.
To the platform, masters. Come, let’s set the watch.

IAGO.
You see this fellow that is gone before,
He is a soldier fit to stand by Cæsar
And give direction: and do but see his vice,
’Tis to his virtue a just equinox,
The one as long as th’ other. ’Tis pity of him.
I fear the trust Othello puts him in,
On some odd time of his infirmity,
Will shake this island.

MONTANO.
But is he often thus?

IAGO.
’Tis evermore the prologue to his sleep:
He’ll watch the horologe a double set
If drink rock not his cradle.

MONTANO.
It were well
The general were put in mind of it.
Perhaps he sees it not, or his good nature
Prizes the virtue that appears in Cassio,
And looks not on his evils: is not this true?

Enter Roderigo.

IAGO.
[_Aside to him._] How now, Roderigo?
I pray you, after the lieutenant; go.

[_Exit Roderigo._]

MONTANO.
And ’tis great pity that the noble Moor
Should hazard such a place as his own second
With one of an ingraft infirmity:
It were an honest action to say so
To the Moor.

IAGO.
Not I, for this fair island.
I do love Cassio well and would do much
To cure him of this evil. But, hark! What noise?

[_Cry within_: “Help! help!”]

Enter Cassio, driving in Roderigo.

CASSIO.
Zounds, you rogue, you rascal!

MONTANO.
What’s the matter, lieutenant?

CASSIO.
A knave teach me my duty! I’ll beat the knave into a twiggen bottle.

RODERIGO.
Beat me?

CASSIO.
Dost thou prate, rogue?

[_Striking Roderigo._]

MONTANO.
Nay, good lieutenant;
I pray you, sir, hold your hand.

CASSIO.
Let me go, sir,
Or I’ll knock you o’er the mazard.

MONTANO.
Come, come, you’re drunk.

CASSIO.
Drunk?

[_They fight._]

IAGO.
[_Aside to Roderigo._] Away, I say! Go out and cry a mutiny.

[_Exit Roderigo._]

Nay, good lieutenant, God’s will, gentlemen.
Help, ho!—Lieutenant,—sir,—Montano,—sir:—
Help, masters! Here’s a goodly watch indeed!

[_A bell rings._]

Who’s that which rings the bell?—Diablo, ho!
The town will rise. God’s will, lieutenant, hold,
You will be sham’d forever.

Enter Othello and Attendants.

OTHELLO.
What is the matter here?

MONTANO.
Zounds, I bleed still, I am hurt to the death.

OTHELLO.
Hold, for your lives!

IAGO.
Hold, ho! lieutenant,—sir,—Montano,—gentlemen,—
Have you forgot all place of sense and duty?
Hold! The general speaks to you; hold, hold, for shame!

OTHELLO.
Why, how now, ho! From whence ariseth this?
Are we turn’d Turks, and to ourselves do that
Which heaven hath forbid the Ottomites?
For Christian shame, put by this barbarous brawl:
He that stirs next to carve for his own rage
Holds his soul light; he dies upon his motion.
Silence that dreadful bell, it frights the isle
From her propriety. What is the matter, masters?
Honest Iago, that looks dead with grieving,
Speak, who began this? On thy love, I charge thee.

IAGO.
I do not know. Friends all but now, even now,
In quarter, and in terms like bride and groom
Devesting them for bed; and then, but now,
As if some planet had unwitted men,
Swords out, and tilting one at other’s breast,
In opposition bloody. I cannot speak
Any beginning to this peevish odds;
And would in action glorious I had lost
Those legs that brought me to a part of it!

OTHELLO.
How comes it, Michael, you are thus forgot?

CASSIO.
I pray you, pardon me; I cannot speak.

OTHELLO.
Worthy Montano, you were wont be civil.
The gravity and stillness of your youth
The world hath noted, and your name is great
In mouths of wisest censure: what’s the matter,
That you unlace your reputation thus,
And spend your rich opinion for the name
Of a night-brawler? Give me answer to it.

MONTANO.
Worthy Othello, I am hurt to danger.
Your officer, Iago, can inform you,
While I spare speech, which something now offends me,
Of all that I do know; nor know I aught
By me that’s said or done amiss this night,
Unless self-charity be sometimes a vice,
And to defend ourselves it be a sin
When violence assails us.

OTHELLO.
Now, by heaven,
My blood begins my safer guides to rule,
And passion, having my best judgement collied,
Assays to lead the way. Zounds, if I stir,
Or do but lift this arm, the best of you
Shall sink in my rebuke. Give me to know
How this foul rout began, who set it on,
And he that is approv’d in this offence,
Though he had twinn’d with me, both at a birth,
Shall lose me. What! in a town of war,
Yet wild, the people’s hearts brimful of fear,
To manage private and domestic quarrel,
In night, and on the court and guard of safety?
’Tis monstrous. Iago, who began’t?

MONTANO.
If partially affin’d, or leagu’d in office,
Thou dost deliver more or less than truth,
Thou art no soldier.

IAGO.
Touch me not so near.
I had rather have this tongue cut from my mouth
Than it should do offence to Michael Cassio.
Yet I persuade myself, to speak the truth
Shall nothing wrong him. Thus it is, general:
Montano and myself being in speech,
There comes a fellow crying out for help,
And Cassio following him with determin’d sword,
To execute upon him. Sir, this gentleman
Steps in to Cassio and entreats his pause.
Myself the crying fellow did pursue,
Lest by his clamour (as it so fell out)
The town might fall in fright: he, swift of foot,
Outran my purpose: and I return’d the rather
For that I heard the clink and fall of swords,
And Cassio high in oath, which till tonight
I ne’er might say before. When I came back,
(For this was brief) I found them close together,
At blow and thrust, even as again they were
When you yourself did part them.
More of this matter cannot I report.
But men are men; the best sometimes forget;
Though Cassio did some little wrong to him,
As men in rage strike those that wish them best,
Yet surely Cassio, I believe, receiv’d
From him that fled some strange indignity,
Which patience could not pass.

OTHELLO.
I know, Iago,
Thy honesty and love doth mince this matter,
Making it light to Cassio. Cassio, I love thee,
But never more be officer of mine.

Enter Desdemona, attended.

Look, if my gentle love be not rais’d up!
I’ll make thee an example.

DESDEMONA.
What’s the matter?

OTHELLO.
All’s well now, sweeting; come away to bed.
Sir, for your hurts, myself will be your surgeon.
Lead him off.


[_Montano is led off._]

Iago, look with care about the town,
And silence those whom this vile brawl distracted.
Come, Desdemona: ’tis the soldiers’ life
To have their balmy slumbers wak’d with strife.

[_Exeunt all but Iago and Cassio._]

IAGO.
What, are you hurt, lieutenant?

CASSIO.
Ay, past all surgery.

IAGO.
Marry, Heaven forbid!

CASSIO.
Reputation, reputation, reputation! O, I have lost my reputation! I
have lost the immortal part of myself, and what remains is bestial. My
reputation, Iago, my reputation!

IAGO.
As I am an honest man, I thought you had received some bodily wound;
there is more sense in that than in reputation. Reputation is an idle
and most false imposition, oft got without merit and lost without
deserving. You have lost no reputation at all, unless you repute
yourself such a loser. What, man, there are ways to recover the general
again: you are but now cast in his mood, a punishment more in policy
than in malice, even so as one would beat his offenceless dog to
affright an imperious lion: sue to him again, and he’s yours.

CASSIO.
I will rather sue to be despised than to deceive so good a commander
with so slight, so drunken, and so indiscreet an officer. Drunk? and
speak parrot? and squabble? swagger? swear? and discourse fustian with
one’s own shadow? O thou invisible spirit of wine, if thou hast no name
to be known by, let us call thee devil!

IAGO.
What was he that you followed with your sword? What had he done to you?

CASSIO.
I know not.

IAGO.
Is’t possible?

CASSIO.
I remember a mass of things, but nothing distinctly; a quarrel, but
nothing wherefore. O God, that men should put an enemy in their mouths
to steal away their brains! That we should with joy, pleasance, revel,
and applause, transform ourselves into beasts!

IAGO.
Why, but you are now well enough: how came you thus recovered?

CASSIO.
It hath pleased the devil drunkenness to give place to the devil wrath.
One unperfectness shows me another, to make me frankly despise myself.

IAGO.
Come, you are too severe a moraler. As the time, the place, and the
condition of this country stands, I could heartily wish this had not
befallen; but since it is as it is, mend it for your own good.

CASSIO.
I will ask him for my place again; he shall tell me I am a drunkard!
Had I as many mouths as Hydra, such an answer would stop them all. To
be now a sensible man, by and by a fool, and presently a beast! O
strange! Every inordinate cup is unbless’d, and the ingredient is a
devil.

IAGO.
Come, come, good wine is a good familiar creature, if it be well used.
Exclaim no more against it. And, good lieutenant, I think you think I
love you.

CASSIO.
I have well approved it, sir.—I drunk!

IAGO.
You, or any man living, may be drunk at a time, man. I’ll tell you what
you shall do. Our general’s wife is now the general; I may say so in
this respect, for that he hath devoted and given up himself to the
contemplation, mark, and denotement of her parts and graces. Confess
yourself freely to her. Importune her help to put you in your place
again. She is of so free, so kind, so apt, so blessed a disposition,
she holds it a vice in her goodness not to do more than she is
requested. This broken joint between you and her husband entreat her to
splinter, and, my fortunes against any lay worth naming, this crack of
your love shall grow stronger than it was before.

CASSIO.
You advise me well.

IAGO.
I protest, in the sincerity of love and honest kindness.

CASSIO.
I think it freely; and betimes in the morning I will beseech the
virtuous Desdemona to undertake for me; I am desperate of my fortunes
if they check me here.

IAGO.
You are in the right. Good night, lieutenant, I must to the watch.

CASSIO.
Good night, honest Iago.

[_Exit._]

IAGO.
And what’s he then, that says I play the villain?
When this advice is free I give and honest,
Probal to thinking, and indeed the course
To win the Moor again? For ’tis most easy
The inclining Desdemona to subdue
In any honest suit. She’s fram’d as fruitful
As the free elements. And then for her
To win the Moor, were’t to renounce his baptism,
All seals and symbols of redeemed sin,
His soul is so enfetter’d to her love
That she may make, unmake, do what she list,
Even as her appetite shall play the god
With his weak function. How am I then, a villain
To counsel Cassio to this parallel course,
Directly to his good? Divinity of hell!
When devils will the blackest sins put on,
They do suggest at first with heavenly shows,
As I do now: for whiles this honest fool
Plies Desdemona to repair his fortune,
And she for him pleads strongly to the Moor,
I’ll pour this pestilence into his ear,
That she repeals him for her body’s lust;
And by how much she strives to do him good,
She shall undo her credit with the Moor.
So will I turn her virtue into pitch,
And out of her own goodness make the net
That shall enmesh them all.

Enter Roderigo.

How now, Roderigo?

RODERIGO.
I do follow here in the chase, not like a hound that hunts, but one
that fills up the cry. My money is almost spent, I have been tonight
exceedingly well cudgelled; and I think the issue will be, I shall have
so much experience for my pains, and so, with no money at all and a
little more wit, return again to Venice.

IAGO.
How poor are they that have not patience!
What wound did ever heal but by degrees?
Thou know’st we work by wit, and not by witchcraft,
And wit depends on dilatory time.
Does’t not go well? Cassio hath beaten thee,
And thou, by that small hurt, hast cashier’d Cassio;
Though other things grow fair against the sun,
Yet fruits that blossom first will first be ripe.
Content thyself awhile. By the mass, ’tis morning;
Pleasure and action make the hours seem short.
Retire thee; go where thou art billeted.
Away, I say, thou shalt know more hereafter.
Nay, get thee gone.

[_Exit Roderigo._]

Two things are to be done,
My wife must move for Cassio to her mistress.
I’ll set her on;
Myself the while to draw the Moor apart,
And bring him jump when he may Cassio find
Soliciting his wife. Ay, that’s the way.
Dull not device by coldness and delay.

[_Exit._]




ACT III

SCENE I. Cyprus. Before the Castle.


Enter Cassio and some Musicians.

CASSIO.
Masters, play here, I will content your pains,
Something that’s brief; and bid “Good morrow, general.”

[_Music._]

Enter Clown.

CLOWN.
Why, masters, have your instruments been in Naples, that they speak i’
the nose thus?

FIRST MUSICIAN.
How, sir, how?

CLOWN.
Are these, I pray you, wind instruments?

FIRST MUSICIAN.
Ay, marry, are they, sir.

CLOWN.
O, thereby hangs a tail.

FIRST MUSICIAN.
Whereby hangs a tale, sir?

CLOWN.
Marry, sir, by many a wind instrument that I know. But, masters, here’s
money for you: and the general so likes your music, that he desires
you, for love’s sake, to make no more noise with it.

FIRST MUSICIAN.
Well, sir, we will not.

CLOWN.
If you have any music that may not be heard, to’t again. But, as they
say, to hear music the general does not greatly care.

FIRST MUSICIAN.
We have none such, sir.

CLOWN.
Then put up your pipes in your bag, for I’ll away. Go, vanish into air,
away!

[_Exeunt Musicians._]

CASSIO.
Dost thou hear, mine honest friend?

CLOWN.
No, I hear not your honest friend. I hear you.

CASSIO.
Prithee, keep up thy quillets. There’s a poor piece of gold for thee:
if the gentlewoman that attends the general’s wife be stirring, tell
her there’s one Cassio entreats her a little favour of speech. Wilt
thou do this?

CLOWN.
She is stirring, sir; if she will stir hither, I shall seem to notify
unto her.

CASSIO.
Do, good my friend.

[_Exit Clown._]

Enter Iago.

In happy time, Iago.

IAGO.
You have not been a-bed, then?

CASSIO.
Why, no. The day had broke
Before we parted. I have made bold, Iago,
To send in to your wife. My suit to her
Is, that she will to virtuous Desdemona
Procure me some access.

IAGO.
I’ll send her to you presently,
And I’ll devise a mean to draw the Moor
Out of the way, that your converse and business
May be more free.

CASSIO.
I humbly thank you for’t.

[_Exit Iago._]

I never knew
A Florentine more kind and honest.

Enter Emilia.

EMILIA.
Good morrow, good lieutenant; I am sorry
For your displeasure, but all will sure be well.
The general and his wife are talking of it,
And she speaks for you stoutly: the Moor replies
That he you hurt is of great fame in Cyprus
And great affinity, and that in wholesome wisdom
He might not but refuse you; but he protests he loves you
And needs no other suitor but his likings
To take the safest occasion by the front
To bring you in again.

CASSIO.
Yet, I beseech you,
If you think fit, or that it may be done,
Give me advantage of some brief discourse
With Desdemona alone.

EMILIA.
Pray you, come in.
I will bestow you where you shall have time
To speak your bosom freely.

CASSIO.
I am much bound to you.

[_Exeunt._]

SCENE II. Cyprus. A Room in the Castle.

Enter Othello, Iago and Gentlemen.

OTHELLO.
These letters give, Iago, to the pilot,
And by him do my duties to the senate.
That done, I will be walking on the works,
Repair there to me.

IAGO.
Well, my good lord, I’ll do’t.

OTHELLO.
This fortification, gentlemen, shall we see’t?

GENTLEMEN.
We’ll wait upon your lordship.

[_Exeunt._]

SCENE III. Cyprus. The Garden of the Castle.

Enter Desdemona, Cassio and Emilia.

DESDEMONA.
Be thou assured, good Cassio, I will do
All my abilities in thy behalf.

EMILIA.
Good madam, do. I warrant it grieves my husband
As if the cause were his.

DESDEMONA.
O, that’s an honest fellow. Do not doubt, Cassio,
But I will have my lord and you again
As friendly as you were.

CASSIO.
Bounteous madam,
Whatever shall become of Michael Cassio,
He’s never anything but your true servant.

DESDEMONA.
I know’t. I thank you. You do love my lord.
You have known him long; and be you well assur’d
He shall in strangeness stand no farther off
Than in a politic distance.

CASSIO.
Ay, but, lady,
That policy may either last so long,
Or feed upon such nice and waterish diet,
Or breed itself so out of circumstance,
That, I being absent, and my place supplied,
My general will forget my love and service.

DESDEMONA.
Do not doubt that. Before Emilia here
I give thee warrant of thy place. Assure thee,
If I do vow a friendship, I’ll perform it
To the last article. My lord shall never rest,
I’ll watch him tame, and talk him out of patience;
His bed shall seem a school, his board a shrift;
I’ll intermingle everything he does
With Cassio’s suit. Therefore be merry, Cassio,
For thy solicitor shall rather die
Than give thy cause away.

Enter Othello and Iago.

EMILIA.
Madam, here comes my lord.

CASSIO.
Madam, I’ll take my leave.

DESDEMONA.
Why, stay, and hear me speak.

CASSIO.
Madam, not now. I am very ill at ease,
Unfit for mine own purposes.

DESDEMONA.
Well, do your discretion.

[_Exit Cassio._]

IAGO.
Ha, I like not that.

OTHELLO.
What dost thou say?

IAGO.
Nothing, my lord; or if—I know not what.

OTHELLO.
Was not that Cassio parted from my wife?

IAGO.
Cassio, my lord? No, sure, I cannot think it,
That he would steal away so guilty-like,
Seeing you coming.

OTHELLO.
I do believe ’twas he.

DESDEMONA.
How now, my lord?
I have been talking with a suitor here,
A man that languishes in your displeasure.

OTHELLO.
Who is’t you mean?

DESDEMONA.
Why, your lieutenant, Cassio. Good my lord,
If I have any grace or power to move you,
His present reconciliation take;
For if he be not one that truly loves you,
That errs in ignorance and not in cunning,
I have no judgement in an honest face.
I prithee call him back.

OTHELLO.
Went he hence now?

DESDEMONA.
Ay, sooth; so humbled
That he hath left part of his grief with me
To suffer with him. Good love, call him back.

OTHELLO.
Not now, sweet Desdemon, some other time.

DESDEMONA.
But shall’t be shortly?

OTHELLO.
The sooner, sweet, for you.

DESDEMONA.
Shall’t be tonight at supper?

OTHELLO.
No, not tonight.

DESDEMONA.
Tomorrow dinner then?

OTHELLO.
I shall not dine at home;
I meet the captains at the citadel.

DESDEMONA.
Why then tomorrow night, or Tuesday morn,
On Tuesday noon, or night; on Wednesday morn.
I prithee name the time, but let it not
Exceed three days. In faith, he’s penitent;
And yet his trespass, in our common reason,
(Save that, they say, the wars must make examples
Out of their best) is not almost a fault
To incur a private check. When shall he come?
Tell me, Othello: I wonder in my soul,
What you would ask me, that I should deny,
Or stand so mammering on. What? Michael Cassio,
That came a-wooing with you, and so many a time,
When I have spoke of you dispraisingly,
Hath ta’en your part, to have so much to do
To bring him in! Trust me, I could do much.

OTHELLO.
Prithee no more. Let him come when he will;
I will deny thee nothing.

DESDEMONA.
Why, this is not a boon;
’Tis as I should entreat you wear your gloves,
Or feed on nourishing dishes, or keep you warm,
Or sue to you to do a peculiar profit
To your own person: nay, when I have a suit
Wherein I mean to touch your love indeed,
It shall be full of poise and difficult weight,
And fearful to be granted.

OTHELLO.
I will deny thee nothing.
Whereon, I do beseech thee, grant me this,
To leave me but a little to myself.

DESDEMONA.
Shall I deny you? No, farewell, my lord.

OTHELLO.
Farewell, my Desdemona. I’ll come to thee straight.

DESDEMONA.
Emilia, come. Be as your fancies teach you.
Whate’er you be, I am obedient.

[_Exit with Emilia._]

OTHELLO.
Excellent wretch! Perdition catch my soul,
But I do love thee! And when I love thee not,
Chaos is come again.

IAGO.
My noble lord,—

OTHELLO.
What dost thou say, Iago?

IAGO.
Did Michael Cassio, when you woo’d my lady,
Know of your love?

OTHELLO.
He did, from first to last. Why dost thou ask?

IAGO.
But for a satisfaction of my thought.
No further harm.

OTHELLO.
Why of thy thought, Iago?

IAGO.
I did not think he had been acquainted with her.

OTHELLO.
O yes, and went between us very oft.

IAGO.
Indeed?

OTHELLO.
Indeed? Ay, indeed. Discern’st thou aught in that?
Is he not honest?

IAGO.
Honest, my lord?

OTHELLO.
Honest? ay, honest.

IAGO.
My lord, for aught I know.

OTHELLO.
What dost thou think?

IAGO.
Think, my lord?

OTHELLO.
Think, my lord? By heaven, he echoes me,
As if there were some monster in his thought
Too hideous to be shown. Thou dost mean something.
I heard thee say even now, thou lik’st not that,
When Cassio left my wife. What didst not like?
And when I told thee he was of my counsel
In my whole course of wooing, thou criedst, “Indeed?”
And didst contract and purse thy brow together,
As if thou then hadst shut up in thy brain
Some horrible conceit: if thou dost love me,
Show me thy thought.

IAGO.
My lord, you know I love you.

OTHELLO.
I think thou dost;
And for I know thou’rt full of love and honesty
And weigh’st thy words before thou giv’st them breath,
Therefore these stops of thine fright me the more:
For such things in a false disloyal knave
Are tricks of custom; but in a man that’s just,
They’re close dilations, working from the heart,
That passion cannot rule.

IAGO.
For Michael Cassio,
I dare be sworn I think that he is honest.

OTHELLO.
I think so too.

IAGO.
Men should be what they seem;
Or those that be not, would they might seem none!

OTHELLO.
Certain, men should be what they seem.

IAGO.
Why then, I think Cassio’s an honest man.

OTHELLO.
Nay, yet there’s more in this:
I prithee, speak to me as to thy thinkings,
As thou dost ruminate, and give thy worst of thoughts
The worst of words.

IAGO.
Good my lord, pardon me.
Though I am bound to every act of duty,
I am not bound to that all slaves are free to.
Utter my thoughts? Why, say they are vile and false:
As where’s that palace whereinto foul things
Sometimes intrude not? Who has a breast so pure
But some uncleanly apprehensions
Keep leets and law-days, and in session sit
With meditations lawful?

OTHELLO.
Thou dost conspire against thy friend, Iago,
If thou but think’st him wrong’d and mak’st his ear
A stranger to thy thoughts.

IAGO.
I do beseech you,
Though I perchance am vicious in my guess,
As, I confess, it is my nature’s plague
To spy into abuses, and of my jealousy
Shapes faults that are not,—that your wisdom
From one that so imperfectly conceits,
Would take no notice; nor build yourself a trouble
Out of his scattering and unsure observance.
It were not for your quiet nor your good,
Nor for my manhood, honesty, or wisdom,
To let you know my thoughts.

OTHELLO.
What dost thou mean?

IAGO.
Good name in man and woman, dear my lord,
Is the immediate jewel of their souls.
Who steals my purse steals trash. ’Tis something, nothing;
’Twas mine, ’tis his, and has been slave to thousands.
But he that filches from me my good name
Robs me of that which not enriches him
And makes me poor indeed.

OTHELLO.
By heaven, I’ll know thy thoughts.

IAGO.
You cannot, if my heart were in your hand,
Nor shall not, whilst ’tis in my custody.

OTHELLO.
Ha?

IAGO.
O, beware, my lord, of jealousy;
It is the green-ey’d monster which doth mock
The meat it feeds on. That cuckold lives in bliss
Who, certain of his fate, loves not his wronger;
But O, what damned minutes tells he o’er
Who dotes, yet doubts, suspects, yet strongly loves!

OTHELLO.
O misery!

IAGO.
Poor and content is rich, and rich enough;
But riches fineless is as poor as winter
To him that ever fears he shall be poor.
Good heaven, the souls of all my tribe defend
From jealousy!

OTHELLO.
Why, why is this?
Think’st thou I’d make a life of jealousy,
To follow still the changes of the moon
With fresh suspicions? No. To be once in doubt
Is once to be resolv’d: exchange me for a goat
When I shall turn the business of my soul
To such exsufflicate and blown surmises,
Matching thy inference. ’Tis not to make me jealous,
To say my wife is fair, feeds well, loves company,
Is free of speech, sings, plays, and dances well;
Where virtue is, these are more virtuous:
Nor from mine own weak merits will I draw
The smallest fear or doubt of her revolt,
For she had eyes, and chose me. No, Iago,
I’ll see before I doubt; when I doubt, prove;
And on the proof, there is no more but this:
Away at once with love or jealousy!

IAGO.
I am glad of it, for now I shall have reason
To show the love and duty that I bear you
With franker spirit: therefore, as I am bound,
Receive it from me. I speak not yet of proof.
Look to your wife; observe her well with Cassio;
Wear your eye thus, not jealous nor secure.
I would not have your free and noble nature,
Out of self-bounty, be abus’d. Look to’t.
I know our country disposition well;
In Venice they do let heaven see the pranks
They dare not show their husbands. Their best conscience
Is not to leave undone, but keep unknown.

OTHELLO.
Dost thou say so?

IAGO.
She did deceive her father, marrying you;
And when she seem’d to shake and fear your looks,
She loved them most.

OTHELLO.
And so she did.

IAGO.
Why, go to then.
She that so young could give out such a seeming,
To seal her father’s eyes up close as oak,
He thought ’twas witchcraft. But I am much to blame.
I humbly do beseech you of your pardon
For too much loving you.

OTHELLO.
I am bound to thee for ever.

IAGO.
I see this hath a little dash’d your spirits.

OTHELLO.
Not a jot, not a jot.

IAGO.
Trust me, I fear it has.
I hope you will consider what is spoke
Comes from my love. But I do see you’re mov’d.
I am to pray you not to strain my speech
To grosser issues nor to larger reach
Than to suspicion.

OTHELLO.
I will not.

IAGO.
Should you do so, my lord,
My speech should fall into such vile success
Which my thoughts aim’d not. Cassio’s my worthy friend.
My lord, I see you’re mov’d.

OTHELLO.
No, not much mov’d.
I do not think but Desdemona’s honest.

IAGO.
Long live she so! And long live you to think so!

OTHELLO.
And yet, how nature erring from itself—

IAGO.
Ay, there’s the point. As, to be bold with you,
Not to affect many proposed matches,
Of her own clime, complexion, and degree,
Whereto we see in all things nature tends;
Foh! One may smell in such a will most rank,
Foul disproportion, thoughts unnatural.
But pardon me: I do not in position
Distinctly speak of her, though I may fear
Her will, recoiling to her better judgement,
May fall to match you with her country forms,
And happily repent.

OTHELLO.
Farewell, farewell:
If more thou dost perceive, let me know more;
Set on thy wife to observe. Leave me, Iago.

IAGO.
[_Going._] My lord, I take my leave.

OTHELLO.
Why did I marry? This honest creature doubtless
Sees and knows more, much more, than he unfolds.

IAGO.
[_Returning._] My lord, I would I might entreat your honour
To scan this thing no further. Leave it to time:
Though it be fit that Cassio have his place,
For sure he fills it up with great ability,
Yet if you please to hold him off awhile,
You shall by that perceive him and his means.
Note if your lady strain his entertainment
With any strong or vehement importunity,
Much will be seen in that. In the meantime,
Let me be thought too busy in my fears
(As worthy cause I have to fear I am)
And hold her free, I do beseech your honour.

OTHELLO.
Fear not my government.

IAGO.
I once more take my leave.

[_Exit._]

OTHELLO.
This fellow’s of exceeding honesty,
And knows all qualities, with a learned spirit,
Of human dealings. If I do prove her haggard,
Though that her jesses were my dear heartstrings,
I’d whistle her off, and let her down the wind
To prey at fortune. Haply, for I am black,
And have not those soft parts of conversation
That chamberers have, or for I am declin’d
Into the vale of years,—yet that’s not much—
She’s gone, I am abus’d, and my relief
Must be to loathe her. O curse of marriage,
That we can call these delicate creatures ours,
And not their appetites! I had rather be a toad,
And live upon the vapour of a dungeon,
Than keep a corner in the thing I love
For others’ uses. Yet, ’tis the plague of great ones,
Prerogativ’d are they less than the base,
’Tis destiny unshunnable, like death:
Even then this forked plague is fated to us
When we do quicken. Desdemona comes.
If she be false, O, then heaven mocks itself!
I’ll not believe’t.

Enter Desdemona and Emilia.

DESDEMONA.
How now, my dear Othello?
Your dinner, and the generous islanders
By you invited, do attend your presence.

OTHELLO.
I am to blame.

DESDEMONA.
Why do you speak so faintly?
Are you not well?

OTHELLO.
I have a pain upon my forehead here.

DESDEMONA.
Faith, that’s with watching, ’twill away again;
Let me but bind it hard, within this hour
It will be well.

OTHELLO.
Your napkin is too little;

[_He puts the handkerchief from him, and she drops it._]

Let it alone. Come, I’ll go in with you.

DESDEMONA.
I am very sorry that you are not well.

[_Exeunt Othello and Desdemona._]

EMILIA.
I am glad I have found this napkin;
This was her first remembrance from the Moor.
My wayward husband hath a hundred times
Woo’d me to steal it. But she so loves the token,
For he conjur’d her she should ever keep it,
That she reserves it evermore about her
To kiss and talk to. I’ll have the work ta’en out,
And give’t Iago. What he will do with it
Heaven knows, not I,
I nothing but to please his fantasy.

Enter Iago.

IAGO.
How now? What do you here alone?

EMILIA.
Do not you chide. I have a thing for you.

IAGO.
A thing for me? It is a common thing—

EMILIA.
Ha?

IAGO.
To have a foolish wife.

EMILIA.
O, is that all? What will you give me now
For that same handkerchief?

IAGO.
What handkerchief?

EMILIA.
What handkerchief?
Why, that the Moor first gave to Desdemona,
That which so often you did bid me steal.

IAGO.
Hast stol’n it from her?

EMILIA.
No, faith, she let it drop by negligence,
And, to the advantage, I being here, took ’t up.
Look, here it is.

IAGO.
A good wench, give it me.

EMILIA.
What will you do with’t, that you have been so earnest
To have me filch it?

IAGO.
[_Snatching it._] Why, what’s that to you?

EMILIA.
If it be not for some purpose of import,
Give ’t me again. Poor lady, she’ll run mad
When she shall lack it.

IAGO.
Be not acknown on’t, I have use for it.
Go, leave me.

[_Exit Emilia._]

I will in Cassio’s lodging lose this napkin,
And let him find it. Trifles light as air
Are to the jealous confirmations strong
As proofs of holy writ. This may do something.
The Moor already changes with my poison:
Dangerous conceits are in their natures poisons,
Which at the first are scarce found to distaste,
But with a little act upon the blood
Burn like the mines of sulphur. I did say so.

Enter Othello.

Look, where he comes. Not poppy, nor mandragora,
Nor all the drowsy syrups of the world,
Shall ever medicine thee to that sweet sleep
Which thou ow’dst yesterday.

OTHELLO.
Ha! ha! false to me?

IAGO.
Why, how now, general? No more of that.

OTHELLO.
Avaunt! be gone! Thou hast set me on the rack.
I swear ’tis better to be much abus’d
Than but to know’t a little.

IAGO.
How now, my lord?

OTHELLO.
What sense had I of her stol’n hours of lust?
I saw’t not, thought it not, it harm’d not me.
I slept the next night well, was free and merry;
I found not Cassio’s kisses on her lips.
He that is robb’d, not wanting what is stol’n,
Let him not know’t, and he’s not robb’d at all.

IAGO.
I am sorry to hear this.

OTHELLO.
I had been happy if the general camp,
Pioners and all, had tasted her sweet body,
So I had nothing known. O, now, for ever
Farewell the tranquil mind! Farewell content!
Farewell the plumed troops and the big wars
That make ambition virtue! O, farewell,
Farewell the neighing steed and the shrill trump,
The spirit-stirring drum, the ear-piercing fife,
The royal banner, and all quality,
Pride, pomp, and circumstance of glorious war!
And, O you mortal engines, whose rude throats
The immortal Jove’s dread clamours counterfeit,
Farewell! Othello’s occupation’s gone!

IAGO.
Is’t possible, my lord?

OTHELLO.
Villain, be sure thou prove my love a whore;
Be sure of it. Give me the ocular proof,
Or, by the worth of man’s eternal soul,
Thou hadst been better have been born a dog
Than answer my wak’d wrath.

IAGO.
Is’t come to this?

OTHELLO.
Make me to see’t, or at the least so prove it,
That the probation bear no hinge nor loop
To hang a doubt on, or woe upon thy life!

IAGO.
My noble lord,—

OTHELLO.
If thou dost slander her and torture me,
Never pray more. Abandon all remorse;
On horror’s head horrors accumulate;
Do deeds to make heaven weep, all earth amaz’d;
For nothing canst thou to damnation add
Greater than that.

IAGO.
O grace! O heaven defend me!
Are you a man? Have you a soul or sense?
God be wi’ you. Take mine office.—O wretched fool,
That liv’st to make thine honesty a vice!
O monstrous world! Take note, take note, O world,
To be direct and honest is not safe.
I thank you for this profit, and from hence
I’ll love no friend, sith love breeds such offence.

OTHELLO.
Nay, stay. Thou shouldst be honest.

IAGO.
I should be wise; for honesty’s a fool,
And loses that it works for.

OTHELLO.
By the world,
I think my wife be honest, and think she is not.
I think that thou art just, and think thou art not.
I’ll have some proof: her name, that was as fresh
As Dian’s visage, is now begrim’d and black
As mine own face. If there be cords or knives,
Poison or fire, or suffocating streams,
I’ll not endure ’t. Would I were satisfied!

IAGO.
I see, sir, you are eaten up with passion.
I do repent me that I put it to you.
You would be satisfied?

OTHELLO.
Would? Nay, I will.

IAGO.
And may; but how? How satisfied, my lord?
Would you, the supervisor, grossly gape on,
Behold her topp’d?

OTHELLO.
Death and damnation! O!

IAGO.
It were a tedious difficulty, I think,
To bring them to that prospect. Damn them then,
If ever mortal eyes do see them bolster
More than their own! What then? How then?
What shall I say? Where’s satisfaction?
It is impossible you should see this,
Were they as prime as goats, as hot as monkeys,
As salt as wolves in pride, and fools as gross
As ignorance made drunk. But yet I say,
If imputation and strong circumstances,
Which lead directly to the door of truth,
Will give you satisfaction, you may have’t.

OTHELLO.
Give me a living reason she’s disloyal.

IAGO.
I do not like the office,
But sith I am enter’d in this cause so far,
Prick’d to ’t by foolish honesty and love,
I will go on. I lay with Cassio lately,
And being troubled with a raging tooth,
I could not sleep.
There are a kind of men so loose of soul,
That in their sleeps will mutter their affairs.
One of this kind is Cassio:
In sleep I heard him say, “Sweet Desdemona,
Let us be wary, let us hide our loves;”
And then, sir, would he gripe and wring my hand,
Cry “O sweet creature!” and then kiss me hard,
As if he pluck’d up kisses by the roots,
That grew upon my lips, then laid his leg
Over my thigh, and sigh’d and kiss’d, and then
Cried “Cursed fate that gave thee to the Moor!”

OTHELLO.
O monstrous! monstrous!

IAGO.
Nay, this was but his dream.

OTHELLO.
But this denoted a foregone conclusion.
’Tis a shrewd doubt, though it be but a dream.

IAGO.
And this may help to thicken other proofs
That do demonstrate thinly.

OTHELLO.
I’ll tear her all to pieces.

IAGO.
Nay, but be wise. Yet we see nothing done,
She may be honest yet. Tell me but this,
Have you not sometimes seen a handkerchief
Spotted with strawberries in your wife’s hand?

OTHELLO.
I gave her such a one, ’twas my first gift.

IAGO.
I know not that: but such a handkerchief
(I am sure it was your wife’s) did I today
See Cassio wipe his beard with.

OTHELLO.
If it be that,—

IAGO.
If it be that, or any that was hers,
It speaks against her with the other proofs.

OTHELLO.
O, that the slave had forty thousand lives!
One is too poor, too weak for my revenge!
Now do I see ’tis true. Look here, Iago;
All my fond love thus do I blow to heaven.
’Tis gone.
Arise, black vengeance, from thy hollow hell!
Yield up, O love, thy crown and hearted throne
To tyrannous hate! Swell, bosom, with thy fraught,
For ’tis of aspics’ tongues!

IAGO.
Yet be content.

OTHELLO.
O, blood, Iago, blood!

IAGO.
Patience, I say. Your mind perhaps may change.

OTHELLO.
Never, Iago. Like to the Pontic Sea,
Whose icy current and compulsive course
Ne’er feels retiring ebb, but keeps due on
To the Propontic and the Hellespont;
Even so my bloody thoughts, with violent pace
Shall ne’er look back, ne’er ebb to humble love,
Till that a capable and wide revenge
Swallow them up. Now by yond marble heaven,
In the due reverence of a sacred vow [_Kneels._]
I here engage my words.

IAGO.
Do not rise yet. [_Kneels._]
Witness, you ever-burning lights above,
You elements that clip us round about,
Witness that here Iago doth give up
The execution of his wit, hands, heart,
To wrong’d Othello’s service! Let him command,
And to obey shall be in me remorse,
What bloody business ever.

[_They rise._]

OTHELLO.
I greet thy love,
Not with vain thanks, but with acceptance bounteous,
And will upon the instant put thee to ’t.
Within these three days let me hear thee say
That Cassio’s not alive.

IAGO.
My friend is dead. ’Tis done at your request.
But let her live.

OTHELLO.
Damn her, lewd minx! O, damn her, damn her!
Come, go with me apart, I will withdraw
To furnish me with some swift means of death
For the fair devil. Now art thou my lieutenant.

IAGO.
I am your own for ever.

[_Exeunt._]

SCENE IV. Cyprus. Before the Castle.

Enter Desdemona, Emilia and Clown.

DESDEMONA.
Do you know, sirrah, where Lieutenant Cassio lies?

CLOWN.
I dare not say he lies anywhere.

DESDEMONA.
Why, man?

CLOWN.
He’s a soldier; and for one to say a soldier lies is stabbing.

DESDEMONA.
Go to. Where lodges he?

CLOWN.
To tell you where he lodges is to tell you where I lie.

DESDEMONA.
Can anything be made of this?

CLOWN.
I know not where he lodges; and for me to devise a lodging, and say he
lies here, or he lies there, were to lie in mine own throat.

DESDEMONA.
Can you inquire him out, and be edified by report?

CLOWN.
I will catechize the world for him, that is, make questions and by them
answer.

DESDEMONA.
Seek him, bid him come hither. Tell him I have moved my lord on his
behalf, and hope all will be well.

CLOWN.
To do this is within the compass of man’s wit, and therefore I will
attempt the doing it.

[_Exit._]

DESDEMONA.
Where should I lose that handkerchief, Emilia?

EMILIA.
I know not, madam.

DESDEMONA.
Believe me, I had rather have lost my purse
Full of crusadoes. And but my noble Moor
Is true of mind and made of no such baseness
As jealous creatures are, it were enough
To put him to ill thinking.

EMILIA.
Is he not jealous?

DESDEMONA.
Who, he? I think the sun where he was born
Drew all such humours from him.

EMILIA.
Look, where he comes.

Enter Othello.

DESDEMONA.
I will not leave him now till Cassio
Be call’d to him. How is’t with you, my lord?

OTHELLO.
Well, my good lady. [_Aside._] O, hardness to dissemble!
How do you, Desdemona?

DESDEMONA.
Well, my good lord.

OTHELLO.
Give me your hand. This hand is moist, my lady.

DESDEMONA.
It yet hath felt no age nor known no sorrow.

OTHELLO.
This argues fruitfulness and liberal heart.
Hot, hot, and moist. This hand of yours requires
A sequester from liberty, fasting and prayer,
Much castigation, exercise devout;
For here’s a young and sweating devil here
That commonly rebels. ’Tis a good hand,
A frank one.

DESDEMONA.
You may indeed say so,
For ’twas that hand that gave away my heart.

OTHELLO.
A liberal hand. The hearts of old gave hands,
But our new heraldry is hands, not hearts.

DESDEMONA.
I cannot speak of this. Come now, your promise.

OTHELLO.
What promise, chuck?

DESDEMONA.
I have sent to bid Cassio come speak with you.

OTHELLO.
I have a salt and sorry rheum offends me.
Lend me thy handkerchief.

DESDEMONA.
Here, my lord.

OTHELLO.
That which I gave you.

DESDEMONA.
I have it not about me.

OTHELLO.
Not?

DESDEMONA.
No, faith, my lord.

OTHELLO.
That is a fault. That handkerchief
Did an Egyptian to my mother give.
She was a charmer, and could almost read
The thoughts of people. She told her, while she kept it,
’Twould make her amiable and subdue my father
Entirely to her love. But if she lost it,
Or made a gift of it, my father’s eye
Should hold her loathed, and his spirits should hunt
After new fancies: she, dying, gave it me,
And bid me, when my fate would have me wive,
To give it her. I did so; and take heed on’t,
Make it a darling like your precious eye.
To lose’t or give’t away were such perdition
As nothing else could match.

DESDEMONA.
Is’t possible?

OTHELLO.
’Tis true. There’s magic in the web of it.
A sibyl, that had number’d in the world
The sun to course two hundred compasses,
In her prophetic fury sew’d the work;
The worms were hallow’d that did breed the silk,
And it was dyed in mummy, which the skillful
Conserv’d of maiden’s hearts.

DESDEMONA.
Indeed? Is’t true?

OTHELLO.
Most veritable, therefore look to ’t well.

DESDEMONA.
Then would to God that I had never seen ’t!

OTHELLO.
Ha? wherefore?

DESDEMONA.
Why do you speak so startingly and rash?

OTHELLO.
Is’t lost? is’t gone? speak, is it out of the way?

DESDEMONA.
Heaven bless us!

OTHELLO.
Say you?

DESDEMONA.
It is not lost, but what and if it were?

OTHELLO.
How?

DESDEMONA.
I say it is not lost.

OTHELLO.
Fetch’t, let me see ’t.

DESDEMONA.
Why, so I can, sir, but I will not now.
This is a trick to put me from my suit.
Pray you, let Cassio be receiv’d again.

OTHELLO.
Fetch me the handkerchief! My mind misgives.

DESDEMONA.
Come, come.
You’ll never meet a more sufficient man.

OTHELLO.
The handkerchief!

DESDEMONA.
I pray, talk me of Cassio.

OTHELLO.
The handkerchief!

DESDEMONA.
A man that all his time
Hath founded his good fortunes on your love,
Shar’d dangers with you,—

OTHELLO.
The handkerchief!

DESDEMONA.
In sooth, you are to blame.

OTHELLO.
Away!

[_Exit._]

EMILIA.
Is not this man jealous?

DESDEMONA.
I ne’er saw this before.
Sure there’s some wonder in this handkerchief,
I am most unhappy in the loss of it.

EMILIA.
’Tis not a year or two shows us a man:
They are all but stomachs and we all but food;
They eat us hungerly, and when they are full,
They belch us.

Enter Cassio and Iago.

Look you, Cassio and my husband.

IAGO.
There is no other way; ’tis she must do ’t,
And, lo, the happiness! Go and importune her.

DESDEMONA.
How now, good Cassio, what’s the news with you?

CASSIO.
Madam, my former suit: I do beseech you
That by your virtuous means I may again
Exist, and be a member of his love,
Whom I, with all the office of my heart,
Entirely honour. I would not be delay’d.
If my offence be of such mortal kind
That nor my service past, nor present sorrows,
Nor purpos’d merit in futurity,
Can ransom me into his love again,
But to know so must be my benefit;
So shall I clothe me in a forc’d content,
And shut myself up in some other course
To fortune’s alms.

DESDEMONA.
Alas, thrice-gentle Cassio,
My advocation is not now in tune;
My lord is not my lord; nor should I know him
Were he in favour as in humour alter’d.
So help me every spirit sanctified,
As I have spoken for you all my best,
And stood within the blank of his displeasure
For my free speech! You must awhile be patient.
What I can do I will; and more I will
Than for myself I dare. Let that suffice you.

IAGO.
Is my lord angry?

EMILIA.
He went hence but now,
And certainly in strange unquietness.

IAGO.
Can he be angry? I have seen the cannon,
When it hath blown his ranks into the air
And, like the devil, from his very arm
Puff’d his own brother, and can he be angry?
Something of moment then. I will go meet him.
There’s matter in’t indeed if he be angry.

DESDEMONA.
I prithee do so.

[_Exit Iago._]

Something sure of state,
Either from Venice, or some unhatch’d practice
Made demonstrable here in Cyprus to him,
Hath puddled his clear spirit, and in such cases
Men’s natures wrangle with inferior things,
Though great ones are their object. ’Tis even so.
For let our finger ache, and it indues
Our other healthful members even to that sense
Of pain. Nay, we must think men are not gods,
Nor of them look for such observancy
As fits the bridal. Beshrew me much, Emilia,
I was (unhandsome warrior as I am)
Arraigning his unkindness with my soul;
But now I find I had suborn’d the witness,
And he’s indicted falsely.

EMILIA.
Pray heaven it be state matters, as you think,
And no conception nor no jealous toy
Concerning you.

DESDEMONA.
Alas the day, I never gave him cause!

EMILIA.
But jealous souls will not be answer’d so;
They are not ever jealous for the cause,
But jealous for they are jealous: ’tis a monster
Begot upon itself, born on itself.

DESDEMONA.
Heaven keep that monster from Othello’s mind!

EMILIA.
Lady, amen.

DESDEMONA.
I will go seek him. Cassio, walk hereabout:
If I do find him fit, I’ll move your suit,
And seek to effect it to my uttermost.

CASSIO.
I humbly thank your ladyship.

[_Exeunt Desdemona and Emilia._]

Enter Bianca.

BIANCA.
Save you, friend Cassio!

CASSIO.
What make you from home?
How is it with you, my most fair Bianca?
I’ faith, sweet love, I was coming to your house.

BIANCA.
And I was going to your lodging, Cassio.
What, keep a week away? Seven days and nights?
Eight score eight hours, and lovers’ absent hours,
More tedious than the dial eight score times?
O weary reckoning!

CASSIO.
Pardon me, Bianca.
I have this while with leaden thoughts been press’d,
But I shall in a more continuate time
Strike off this score of absence. Sweet Bianca,

[_Giving her Desdemona’s handkerchief._]

Take me this work out.

BIANCA.
O Cassio, whence came this?
This is some token from a newer friend.
To the felt absence now I feel a cause.
Is’t come to this? Well, well.

CASSIO.
Go to, woman!
Throw your vile guesses in the devil’s teeth,
From whence you have them. You are jealous now
That this is from some mistress, some remembrance.
No, in good troth, Bianca.

BIANCA.
Why, whose is it?

CASSIO.
I know not neither. I found it in my chamber.
I like the work well. Ere it be demanded,
As like enough it will, I’d have it copied.
Take it, and do ’t, and leave me for this time.

BIANCA.
Leave you, wherefore?

CASSIO.
I do attend here on the general,
And think it no addition, nor my wish,
To have him see me woman’d.

BIANCA.
Why, I pray you?

CASSIO.
Not that I love you not.

BIANCA.
But that you do not love me.
I pray you bring me on the way a little,
And say if I shall see you soon at night.

CASSIO.
’Tis but a little way that I can bring you,
For I attend here. But I’ll see you soon.

BIANCA.
’Tis very good; I must be circumstanc’d.

[_Exeunt._]




ACT IV

SCENE I. Cyprus. Before the Castle.


Enter Othello and Iago.

IAGO.
Will you think so?

OTHELLO.
Think so, Iago?

IAGO.
What,
To kiss in private?

OTHELLO.
An unauthoriz’d kiss.

IAGO.
Or to be naked with her friend in bed
An hour or more, not meaning any harm?

OTHELLO.
Naked in bed, Iago, and not mean harm?
It is hypocrisy against the devil:
They that mean virtuously and yet do so,
The devil their virtue tempts, and they tempt heaven.

IAGO.
So they do nothing, ’tis a venial slip.
But if I give my wife a handkerchief—

OTHELLO.
What then?

IAGO.
Why then, ’tis hers, my lord, and being hers,
She may, I think, bestow’t on any man.

OTHELLO.
She is protectress of her honour too.
May she give that?

IAGO.
Her honour is an essence that’s not seen;
They have it very oft that have it not:
But for the handkerchief—

OTHELLO.
By heaven, I would most gladly have forgot it.
Thou said’st (O, it comes o’er my memory,
As doth the raven o’er the infected house,
Boding to all) he had my handkerchief.

IAGO.
Ay, what of that?

OTHELLO.
That’s not so good now.

IAGO.
What
If I had said I had seen him do you wrong?
Or heard him say (as knaves be such abroad,
Who having, by their own importunate suit,
Or voluntary dotage of some mistress,
Convinced or supplied them, cannot choose
But they must blab.)

OTHELLO.
Hath he said anything?

IAGO.
He hath, my lord, but be you well assur’d,
No more than he’ll unswear.

OTHELLO.
What hath he said?

IAGO.
Faith, that he did—I know not what he did.

OTHELLO.
What? What?

IAGO.
Lie.

OTHELLO.
With her?

IAGO.
With her, on her, what you will.

OTHELLO.
Lie with her! lie on her!—We say lie on her when they belie her.—Lie
with her! that’s fulsome. Handkerchief—confessions—handkerchief! To
confess, and be hanged for his labour. First, to be hanged, and then to
confess. I tremble at it. Nature would not invest herself in such
shadowing passion without some instruction. It is not words that shake
me thus. Pish! Noses, ears, and lips. Is’t
possible?—Confess?—handkerchief?—O devil!—

[_Falls in a trance._]

IAGO.
Work on,
My medicine, work! Thus credulous fools are caught,
And many worthy and chaste dames even thus,
All guiltless, meet reproach. What, ho! my lord!
My lord, I say! Othello!

Enter Cassio.

How now, Cassio!

CASSIO.
What’s the matter?

IAGO.
My lord is fallen into an epilepsy.
This is his second fit. He had one yesterday.

CASSIO.
Rub him about the temples.

IAGO.
No, forbear;
The lethargy must have his quiet course.
If not, he foams at mouth, and by and by
Breaks out to savage madness. Look, he stirs:
Do you withdraw yourself a little while,
He will recover straight. When he is gone,
I would on great occasion speak with you.

[_Exit Cassio._]

How is it, general? Have you not hurt your head?

OTHELLO.
Dost thou mock me?

IAGO.
I mock you? No, by heaven.
Would you would bear your fortune like a man!

OTHELLO.
A horned man’s a monster and a beast.

IAGO.
There’s many a beast, then, in a populous city,
And many a civil monster.

OTHELLO.
Did he confess it?

IAGO.
Good sir, be a man.
Think every bearded fellow that’s but yok’d
May draw with you. There’s millions now alive
That nightly lie in those unproper beds
Which they dare swear peculiar: your case is better.
O, ’tis the spite of hell, the fiend’s arch-mock,
To lip a wanton in a secure couch,
And to suppose her chaste! No, let me know,
And knowing what I am, I know what she shall be.

OTHELLO.
O, thou art wise, ’tis certain.

IAGO.
Stand you awhile apart,
Confine yourself but in a patient list.
Whilst you were here o’erwhelmed with your grief,
(A passion most unsuiting such a man)
Cassio came hither. I shifted him away,
And laid good ’scuse upon your ecstasy,
Bade him anon return, and here speak with me,
The which he promis’d. Do but encave yourself,
And mark the fleers, the gibes, and notable scorns,
That dwell in every region of his face;
For I will make him tell the tale anew,
Where, how, how oft, how long ago, and when
He hath, and is again to cope your wife:
I say, but mark his gesture. Marry, patience,
Or I shall say you are all in all in spleen,
And nothing of a man.

OTHELLO.
Dost thou hear, Iago?
I will be found most cunning in my patience;
But,—dost thou hear?—most bloody.

IAGO.
That’s not amiss.
But yet keep time in all. Will you withdraw?

[_Othello withdraws._]

Now will I question Cassio of Bianca,
A housewife that by selling her desires
Buys herself bread and clothes: it is a creature
That dotes on Cassio, (as ’tis the strumpet’s plague
To beguile many and be beguil’d by one.)
He, when he hears of her, cannot refrain
From the excess of laughter. Here he comes.

Enter Cassio.

As he shall smile Othello shall go mad,
And his unbookish jealousy must construe
Poor Cassio’s smiles, gestures, and light behaviour
Quite in the wrong. How do you now, lieutenant?

CASSIO.
The worser that you give me the addition
Whose want even kills me.

IAGO.
Ply Desdemona well, and you are sure on’t.
[_Speaking lower._] Now, if this suit lay in Bianca’s power,
How quickly should you speed!

CASSIO.
Alas, poor caitiff!

OTHELLO.
[_Aside._] Look how he laughs already!

IAGO.
I never knew a woman love man so.

CASSIO.
Alas, poor rogue! I think, i’ faith, she loves me.

OTHELLO.
[_Aside._] Now he denies it faintly and laughs it out.

IAGO.
Do you hear, Cassio?

OTHELLO.
Now he importunes him
To tell it o’er. Go to, well said, well said.

IAGO.
She gives it out that you shall marry her.
Do you intend it?

CASSIO.
Ha, ha, ha!

OTHELLO.
Do you triumph, Roman? Do you triumph?

CASSIO.
I marry her? What? A customer? I prithee, bear some charity to my wit,
do not think it so unwholesome. Ha, ha, ha!

OTHELLO.
So, so, so, so. They laugh that wins.

IAGO.
Faith, the cry goes that you shall marry her.

CASSIO.
Prithee say true.

IAGO.
I am a very villain else.

OTHELLO.
Have you scored me? Well.

CASSIO.
This is the monkey’s own giving out. She is persuaded I will marry her,
out of her own love and flattery, not out of my promise.

OTHELLO.
Iago beckons me. Now he begins the story.

CASSIO.
She was here even now. She haunts me in every place. I was the other
day talking on the sea-bank with certain Venetians, and thither comes
the bauble, and falls thus about my neck.

OTHELLO.
Crying, “O dear Cassio!” as it were: his gesture imports it.

CASSIO.
So hangs, and lolls, and weeps upon me; so hales and pulls me. Ha, ha,
ha!

OTHELLO.
Now he tells how she plucked him to my chamber. O, I see that nose of
yours, but not that dog I shall throw it to.

CASSIO.
Well, I must leave her company.

IAGO.
Before me! look where she comes.

Enter Bianca.

CASSIO.
’Tis such another fitchew! Marry, a perfum’d one.
What do you mean by this haunting of me?

BIANCA.
Let the devil and his dam haunt you! What did you mean by that same
handkerchief you gave me even now? I was a fine fool to take it. I must
take out the work? A likely piece of work, that you should find it in
your chamber and not know who left it there! This is some minx’s token,
and I must take out the work? There, give it your hobby-horse.
Wheresoever you had it, I’ll take out no work on’t.

CASSIO.
How now, my sweet Bianca? How now, how now?

OTHELLO.
By heaven, that should be my handkerchief!

BIANCA.
If you’ll come to supper tonight, you may. If you will not, come when
you are next prepared for.

[_Exit._]

IAGO.
After her, after her.

CASSIO.
Faith, I must; she’ll rail in the street else.

IAGO.
Will you sup there?

CASSIO.
Faith, I intend so.

IAGO.
Well, I may chance to see you, for I would very fain speak with you.

CASSIO.
Prithee come, will you?

IAGO.
Go to; say no more.

[_Exit Cassio._]

OTHELLO.
[_Coming forward._] How shall I murder him, Iago?

IAGO.
Did you perceive how he laughed at his vice?

OTHELLO.
O Iago!

IAGO.
And did you see the handkerchief?

OTHELLO.
Was that mine?

IAGO.
Yours, by this hand: and to see how he prizes the foolish woman your
wife! she gave it him, and he hath given it his whore.

OTHELLO.
I would have him nine years a-killing. A fine woman, a fair woman, a
sweet woman!

IAGO.
Nay, you must forget that.

OTHELLO.
Ay, let her rot, and perish, and be damned tonight, for she shall not
live. No, my heart is turned to stone; I strike it, and it hurts my
hand. O, the world hath not a sweeter creature. She might lie by an
emperor’s side, and command him tasks.

IAGO.
Nay, that’s not your way.

OTHELLO.
Hang her, I do but say what she is. So delicate with her needle, an
admirable musician! O, she will sing the savageness out of a bear! Of
so high and plenteous wit and invention!

IAGO.
She’s the worse for all this.

OTHELLO.
O, a thousand, a thousand times: and then of so gentle a condition!

IAGO.
Ay, too gentle.

OTHELLO.
Nay, that’s certain. But yet the pity of it, Iago! O Iago, the pity of
it, Iago!

IAGO.
If you are so fond over her iniquity, give her patent to offend, for if
it touch not you, it comes near nobody.

OTHELLO.
I will chop her into messes. Cuckold me!

IAGO.
O, ’tis foul in her.

OTHELLO.
With mine officer!

IAGO.
That’s fouler.

OTHELLO.
Get me some poison, Iago; this night. I’ll not expostulate with her,
lest her body and beauty unprovide my mind again. This night, Iago.

IAGO.
Do it not with poison, strangle her in her bed, even the bed she hath
contaminated.

OTHELLO.
Good, good. The justice of it pleases. Very good.

IAGO.
And for Cassio, let me be his undertaker. You shall hear more by
midnight.

OTHELLO.
Excellent good. [_A trumpet within._] What trumpet is that same?

Enter Lodovico, Desdemona and Attendant.

IAGO.
Something from Venice, sure. ’Tis Lodovico
Come from the duke. See, your wife is with him.

LODOVICO.
Save you, worthy general!

OTHELLO.
With all my heart, sir.

LODOVICO.
The duke and senators of Venice greet you.

[_Gives him a packet._]

OTHELLO.
I kiss the instrument of their pleasures.

[_Opens the packet and reads._]

DESDEMONA.
And what’s the news, good cousin Lodovico?

IAGO.
I am very glad to see you, signior.
Welcome to Cyprus.

LODOVICO.
I thank you. How does Lieutenant Cassio?

IAGO.
Lives, sir.

DESDEMONA.
Cousin, there’s fall’n between him and my lord
An unkind breach, but you shall make all well.

OTHELLO.
Are you sure of that?

DESDEMONA.
My lord?

OTHELLO.
[_Reads._] “This fail you not to do, as you will—”

LODOVICO.
He did not call; he’s busy in the paper.
Is there division ’twixt my lord and Cassio?

DESDEMONA.
A most unhappy one. I would do much
To atone them, for the love I bear to Cassio.

OTHELLO.
Fire and brimstone!

DESDEMONA.
My lord?

OTHELLO.
Are you wise?

DESDEMONA.
What, is he angry?

LODOVICO.
May be the letter mov’d him;
For, as I think, they do command him home,
Deputing Cassio in his government.

DESDEMONA.
Trust me, I am glad on’t.

OTHELLO.
Indeed!

DESDEMONA.
My lord?

OTHELLO.
I am glad to see you mad.

DESDEMONA.
Why, sweet Othello?

OTHELLO.
Devil!

[_Striking her._]

DESDEMONA.
I have not deserv’d this.

LODOVICO.
My lord, this would not be believ’d in Venice,
Though I should swear I saw’t: ’tis very much.
Make her amends. She weeps.

OTHELLO.
O devil, devil!
If that the earth could teem with woman’s tears,
Each drop she falls would prove a crocodile.
Out of my sight!

DESDEMONA.
I will not stay to offend you.

[_Going._]

LODOVICO.
Truly, an obedient lady.
I do beseech your lordship, call her back.

OTHELLO.
Mistress!

DESDEMONA.
My lord?

OTHELLO.
What would you with her, sir?

LODOVICO.
Who, I, my lord?

OTHELLO.
Ay, you did wish that I would make her turn.
Sir, she can turn, and turn, and yet go on,
And turn again. And she can weep, sir, weep;
And she’s obedient, as you say, obedient,
Very obedient. Proceed you in your tears.
Concerning this, sir,—O well-painted passion!
I am commanded home.—Get you away;
I’ll send for you anon.—Sir, I obey the mandate,
And will return to Venice.—Hence, avaunt!

[_Exit Desdemona._]

Cassio shall have my place. And, sir, tonight,
I do entreat that we may sup together.
You are welcome, sir, to Cyprus. Goats and monkeys!

[_Exit._]

LODOVICO.
Is this the noble Moor, whom our full senate
Call all in all sufficient? Is this the nature
Whom passion could not shake? whose solid virtue
The shot of accident nor dart of chance
Could neither graze nor pierce?

IAGO.
He is much chang’d.

LODOVICO.
Are his wits safe? Is he not light of brain?

IAGO.
He’s that he is. I may not breathe my censure
What he might be. If what he might he is not,
I would to heaven he were!

LODOVICO.
What, strike his wife?

IAGO.
Faith, that was not so well; yet would I knew
That stroke would prove the worst!

LODOVICO.
Is it his use?
Or did the letters work upon his blood,
And new-create this fault?

IAGO.
Alas, alas!
It is not honesty in me to speak
What I have seen and known. You shall observe him,
And his own courses will denote him so
That I may save my speech: do but go after,
And mark how he continues.

LODOVICO.
I am sorry that I am deceiv’d in him.

[_Exeunt._]

SCENE II. Cyprus. A Room in the Castle.

Enter Othello and Emilia.

OTHELLO.
You have seen nothing, then?

EMILIA.
Nor ever heard, nor ever did suspect.

OTHELLO.
Yes, you have seen Cassio and she together.

EMILIA.
But then I saw no harm, and then I heard
Each syllable that breath made up between them.

OTHELLO.
What, did they never whisper?

EMILIA.
Never, my lord.

OTHELLO.
Nor send you out o’ the way?

EMILIA.
Never.

OTHELLO.
To fetch her fan, her gloves, her mask, nor nothing?

EMILIA.
Never, my lord.

OTHELLO.
That’s strange.

EMILIA.
I durst, my lord, to wager she is honest,
Lay down my soul at stake: if you think other,
Remove your thought, it doth abuse your bosom.
If any wretch have put this in your head,
Let heaven requite it with the serpent’s curse,
For if she be not honest, chaste, and true,
There’s no man happy. The purest of their wives
Is foul as slander.

OTHELLO.
Bid her come hither. Go.

[_Exit Emilia._]

She says enough. Yet she’s a simple bawd
That cannot say as much. This is a subtle whore,
A closet lock and key of villainous secrets.
And yet she’ll kneel and pray. I have seen her do ’t.

Enter Desdemona and Emilia.

DESDEMONA.
My lord, what is your will?

OTHELLO.
Pray, chuck, come hither.

DESDEMONA.
What is your pleasure?

OTHELLO.
Let me see your eyes.
Look in my face.

DESDEMONA.
What horrible fancy’s this?

OTHELLO.
[_To Emilia._] Some of your function, mistress,
Leave procreants alone, and shut the door.
Cough, or cry hem, if anybody come.
Your mystery, your mystery. Nay, dispatch.

[_Exit Emilia._]

DESDEMONA.
Upon my knees, what doth your speech import?
I understand a fury in your words,
But not the words.

OTHELLO.
Why, what art thou?

DESDEMONA.
Your wife, my lord, your true and loyal wife.

OTHELLO.
Come, swear it, damn thyself,
Lest, being like one of heaven, the devils themselves
Should fear to seize thee. Therefore be double-damn’d.
Swear thou art honest.

DESDEMONA.
Heaven doth truly know it.

OTHELLO.
Heaven truly knows that thou art false as hell.

DESDEMONA.
To whom, my lord? With whom? How am I false?

OTHELLO.
O Desdemona, away! away! away!

DESDEMONA.
Alas the heavy day, why do you weep?
Am I the motive of these tears, my lord?
If haply you my father do suspect
An instrument of this your calling back,
Lay not your blame on me. If you have lost him,
Why, I have lost him too.

OTHELLO.
Had it pleas’d heaven
To try me with affliction, had they rain’d
All kinds of sores and shames on my bare head,
Steep’d me in poverty to the very lips,
Given to captivity me and my utmost hopes,
I should have found in some place of my soul
A drop of patience. But, alas, to make me
A fixed figure for the time of scorn
To point his slow unmoving finger at.
Yet could I bear that too, well, very well:
But there, where I have garner’d up my heart,
Where either I must live or bear no life,
The fountain from the which my current runs,
Or else dries up, to be discarded thence,
Or keep it as a cistern for foul toads
To knot and gender in!—turn thy complexion there,
Patience, thou young and rose-lipp’d cherubin,
Ay, there, look grim as hell!

DESDEMONA.
I hope my noble lord esteems me honest.

OTHELLO.
O, ay, as summer flies are in the shambles,
That quicken even with blowing. O thou weed,
Who art so lovely fair, and smell’st so sweet,
That the sense aches at thee,
Would thou hadst ne’er been born!

DESDEMONA.
Alas, what ignorant sin have I committed?

OTHELLO.
Was this fair paper, this most goodly book,
Made to write “whore” upon? What committed?
Committed! O thou public commoner!
I should make very forges of my cheeks,
That would to cinders burn up modesty,
Did I but speak thy deeds. What committed!
Heaven stops the nose at it, and the moon winks;
The bawdy wind, that kisses all it meets,
Is hush’d within the hollow mine of earth,
And will not hear it. What committed!
Impudent strumpet!

DESDEMONA.
By heaven, you do me wrong.

OTHELLO.
Are not you a strumpet?

DESDEMONA.
No, as I am a Christian:
If to preserve this vessel for my lord
From any other foul unlawful touch
Be not to be a strumpet, I am none.

OTHELLO.
What, not a whore?

DESDEMONA.
No, as I shall be sav’d.

OTHELLO.
Is’t possible?

DESDEMONA.
O, heaven forgive us!

OTHELLO.
I cry you mercy then.
I took you for that cunning whore of Venice
That married with Othello.—You, mistress,

Enter Emilia.

That have the office opposite to Saint Peter,
And keeps the gate of hell. You, you, ay, you!
We have done our course; there’s money for your pains.
I pray you turn the key, and keep our counsel.

[_Exit._]

EMILIA.
Alas, what does this gentleman conceive?
How do you, madam? How do you, my good lady?

DESDEMONA.
Faith, half asleep.

EMILIA.
Good madam, what’s the matter with my lord?

DESDEMONA.
With who?

EMILIA.
Why, with my lord, madam.

DESDEMONA.
Who is thy lord?

EMILIA.
He that is yours, sweet lady.

DESDEMONA.
I have none. Do not talk to me, Emilia,
I cannot weep, nor answer have I none
But what should go by water. Prithee, tonight
Lay on my bed my wedding sheets, remember,
And call thy husband hither.

EMILIA.
Here’s a change indeed!

[_Exit._]

DESDEMONA.
’Tis meet I should be us’d so, very meet.
How have I been behav’d, that he might stick
The small’st opinion on my least misuse?

Enter Iago and Emilia.

IAGO.
What is your pleasure, madam? How is’t with you?

DESDEMONA.
I cannot tell. Those that do teach young babes
Do it with gentle means and easy tasks.
He might have chid me so, for, in good faith,
I am a child to chiding.

IAGO.
What’s the matter, lady?

EMILIA.
Alas, Iago, my lord hath so bewhor’d her,
Thrown such despite and heavy terms upon her,
As true hearts cannot bear.

DESDEMONA.
Am I that name, Iago?

IAGO.
What name, fair lady?

DESDEMONA.
Such as she says my lord did say I was.

EMILIA.
He call’d her whore: a beggar in his drink
Could not have laid such terms upon his callet.

IAGO.
Why did he so?

DESDEMONA.
I do not know. I am sure I am none such.

IAGO.
Do not weep, do not weep: alas the day!

EMILIA.
Hath she forsook so many noble matches,
Her father, and her country, and her friends,
To be call’d whore? would it not make one weep?

DESDEMONA.
It is my wretched fortune.

IAGO.
Beshrew him for’t!
How comes this trick upon him?

DESDEMONA.
Nay, heaven doth know.

EMILIA.
I will be hang’d, if some eternal villain,
Some busy and insinuating rogue,
Some cogging, cozening slave, to get some office,
Have not devis’d this slander. I’ll be hang’d else.

IAGO.
Fie, there is no such man. It is impossible.

DESDEMONA.
If any such there be, heaven pardon him!

EMILIA.
A halter pardon him, and hell gnaw his bones!
Why should he call her whore? who keeps her company?
What place? what time? what form? what likelihood?
The Moor’s abused by some most villainous knave,
Some base notorious knave, some scurvy fellow.
O heaven, that such companions thou’dst unfold,
And put in every honest hand a whip
To lash the rascals naked through the world
Even from the east to the west!

IAGO.
Speak within door.

EMILIA.
O, fie upon them! Some such squire he was
That turn’d your wit the seamy side without,
And made you to suspect me with the Moor.

IAGO.
You are a fool. Go to.

DESDEMONA.
Alas, Iago,
What shall I do to win my lord again?
Good friend, go to him. For by this light of heaven,
I know not how I lost him. Here I kneel.
If e’er my will did trespass ’gainst his love,
Either in discourse of thought or actual deed,
Or that mine eyes, mine ears, or any sense,
Delighted them in any other form,
Or that I do not yet, and ever did,
And ever will, (though he do shake me off
To beggarly divorcement) love him dearly,
Comfort forswear me! Unkindness may do much;
And his unkindness may defeat my life,
But never taint my love. I cannot say “whore,”
It does abhor me now I speak the word;
To do the act that might the addition earn
Not the world’s mass of vanity could make me.

IAGO.
I pray you, be content. ’Tis but his humour.
The business of the state does him offence,
And he does chide with you.

DESDEMONA.
If ’twere no other,—

IAGO.
’Tis but so, I warrant.

[_Trumpets within._]

Hark, how these instruments summon to supper.
The messengers of Venice stay the meat.
Go in, and weep not. All things shall be well.

[_Exeunt Desdemona and Emilia._]

Enter Roderigo.

How now, Roderigo?

RODERIGO.
I do not find that thou dealest justly with me.

IAGO.
What in the contrary?

RODERIGO.
Every day thou daffest me with some device, Iago, and rather, as it
seems to me now, keepest from me all conveniency than suppliest me with
the least advantage of hope. I will indeed no longer endure it. Nor am
I yet persuaded to put up in peace what already I have foolishly
suffered.

IAGO.
Will you hear me, Roderigo?

RODERIGO.
Faith, I have heard too much, for your words and performances are no
kin together.

IAGO.
You charge me most unjustly.

RODERIGO.
With naught but truth. I have wasted myself out of my means. The jewels
you have had from me to deliver to Desdemona would half have corrupted
a votarist: you have told me she hath received them, and returned me
expectations and comforts of sudden respect and acquaintance, but I
find none.

IAGO.
Well, go to, very well.

RODERIGO.
Very well, go to, I cannot go to, man, nor ’tis not very well. Nay, I
say ’tis very scurvy, and begin to find myself fopped in it.

IAGO.
Very well.

RODERIGO.
I tell you ’tis not very well. I will make myself known to Desdemona.
If she will return me my jewels, I will give over my suit and repent my
unlawful solicitation. If not, assure yourself I will seek satisfaction
of you.

IAGO.
You have said now.

RODERIGO.
Ay, and said nothing but what I protest intendment of doing.

IAGO.
Why, now I see there’s mettle in thee, and even from this instant do
build on thee a better opinion than ever before. Give me thy hand,
Roderigo. Thou hast taken against me a most just exception, but yet I
protest, I have dealt most directly in thy affair.

RODERIGO.
It hath not appeared.

IAGO.
I grant indeed it hath not appeared, and your suspicion is not without
wit and judgement. But, Roderigo, if thou hast that in thee indeed,
which I have greater reason to believe now than ever,—I mean purpose,
courage, and valour,—this night show it. If thou the next night
following enjoy not Desdemona, take me from this world with treachery
and devise engines for my life.

RODERIGO.
Well, what is it? Is it within reason and compass?

IAGO.
Sir, there is especial commission come from Venice to depute Cassio in
Othello’s place.

RODERIGO.
Is that true? Why then Othello and Desdemona return again to Venice.

IAGO.
O, no; he goes into Mauritania, and takes away with him the fair
Desdemona, unless his abode be lingered here by some accident: wherein
none can be so determinate as the removing of Cassio.

RODERIGO.
How do you mean “removing” of him?

IAGO.
Why, by making him uncapable of Othello’s place: knocking out his
brains.

RODERIGO.
And that you would have me to do?

IAGO.
Ay, if you dare do yourself a profit and a right. He sups tonight with
a harlotry, and thither will I go to him. He knows not yet of his
honourable fortune. If you will watch his going thence, which I will
fashion to fall out between twelve and one, you may take him at your
pleasure: I will be near to second your attempt, and he shall fall
between us. Come, stand not amazed at it, but go along with me. I will
show you such a necessity in his death that you shall think yourself
bound to put it on him. It is now high supper-time, and the night grows
to waste. About it.

RODERIGO.
I will hear further reason for this.

IAGO.
And you shall be satisfied.

[_Exeunt._]

SCENE III. Cyprus. Another Room in the Castle.

Enter Othello, Lodovico, Desdemona, Emilia and Attendants.

LODOVICO.
I do beseech you, sir, trouble yourself no further.

OTHELLO.
O, pardon me; ’twill do me good to walk.

LODOVICO.
Madam, good night. I humbly thank your ladyship.

DESDEMONA.
Your honour is most welcome.

OTHELLO.
Will you walk, sir?—
O, Desdemona,—

DESDEMONA.
My lord?

OTHELLO.
Get you to bed on th’ instant, I will be return’d forthwith. Dismiss
your attendant there. Look ’t be done.

DESDEMONA.
I will, my lord.

[_Exeunt Othello, Lodovico and Attendants._]

EMILIA.
How goes it now? He looks gentler than he did.

DESDEMONA.
He says he will return incontinent,
He hath commanded me to go to bed,
And bade me to dismiss you.

EMILIA.
Dismiss me?

DESDEMONA.
It was his bidding. Therefore, good Emilia,
Give me my nightly wearing, and adieu.
We must not now displease him.

EMILIA.
I would you had never seen him!

DESDEMONA.
So would not I. My love doth so approve him,
That even his stubbornness, his checks, his frowns,—
Prithee, unpin me,—have grace and favour in them.

EMILIA.
I have laid those sheets you bade me on the bed.

DESDEMONA.
All’s one. Good faith, how foolish are our minds!
If I do die before thee, prithee, shroud me
In one of those same sheets.

EMILIA.
Come, come, you talk.

DESDEMONA.
My mother had a maid call’d Barbary,
She was in love, and he she lov’d prov’d mad
And did forsake her. She had a song of “willow”,
An old thing ’twas, but it express’d her fortune,
And she died singing it. That song tonight
Will not go from my mind. I have much to do
But to go hang my head all at one side
And sing it like poor Barbary. Prithee dispatch.

EMILIA.
Shall I go fetch your night-gown?

DESDEMONA.
No, unpin me here.
This Lodovico is a proper man.

EMILIA.
A very handsome man.

DESDEMONA.
He speaks well.

EMILIA.
I know a lady in Venice would have walked barefoot to Palestine for a
touch of his nether lip.

DESDEMONA.
[_Singing._]
    _The poor soul sat sighing by a sycamore tree,
        Sing all a green willow.
    Her hand on her bosom, her head on her knee,
        Sing willow, willow, willow.
    The fresh streams ran by her, and murmur’d her moans,
        Sing willow, willow, willow;
    Her salt tears fell from her, and soften’d the stones;—_

Lay by these:—

[_Sings._]
        _Sing willow, willow, willow._

Prithee hie thee. He’ll come anon.

[_Sings._]
    _Sing all a green willow must be my garland.
Let nobody blame him, his scorn I approve,—_

Nay, that’s not next. Hark! who is’t that knocks?

EMILIA.
It’s the wind.

DESDEMONA.
[_Sings._]
    _I call’d my love false love; but what said he then?
        Sing willow, willow, willow:
    If I court mo women, you’ll couch with mo men._

So get thee gone; good night. Mine eyes do itch;
Doth that bode weeping?

EMILIA.
’Tis neither here nor there.

DESDEMONA.
I have heard it said so. O, these men, these men!
Dost thou in conscience think,—tell me, Emilia,—
That there be women do abuse their husbands
In such gross kind?

EMILIA.
There be some such, no question.

DESDEMONA.
Wouldst thou do such a deed for all the world?

EMILIA.
Why, would not you?

DESDEMONA.
No, by this heavenly light!

EMILIA.
Nor I neither by this heavenly light,
I might do’t as well i’ the dark.

DESDEMONA.
Wouldst thou do such a deed for all the world?

EMILIA.
The world’s a huge thing. It is a great price
For a small vice.

DESDEMONA.
In troth, I think thou wouldst not.

EMILIA.
In troth, I think I should, and undo’t when I had done. Marry, I would
not do such a thing for a joint-ring, nor for measures of lawn, nor for
gowns, petticoats, nor caps, nor any petty exhibition; but, for the
whole world—why, who would not make her husband a cuckold to make him a
monarch? I should venture purgatory for ’t.

DESDEMONA.
Beshrew me, if I would do such a wrong for the whole world.

EMILIA.
Why, the wrong is but a wrong i’ the world; and having the world for
your labour, ’tis a wrong in your own world, and you might quickly make
it right.

DESDEMONA.
I do not think there is any such woman.

EMILIA.
Yes, a dozen; and as many to the vantage as would store the world they
played for.
But I do think it is their husbands’ faults
If wives do fall: say that they slack their duties,
And pour our treasures into foreign laps;
Or else break out in peevish jealousies,
Throwing restraint upon us. Or say they strike us,
Or scant our former having in despite.
Why, we have galls; and though we have some grace,
Yet have we some revenge. Let husbands know
Their wives have sense like them: they see, and smell
And have their palates both for sweet and sour,
As husbands have. What is it that they do
When they change us for others? Is it sport?
I think it is. And doth affection breed it?
I think it doth. Is’t frailty that thus errs?
It is so too. And have not we affections,
Desires for sport, and frailty, as men have?
Then let them use us well: else let them know,
The ills we do, their ills instruct us so.

DESDEMONA.
Good night, good night. Heaven me such usage send,
Not to pick bad from bad, but by bad mend!

[_Exeunt._]




ACT V

SCENE I. Cyprus. A Street.


Enter Iago and Roderigo.

IAGO.
Here, stand behind this bulk. Straight will he come.
Wear thy good rapier bare, and put it home.
Quick, quick, fear nothing; I’ll be at thy elbow.
It makes us, or it mars us, think on that,
And fix most firm thy resolution.

RODERIGO.
Be near at hand, I may miscarry in ’t.

IAGO.
Here, at thy hand. Be bold, and take thy stand.

[_Retires to a little distance._]

RODERIGO.
I have no great devotion to the deed;
And yet he hath given me satisfying reasons.
’Tis but a man gone. Forth, my sword; he dies.

[_Goes to his stand._]

IAGO.
I have rubb’d this young quat almost to the sense,
And he grows angry. Now, whether he kill Cassio,
Or Cassio him, or each do kill the other,
Every way makes my gain. Live Roderigo,
He calls me to a restitution large
Of gold and jewels that I bobb’d from him,
As gifts to Desdemona.
It must not be. If Cassio do remain,
He hath a daily beauty in his life
That makes me ugly. And besides, the Moor
May unfold me to him; there stand I in much peril.
No, he must die. But so, I hear him coming.

Enter Cassio.

RODERIGO.
I know his gait; ’tis he. Villain, thou diest!

[_Rushes out, and makes a pass at Cassio._]

CASSIO.
That thrust had been mine enemy indeed,
But that my coat is better than thou know’st.
I will make proof of thine.

[_Draws, and wounds Roderigo._]

RODERIGO.
O, I am slain!

[_Iago rushes from his post, cuts Cassio behind in the leg, and exit._]

CASSIO.
I am maim’d forever. Help, ho! murder, murder!

[_Falls._]

Enter Othello.

OTHELLO.
The voice of Cassio. Iago keeps his word.

RODERIGO.
O, villain that I am!

OTHELLO.
It is even so.

CASSIO.
O, help, ho! light! a surgeon!

OTHELLO.
’Tis he. O brave Iago, honest and just,
That hast such noble sense of thy friend’s wrong!
Thou teachest me,—minion, your dear lies dead,
And your unbless’d fate hies. Strumpet, I come!
Forth of my heart those charms, thine eyes, are blotted;
Thy bed, lust-stain’d, shall with lust’s blood be spotted.

[_Exit._]

Enter Lodovico and Gratiano.

CASSIO.
What, ho! No watch? No passage? murder, murder!

GRATIANO.
’Tis some mischance; the cry is very direful.

CASSIO.
O, help!

LODOVICO.
Hark!

RODERIGO.
O wretched villain!

LODOVICO.
Two or three groan. It is a heavy night.
These may be counterfeits. Let’s think’t unsafe
To come in to the cry without more help.

RODERIGO.
Nobody come? Then shall I bleed to death.

Enter Iago with a light.

LODOVICO.
Hark!

GRATIANO.
Here’s one comes in his shirt, with light and weapons.

IAGO.
Who’s there? Whose noise is this that cries on murder?

LODOVICO.
We do not know.

IAGO.
Did not you hear a cry?

CASSIO.
Here, here! for heaven’s sake, help me!

IAGO.
What’s the matter?

GRATIANO.
This is Othello’s ancient, as I take it.

LODOVICO.
The same indeed, a very valiant fellow.

IAGO.
What are you here that cry so grievously?

CASSIO.
Iago? O, I am spoil’d, undone by villains!
Give me some help.

IAGO.
O me, lieutenant! What villains have done this?

CASSIO.
I think that one of them is hereabout,
And cannot make away.

IAGO.
O treacherous villains!
[_To Lodovico and Gratiano._] What are you there?
Come in and give some help.

RODERIGO.
O, help me here!

CASSIO.
That’s one of them.

IAGO.
O murderous slave! O villain!

[_Stabs Roderigo._]

RODERIGO.
O damn’d Iago! O inhuman dog!

IAGO.
Kill men i’ the dark! Where be these bloody thieves?
How silent is this town! Ho! murder! murder!
What may you be? Are you of good or evil?

LODOVICO.
As you shall prove us, praise us.

IAGO.
Signior Lodovico?

LODOVICO.
He, sir.

IAGO.
I cry you mercy. Here’s Cassio hurt by villains.

GRATIANO.
Cassio!

IAGO.
How is’t, brother?

CASSIO.
My leg is cut in two.

IAGO.
Marry, heaven forbid!
Light, gentlemen, I’ll bind it with my shirt.

Enter Bianca.

BIANCA.
What is the matter, ho? Who is’t that cried?

IAGO.
Who is’t that cried?

BIANCA.
O my dear Cassio, my sweet Cassio! O Cassio, Cassio, Cassio!

IAGO.
O notable strumpet! Cassio, may you suspect
Who they should be that have thus mangled you?

CASSIO.
No.

GRATIANO.
I am sorry to find you thus; I have been to seek you.

IAGO.
Lend me a garter. So.—O, for a chair,
To bear him easily hence!

BIANCA.
Alas, he faints! O Cassio, Cassio, Cassio!

IAGO.
Gentlemen all, I do suspect this trash
To be a party in this injury.
Patience awhile, good Cassio. Come, come;
Lend me a light. Know we this face or no?
Alas, my friend and my dear countryman
Roderigo? No. Yes, sure; O heaven! Roderigo.

GRATIANO.
What, of Venice?

IAGO.
Even he, sir. Did you know him?

GRATIANO.
Know him? Ay.

IAGO.
Signior Gratiano? I cry you gentle pardon.
These bloody accidents must excuse my manners,
That so neglected you.

GRATIANO.
I am glad to see you.

IAGO.
How do you, Cassio? O, a chair, a chair!

GRATIANO.
Roderigo!

IAGO.
He, he, ’tis he.

[_A chair brought in._]

O, that’s well said; the chair.
Some good man bear him carefully from hence,
I’ll fetch the general’s surgeon. [_To Bianca_] For you, mistress,
Save you your labour. He that lies slain here, Cassio,
Was my dear friend. What malice was between you?

CASSIO.
None in the world. Nor do I know the man.

IAGO.
[_To Bianca._] What, look you pale?—O, bear him out o’ the air.

[_Cassio and Roderigo are borne off._]

Stay you, good gentlemen.—Look you pale, mistress?
Do you perceive the gastness of her eye?
Nay, if you stare, we shall hear more anon.
Behold her well. I pray you, look upon her.
Do you see, gentlemen? Nay, guiltiness will speak
Though tongues were out of use.

Enter Emilia.

EMILIA.
’Las, what’s the matter? What’s the matter, husband?

IAGO.
Cassio hath here been set on in the dark
By Roderigo, and fellows that are ’scap’d.
He’s almost slain, and Roderigo dead.

EMILIA.
Alas, good gentleman! alas, good Cassio!

IAGO.
This is the fruit of whoring. Prithee, Emilia,
Go know of Cassio where he supp’d tonight.
What, do you shake at that?

BIANCA.
He supp’d at my house, but I therefore shake not.

IAGO.
O, did he so? I charge you go with me.

EMILIA.
Fie, fie upon thee, strumpet!

BIANCA.
I am no strumpet, but of life as honest
As you that thus abuse me.

EMILIA.
As I? Foh! fie upon thee!

IAGO.
Kind gentlemen, let’s go see poor Cassio dress’d.
Come, mistress, you must tell’s another tale.
Emilia, run you to the citadel,
And tell my lord and lady what hath happ’d.
Will you go on afore? [_Aside._] This is the night
That either makes me or fordoes me quite.

[_Exeunt._]

SCENE II. Cyprus. A Bedchamber in the castle.

Desdemona in bed asleep; a light burning.

Enter Othello.

OTHELLO.
It is the cause, it is the cause, my soul,
Let me not name it to you, you chaste stars!
It is the cause. Yet I’ll not shed her blood,
Nor scar that whiter skin of hers than snow,
And smooth as monumental alabaster.
Yet she must die, else she’ll betray more men.
Put out the light, and then put out the light:
If I quench thee, thou flaming minister,
I can again thy former light restore,
Should I repent me. But once put out thy light,
Thou cunning’st pattern of excelling nature,
I know not where is that Promethean heat
That can thy light relume. When I have pluck’d thy rose,
I cannot give it vital growth again,
It must needs wither. I’ll smell it on the tree.

[_Kissing her._]

O, balmy breath, that dost almost persuade
Justice to break her sword! One more, one more.
Be thus when thou art dead, and I will kill thee,
And love thee after. One more, and this the last.
So sweet was ne’er so fatal. I must weep,
But they are cruel tears. This sorrow’s heavenly,
It strikes where it doth love. She wakes.

DESDEMONA.
Who’s there? Othello?

OTHELLO.
Ay, Desdemona.

DESDEMONA.
Will you come to bed, my lord?

OTHELLO.
Have you pray’d tonight, Desdemona?

DESDEMONA.
Ay, my lord.

OTHELLO.
If you bethink yourself of any crime
Unreconcil’d as yet to heaven and grace,
Solicit for it straight.

DESDEMONA.
Alack, my lord, what may you mean by that?

OTHELLO.
Well, do it, and be brief, I will walk by.
I would not kill thy unprepared spirit,
No, heaven forfend! I would not kill thy soul.

DESDEMONA.
Talk you of killing?

OTHELLO.
Ay, I do.

DESDEMONA.
Then heaven have mercy on me!

OTHELLO.
Amen, with all my heart!

DESDEMONA.
If you say so, I hope you will not kill me.

OTHELLO.
Hum!

DESDEMONA.
And yet I fear you, for you are fatal then
When your eyes roll so: why I should fear I know not,
Since guiltiness I know not, but yet I feel I fear.

OTHELLO.
Think on thy sins.

DESDEMONA.
They are loves I bear to you.

OTHELLO.
Ay, and for that thou diest.

DESDEMONA.
That death’s unnatural that kills for loving.
Alas, why gnaw you so your nether lip?
Some bloody passion shakes your very frame.
These are portents; but yet I hope, I hope,
They do not point on me.

OTHELLO.
Peace, and be still!

DESDEMONA.
I will so. What’s the matter?

OTHELLO.
That handkerchief which I so loved and gave thee,
Thou gav’st to Cassio.

DESDEMONA.
No, by my life and soul!
Send for the man and ask him.

OTHELLO.
Sweet soul, take heed, take heed of perjury,
Thou’rt on thy death-bed.

DESDEMONA.
Ay, but not yet to die.

OTHELLO.
Yes, presently:
Therefore confess thee freely of thy sin.
For to deny each article with oath
Cannot remove nor choke the strong conception
That I do groan withal. Thou art to die.

DESDEMONA.
Then, Lord have mercy on me!

OTHELLO.
I say, amen.

DESDEMONA.
And have you mercy too! I never did
Offend you in my life,	 never lov’d Cassio
But with such general warranty of heaven
As I might love. I never gave him token.

OTHELLO.
By heaven, I saw my handkerchief in ’s hand.
O perjur’d woman, thou dost stone my heart,
And mak’st me call what I intend to do
A murder, which I thought a sacrifice.
I saw the handkerchief.

DESDEMONA.
He found it then.
I never gave it him. Send for him hither.
Let him confess a truth.

OTHELLO.
He hath confess’d.

DESDEMONA.
What, my lord?

OTHELLO.
That he hath us’d thee.

DESDEMONA.
How? Unlawfully?

OTHELLO.
Ay.

DESDEMONA.
He will not say so.

OTHELLO.
No, his mouth is stopp’d.
Honest Iago hath ta’en order for ’t.

DESDEMONA.
O, my fear interprets! What, is he dead?

OTHELLO.
Had all his hairs been lives, my great revenge
Had stomach for them all.

DESDEMONA.
Alas, he is betray’d, and I undone!

OTHELLO.
Out, strumpet! Weep’st thou for him to my face?

DESDEMONA.
O, banish me, my lord, but kill me not!

OTHELLO.
Down, strumpet!

DESDEMONA.
Kill me tomorrow, let me live tonight!

OTHELLO.
Nay, if you strive,—

DESDEMONA.
But half an hour!

OTHELLO.
Being done, there is no pause.

DESDEMONA.
But while I say one prayer!

OTHELLO.
It is too late.

[_Smothers her._]

EMILIA.
[_Within._] My lord, my lord! what, ho! my lord, my lord!

OTHELLO.
What noise is this? Not dead? Not yet quite dead?
I that am cruel am yet merciful,
I would not have thee linger in thy pain.
So, so.

EMILIA.
[_Within._] What, ho! my lord, my lord!

OTHELLO.
Who’s there?

EMILIA.
[_Within._] O, good my lord, I would speak a word with you!

OTHELLO.
Yes. ’Tis Emilia, by and by. She’s dead.
’Tis like she comes to speak of Cassio’s death;
The noise was high.—Ha! no more moving?
Still as the grave. Shall she come in? Were’t good?
I think she stirs again; no. What’s best to do?
If she come in, she’ll sure speak to my wife.
My wife! my wife! what wife? I have no wife.
O, insupportable! O heavy hour!
Methinks it should be now a huge eclipse
Of sun and moon, and that the affrighted globe
Should yawn at alteration.

EMILIA.
[_Within._] I do beseech you
That I may speak with you, O, good my lord!

OTHELLO.
I had forgot thee: O, come in, Emilia.
Soft, by and by; let me the curtains draw.
Where art thou?

[_Unlocks the door._]

Enter Emilia.

What’s the matter with thee now?

EMILIA.
O, my good lord, yonder’s foul murders done!

OTHELLO.
What, now?

EMILIA.
But now, my lord.

OTHELLO.
It is the very error of the moon,
She comes more nearer earth than she was wont
And makes men mad.

EMILIA.
Cassio, my lord, hath kill’d a young Venetian
Call’d Roderigo.

OTHELLO.
Roderigo kill’d?
And Cassio kill’d?

EMILIA.
No, Cassio is not kill’d.

OTHELLO.
Not Cassio kill’d! Then murder’s out of tune,
And sweet revenge grows harsh.

DESDEMONA.
O, falsely, falsely murder’d!

EMILIA.
Alas, what cry is that?

OTHELLO.
That? What?

EMILIA.
Out, and alas! That was my lady’s voice.
Help! help, ho! help! O lady, speak again,
Sweet Desdemona! O sweet mistress, speak!

DESDEMONA.
A guiltless death I die.

EMILIA.
O, who hath done this deed?

DESDEMONA.
Nobody; I myself. Farewell.
Commend me to my kind lord. O, farewell!

[_She dies._]

OTHELLO.
Why, how should she be murder’d?

EMILIA.
Alas, who knows?

OTHELLO.
You heard her say herself, it was not I.

EMILIA.
She said so. I must needs report the truth.

OTHELLO.
She’s like a liar, gone to burning hell.
’Twas I that kill’d her.

EMILIA.
O, the more angel she,
And you the blacker devil!

OTHELLO.
She turn’d to folly, and she was a whore.

EMILIA.
Thou dost belie her, and thou art a devil.

OTHELLO.
She was false as water.

EMILIA.
Thou art rash as fire, to say
That she was false: O, she was heavenly true!

OTHELLO.
Cassio did top her; ask thy husband else.
O, I were damn’d beneath all depth in hell,
But that I did proceed upon just grounds
To this extremity. Thy husband knew it all.

EMILIA.
My husband?

OTHELLO.
Thy husband.

EMILIA.
That she was false to wedlock?

OTHELLO.
Ay, with Cassio. Nay, had she been true,
If heaven would make me such another world
Of one entire and perfect chrysolite,
I’d not have sold her for it.

EMILIA.
My husband?

OTHELLO.
Ay, ’twas he that told me first.
An honest man he is, and hates the slime
That sticks on filthy deeds.

EMILIA.
My husband?

OTHELLO.
What needs this iterance, woman? I say thy husband.

EMILIA.
O mistress, villainy hath made mocks with love!
My husband say that she was false?

OTHELLO.
He, woman;
I say thy husband: dost understand the word?
My friend, thy husband, honest, honest Iago.

EMILIA.
If he say so, may his pernicious soul
Rot half a grain a day! he lies to the heart.
She was too fond of her most filthy bargain.

OTHELLO.
Ha!

EMILIA.
Do thy worst:
This deed of thine is no more worthy heaven
Than thou wast worthy her.

OTHELLO.
Peace, you were best.

EMILIA.
Thou hast not half that power to do me harm
As I have to be hurt. O gull! O dolt!
As ignorant as dirt! Thou hast done a deed
(I care not for thy sword) I’ll make thee known,
Though I lost twenty lives. Help! help, ho! help!
The Moor hath kill’d my mistress! Murder, murder!

Enter Montano, Gratiano and Iago.

MONTANO.
What is the matter? How now, general?

EMILIA.
O, are you come, Iago? You have done well,
That men must lay their murders on your neck.

GRATIANO.
What is the matter?

EMILIA.
Disprove this villain, if thou be’st a man.
He says thou told’st him that his wife was false.
I know thou didst not, thou’rt not such a villain.
Speak, for my heart is full.

IAGO.
I told him what I thought, and told no more
Than what he found himself was apt and true.

EMILIA.
But did you ever tell him she was false?

IAGO.
I did.

EMILIA.
You told a lie, an odious, damned lie;
Upon my soul, a lie; a wicked lie.
She false with Cassio? Did you say with Cassio?

IAGO.
With Cassio, mistress. Go to, charm your tongue.

EMILIA.
I will not charm my tongue; I am bound to speak.
My mistress here lies murder’d in her bed.

ALL.
O heavens forfend!

EMILIA.
And your reports have set the murder on.

OTHELLO.
Nay, stare not, masters, it is true indeed.

GRATIANO.
’Tis a strange truth.

MONTANO.
O monstrous act!

EMILIA.
Villany, villany, villany!
I think upon’t, I think I smell’t; O villany!
I thought so then. I’ll kill myself for grief.
O villany, villany!

IAGO.
What, are you mad? I charge you, get you home.

EMILIA.
Good gentlemen, let me have leave to speak.
’Tis proper I obey him, but not now.
Perchance, Iago, I will ne’er go home.

OTHELLO.
O! O! O!

[_Hanging over his wife._]

EMILIA.
Nay, lay thee down and roar;
For thou hast kill’d the sweetest innocent
That e’er did lift up eye.

OTHELLO.
[_Rising._] O, she was foul!
I scarce did know you, uncle, there lies your niece,
Whose breath indeed these hands have newly stopp’d.
I know this act shows horrible and grim.

GRATIANO.
Poor Desdemona! I am glad thy father’s dead.
Thy match was mortal to him, and pure grief
Shore his old thread in twain: did he live now,
This sight would make him do a desperate turn,
Yea, curse his better angel from his side,
And fall to reprobance.

OTHELLO.
’Tis pitiful. But yet Iago knows
That she with Cassio hath the act of shame
A thousand times committed; Cassio confess’d it,
And she did gratify his amorous works
With that recognizance and pledge of love
Which I first gave her; I saw it in his hand.
It was a handkerchief, an antique token
My father gave my mother.

EMILIA.
O heaven! O heavenly powers!

IAGO.
Come, hold your peace.

EMILIA.
’Twill out, ’twill out. I peace?
No, I will speak as liberal as the north.
Let heaven and men and devils, let them all,
All, all, cry shame against me, yet I’ll speak.

IAGO.
Be wise, and get you home.

EMILIA.
I will not.

[_Iago offers to stab his wife._]

GRATIANO.
Fie!
Your sword upon a woman?

EMILIA.
O thou dull Moor, that handkerchief thou speak’st of
I found by fortune and did give my husband;
For often with a solemn earnestness,
More than indeed belong’d to such a trifle,
He begg’d of me to steal it.

IAGO.
Villanous whore!

EMILIA.
She give it Cassio! no, alas, I found it,
And I did give’t my husband.

IAGO.
Filth, thou liest!

EMILIA.
By heaven, I do not, I do not, gentlemen.
O murderous coxcomb! What should such a fool
Do with so good a wife?

OTHELLO
Are there not stones in heaven
But what serve for thunder? Precious villain!

[_Iago stabs Emilia and then runs out._]

GRATIANO.
The woman falls. Sure, he hath kill’d his wife.

EMILIA.
Ay, ay. O, lay me by my mistress’ side.

GRATIANO.
He’s gone, but his wife’s kill’d.

MONTANO.
’Tis a notorious villain. Take you this weapon,
Which I have here recover’d from the Moor.
Come, guard the door without, let him not pass,
But kill him rather. I’ll after that same villain,
For ’tis a damned slave.

[_Exit Montano and Gratiano._]

OTHELLO.
I am not valiant neither,
But every puny whipster gets my sword.
But why should honour outlive honesty?
Let it go all.

EMILIA.
What did thy song bode, lady?
Hark, canst thou hear me? I will play the swan,
And die in music.
[_Sings._] _Willow, willow, willow._
Moor, she was chaste. She lov’d thee, cruel Moor,
So come my soul to bliss, as I speak true;
So speaking as I think, I die, I die.

[_She dies._]

OTHELLO.
I have another weapon in this chamber,
It is a sword of Spain, the ice-brook’s temper.
O, here it is. Uncle, I must come forth.

GRATIANO.
[_Within._] If thou attempt it, it will cost thee dear;
Thou hast no weapon, and perforce must suffer.

OTHELLO.
Look in upon me then, and speak with me,
Or, naked as I am, I will assault thee.

Enter Gratiano.

GRATIANO.
What is the matter?

OTHELLO.
Behold, I have a weapon.
A better never did itself sustain
Upon a soldier’s thigh: I have seen the day
That with this little arm and this good sword
I have made my way through more impediments
Than twenty times your stop. But, O vain boast!
Who can control his fate? ’Tis not so now.
Be not afraid, though you do see me weapon’d.
Here is my journey’s end, here is my butt,
And very sea-mark of my utmost sail.
Do you go back dismay’d? ’Tis a lost fear.
Man but a rush against Othello’s breast,
And he retires. Where should Othello go?
Now, how dost thou look now? O ill-starr’d wench,
Pale as thy smock, when we shall meet at compt,
This look of thine will hurl my soul from heaven,
And fiends will snatch at it. Cold, cold, my girl!
Even like thy chastity.
O cursed, cursed slave! Whip me, ye devils,
From the possession of this heavenly sight!
Blow me about in winds, roast me in sulphur,
Wash me in steep-down gulfs of liquid fire!
O Desdemon! Dead, Desdemon! dead! Oh, oh!

Enter Lodovico, Montano, Cassio carried in a chair, and Officers with
Iago prisoner.

LODOVICO.
Where is this rash and most unfortunate man?

OTHELLO.
That’s he that was Othello. Here I am.

LODOVICO.
Where is that viper? Bring the villain forth.

OTHELLO.
I look down towards his feet; but that’s a fable.
If that thou be’st a devil, I cannot kill thee.

[_Wounds Iago._]

LODOVICO.
Wrench his sword from him.

IAGO.
I bleed, sir, but not kill’d.

OTHELLO.
I am not sorry neither. I’d have thee live,
For in my sense ’tis happiness to die.

LODOVICO.
O thou Othello, that wert once so good,
Fall’n in the practice of a damned slave,
What shall be said to thee?

OTHELLO.
Why, anything;
An honourable murderer, if you will.
For naught did I in hate, but all in honour.

LODOVICO.
This wretch hath part confess’d his villany.
Did you and he consent in Cassio’s death?

OTHELLO.
Ay.

CASSIO.
Dear general, I never gave you cause.

OTHELLO.
I do believe it, and I ask your pardon.
Will you, I pray, demand that demi-devil
Why he hath thus ensnar’d my soul and body?

IAGO.
Demand me nothing. What you know, you know.
From this time forth I never will speak word.

LODOVICO.
What, not to pray?

GRATIANO.
Torments will ope your lips.

OTHELLO.
Well, thou dost best.

LODOVICO.
Sir, you shall understand what hath befall’n,
Which, as I think, you know not. Here is a letter
Found in the pocket of the slain Roderigo,
And here another. The one of them imports
The death of Cassio, to be undertook
By Roderigo.

OTHELLO.
O villain!

CASSIO.
Most heathenish and most gross!

LODOVICO.
Now here’s another discontented paper,
Found in his pocket too; and this, it seems,
Roderigo meant to have sent this damned villain,
But that, belike, Iago in the interim
Came in and satisfied him.

OTHELLO.
O the pernicious caitiff!
How came you, Cassio, by that handkerchief
That was my wife’s?

CASSIO.
I found it in my chamber.
And he himself confess’d but even now,
That there he dropp’d it for a special purpose
Which wrought to his desire.

OTHELLO.
O fool! fool! fool!

CASSIO.
There is besides in Roderigo’s letter,
How he upbraids Iago, that he made him
Brave me upon the watch, whereon it came
That I was cast. And even but now he spake,
After long seeming dead, Iago hurt him,
Iago set him on.

LODOVICO.
You must forsake this room, and go with us.
Your power and your command is taken off,
And Cassio rules in Cyprus. For this slave,
If there be any cunning cruelty
That can torment him much and hold him long,
It shall be his. You shall close prisoner rest,
Till that the nature of your fault be known
To the Venetian state. Come, bring away.

OTHELLO.
Soft you; a word or two before you go.
I have done the state some service, and they know’t.
No more of that. I pray you, in your letters,
When you shall these unlucky deeds relate,
Speak of me as I am. Nothing extenuate,
Nor set down aught in malice. Then must you speak
Of one that loved not wisely, but too well;
Of one not easily jealous, but being wrought,
Perplex’d in the extreme; of one whose hand,
Like the base Judean, threw a pearl away
Richer than all his tribe; of one whose subdu’d eyes,
Albeit unused to the melting mood,
Drop tears as fast as the Arabian trees
Their medicinal gum. Set you down this.
And say besides, that in Aleppo once,
Where a malignant and a turban’d Turk
Beat a Venetian and traduc’d the state,
I took by the throat the circumcised dog,
And smote him, thus.

[_Stabs himself._]

LODOVICO.
O bloody period!

GRATIANO.
All that’s spoke is marr’d.

OTHELLO.
I kiss’d thee ere I kill’d thee. No way but this,
Killing myself, to die upon a kiss.

[_Falling upon Desdemona._]

CASSIO.
This did I fear, but thought he had no weapon,
For he was great of heart.

LODOVICO.
[_To Iago._] O Spartan dog,
More fell than anguish, hunger, or the sea,
Look on the tragic loading of this bed.
This is thy work. The object poisons sight,
Let it be hid. Gratiano, keep the house,
And seize upon the fortunes of the Moor,
For they succeed on you. To you, lord governor,
Remains the censure of this hellish villain.
The time, the place, the torture, O, enforce it!
Myself will straight aboard, and to the state
This heavy act with heavy heart relate.

[_Exeunt._]






*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OTHELLO, THE MOOR OF VENICE ***


    

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may
do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
license, especially commercial redistribution.


START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person
or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual
works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting
free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily
comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when
you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no
representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear
prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work
on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed,
performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

    This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
    other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
    whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
    of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
    at www.gutenberg.org. If you
    are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws
    of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
  
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is
derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™
trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works
posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format
other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official
version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

    • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
        the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method
        you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
        to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has
        agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
        within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
        legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
        payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
        Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
        Literary Archive Foundation.”
    
    • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
        you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
        does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
        License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
        copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
        all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™
        works.
    
    • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
        any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
        electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
        receipt of the work.
    
    • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
        distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.
    

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than
are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right
of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,
Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread
public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state
visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.

# See the raw string version of our text
text

'\ufeffThe Project Gutenberg eBook of Othello, the Moor of Venice\n    \nThis ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and\nmost other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions\nwhatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms\nof the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online\nat www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States,\nyou will have to check the laws of the country where you are located\nbefore using this eBook.\n\nTitle: Othello, the Moor of Venice\n\nAuthor: William Shakespeare\n\nRelease date: November 1, 1998 [eBook #1531]\n                Most recently updated: December 16, 2023\n\nLanguage: English\n\nCredits: the PG Shakespeare Team, a team of about twenty Project Gutenberg volunteers\n\n\n*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OTHELLO, THE MOOR OF VENICE ***\n\n\n\n\ncover\n\n\n\n\nOTHELLO, THE MOOR OF VENICE\n\nby William Shakespeare\n\n\n\n\nContents\n\n ACT I\n Scene I. Venice. A street\n Scene II. Venice. Another street\n Scene III. Venice. A council chamber\n\n ACT II\n Scene I. A seaport in Cyprus. A Platform\n Scene II. A street\n Scene III. A Hall in the Castle\n\n ACT III\n Scene I. Cyprus. Before the Castle\n Scene II. Cyprus. A Room in the Castle\n Scene III. Cyprus. The Garden of the Castle\n Scene IV. Cyprus. Before the Castle\n\n ACT IV\n Scene I. Cyprus. Before the Castle\n Scene II. Cyprus. A Room in the Castle\n Scene III. Cyprus. Another Room in the Castle\n\n ACT V\n Scene I. Cyprus. A Street\n Scene II. Cyprus. A Bedchamber in the castle\n\n\n\n\nDramatis Personæ\n\nDUKE OF VENICE\nBRABANTIO, a Senator of Venice and Desdemona’s father\nOther Senators\nGRATIANO, Brother to Brabantio\nLODOVICO, Kinsman to Brabantio\nOTHELLO, a noble Moor in the service of Venice\nCASSIO, his Lieutenant\nIAGO, his Ancient\nMONTANO, Othello’s predecessor in the government of Cyprus\nRODERIGO, a Venetian Gentleman\nCLOWN, Servant to Othello\n\nDESDEMONA, Daughter to Brabantio and Wife to Othello\nEMILIA, Wife to Iago\nBIANCA, Mistress to Cassio\n\nOfficers, Gentlemen, Messenger, Musicians, Herald, Sailor, Attendants,\n&c.\n\nSCENE: The First Act in Venice; during the rest of the Play at a\nSeaport in Cyprus.\n\n\n\n\nACT I\n\nSCENE I. Venice. A street.\n\n\nEnter Roderigo and Iago.\n\nRODERIGO.\nTush, never tell me, I take it much unkindly\nThat thou, Iago, who hast had my purse,\nAs if the strings were thine, shouldst know of this.\n\nIAGO.\n’Sblood, but you will not hear me.\nIf ever I did dream of such a matter,\nAbhor me.\n\nRODERIGO.\nThou told’st me, thou didst hold him in thy hate.\n\nIAGO.\nDespise me if I do not. Three great ones of the city,\nIn personal suit to make me his lieutenant,\nOff-capp’d to him; and by the faith of man,\nI know my price, I am worth no worse a place.\nBut he, as loving his own pride and purposes,\nEvades them, with a bombast circumstance,\nHorribly stuff’d with epithets of war:\nAnd in conclusion,\nNonsuits my mediators: for “Certes,” says he,\n“I have already chose my officer.”\nAnd what was he?\nForsooth, a great arithmetician,\nOne Michael Cassio, a Florentine,\nA fellow almost damn’d in a fair wife,\nThat never set a squadron in the field,\nNor the division of a battle knows\nMore than a spinster, unless the bookish theoric,\nWherein the toged consuls can propose\nAs masterly as he: mere prattle without practice\nIs all his soldiership. But he, sir, had the election,\nAnd I, of whom his eyes had seen the proof\nAt Rhodes, at Cyprus, and on other grounds,\nChristian and heathen, must be belee’d and calm’d\nBy debitor and creditor, this counter-caster,\nHe, in good time, must his lieutenant be,\nAnd I, God bless the mark, his Moorship’s ancient.\n\nRODERIGO.\nBy heaven, I rather would have been his hangman.\n\nIAGO.\nWhy, there’s no remedy. ’Tis the curse of service,\nPreferment goes by letter and affection,\nAnd not by old gradation, where each second\nStood heir to the first. Now sir, be judge yourself\nWhether I in any just term am affin’d\nTo love the Moor.\n\nRODERIGO.\nI would not follow him, then.\n\nIAGO.\nO, sir, content you.\nI follow him to serve my turn upon him:\nWe cannot all be masters, nor all masters\nCannot be truly follow’d. You shall mark\nMany a duteous and knee-crooking knave\nThat, doting on his own obsequious bondage,\nWears out his time, much like his master’s ass,\nFor nought but provender, and when he’s old, cashier’d.\nWhip me such honest knaves. Others there are\nWho, trimm’d in forms, and visages of duty,\nKeep yet their hearts attending on themselves,\nAnd throwing but shows of service on their lords,\nDo well thrive by them, and when they have lin’d their coats,\nDo themselves homage. These fellows have some soul,\nAnd such a one do I profess myself. For, sir,\nIt is as sure as you are Roderigo,\nWere I the Moor, I would not be Iago:\nIn following him, I follow but myself.\nHeaven is my judge, not I for love and duty,\nBut seeming so for my peculiar end.\nFor when my outward action doth demonstrate\nThe native act and figure of my heart\nIn complement extern, ’tis not long after\nBut I will wear my heart upon my sleeve\nFor daws to peck at: I am not what I am.\n\nRODERIGO.\nWhat a full fortune does the thick-lips owe,\nIf he can carry’t thus!\n\nIAGO.\nCall up her father,\nRouse him, make after him, poison his delight,\nProclaim him in the streets; incense her kinsmen,\nAnd though he in a fertile climate dwell,\nPlague him with flies: though that his joy be joy,\nYet throw such changes of vexation on’t,\nAs it may lose some color.\n\nRODERIGO.\nHere is her father’s house, I’ll call aloud.\n\nIAGO.\nDo, with like timorous accent and dire yell\nAs when, by night and negligence, the fire\nIs spied in populous cities.\n\nRODERIGO.\nWhat ho, Brabantio! Signior Brabantio, ho!\n\nIAGO.\nAwake! what ho, Brabantio! Thieves, thieves!\nLook to your house, your daughter, and your bags!\nThieves, thieves!\n\nBrabantio appears above at a window.\n\nBRABANTIO.\nWhat is the reason of this terrible summons?\nWhat is the matter there?\n\nRODERIGO.\nSignior, is all your family within?\n\nIAGO.\nAre your doors locked?\n\nBRABANTIO.\nWhy, wherefore ask you this?\n\nIAGO.\nZounds, sir, you’re robb’d, for shame put on your gown,\nYour heart is burst, you have lost half your soul;\nEven now, now, very now, an old black ram\nIs tupping your white ewe. Arise, arise,\nAwake the snorting citizens with the bell,\nOr else the devil will make a grandsire of you:\nArise, I say.\n\nBRABANTIO.\nWhat, have you lost your wits?\n\nRODERIGO.\nMost reverend signior, do you know my voice?\n\nBRABANTIO.\nNot I. What are you?\n\nRODERIGO.\nMy name is Roderigo.\n\nBRABANTIO.\nThe worser welcome.\nI have charg’d thee not to haunt about my doors;\nIn honest plainness thou hast heard me say\nMy daughter is not for thee; and now in madness,\nBeing full of supper and distempering draughts,\nUpon malicious bravery, dost thou come\nTo start my quiet.\n\nRODERIGO.\nSir, sir, sir,—\n\nBRABANTIO.\nBut thou must needs be sure\nMy spirit and my place have in them power\nTo make this bitter to thee.\n\nRODERIGO.\nPatience, good sir.\n\nBRABANTIO.\nWhat tell’st thou me of robbing?\nThis is Venice. My house is not a grange.\n\nRODERIGO.\nMost grave Brabantio,\nIn simple and pure soul I come to you.\n\nIAGO.\nZounds, sir, you are one of those that will not serve God if the devil\nbid you. Because we come to do you service, and you think we are\nruffians, you’ll have your daughter cover’d with a Barbary horse;\nyou’ll have your nephews neigh to you; you’ll have coursers for cousins\nand gennets for germans.\n\nBRABANTIO.\nWhat profane wretch art thou?\n\nIAGO.\nI am one, sir, that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are\nnow making the beast with two backs.\n\nBRABANTIO.\nThou art a villain.\n\nIAGO.\nYou are a senator.\n\nBRABANTIO.\nThis thou shalt answer. I know thee, Roderigo.\n\nRODERIGO.\nSir, I will answer anything. But I beseech you,\nIf ’t be your pleasure, and most wise consent,\n(As partly I find it is) that your fair daughter,\nAt this odd-even and dull watch o’ the night,\nTransported with no worse nor better guard,\nBut with a knave of common hire, a gondolier,\nTo the gross clasps of a lascivious Moor:\nIf this be known to you, and your allowance,\nWe then have done you bold and saucy wrongs.\nBut if you know not this, my manners tell me,\nWe have your wrong rebuke. Do not believe\nThat from the sense of all civility,\nI thus would play and trifle with your reverence.\nYour daughter (if you have not given her leave)\nI say again, hath made a gross revolt,\nTying her duty, beauty, wit, and fortunes\nIn an extravagant and wheeling stranger\nOf here and everywhere. Straight satisfy yourself:\nIf she be in her chamber or your house,\nLet loose on me the justice of the state\nFor thus deluding you.\n\nBRABANTIO.\nStrike on the tinder, ho!\nGive me a taper! Call up all my people!\nThis accident is not unlike my dream,\nBelief of it oppresses me already.\nLight, I say, light!\n\n[_Exit from above._]\n\nIAGO.\nFarewell; for I must leave you:\nIt seems not meet nor wholesome to my place\nTo be produc’d, as if I stay I shall,\nAgainst the Moor. For I do know the state,\nHowever this may gall him with some check,\nCannot with safety cast him, for he’s embark’d\nWith such loud reason to the Cyprus wars,\nWhich even now stand in act, that, for their souls,\nAnother of his fathom they have none\nTo lead their business. In which regard,\nThough I do hate him as I do hell pains,\nYet, for necessity of present life,\nI must show out a flag and sign of love,\nWhich is indeed but sign. That you shall surely find him,\nLead to the Sagittary the raised search,\nAnd there will I be with him. So, farewell.\n\n[_Exit._]\n\nEnter Brabantio with Servants and torches.\n\nBRABANTIO.\nIt is too true an evil. Gone she is,\nAnd what’s to come of my despised time,\nIs naught but bitterness. Now Roderigo,\nWhere didst thou see her? (O unhappy girl!)\nWith the Moor, say’st thou? (Who would be a father!)\nHow didst thou know ’twas she? (O, she deceives me\nPast thought.) What said she to you? Get more tapers,\nRaise all my kindred. Are they married, think you?\n\nRODERIGO.\nTruly I think they are.\n\nBRABANTIO.\nO heaven! How got she out? O treason of the blood!\nFathers, from hence trust not your daughters’ minds\nBy what you see them act. Is there not charms\nBy which the property of youth and maidhood\nMay be abused? Have you not read, Roderigo,\nOf some such thing?\n\nRODERIGO.\nYes, sir, I have indeed.\n\nBRABANTIO.\nCall up my brother. O, would you had had her!\nSome one way, some another. Do you know\nWhere we may apprehend her and the Moor?\n\nRODERIGO.\nI think I can discover him, if you please\nTo get good guard, and go along with me.\n\nBRABANTIO.\nPray you lead on. At every house I’ll call,\nI may command at most. Get weapons, ho!\nAnd raise some special officers of night.\nOn, good Roderigo. I will deserve your pains.\n\n[_Exeunt._]\n\nSCENE II. Venice. Another street.\n\nEnter Othello, Iago and Attendants with torches.\n\nIAGO.\nThough in the trade of war I have slain men,\nYet do I hold it very stuff o’ the conscience\nTo do no contriv’d murder; I lack iniquity\nSometimes to do me service: nine or ten times\nI had thought to have yerk’d him here under the ribs.\n\nOTHELLO.\n’Tis better as it is.\n\nIAGO.\nNay, but he prated,\nAnd spoke such scurvy and provoking terms\nAgainst your honour,\nThat with the little godliness I have,\nI did full hard forbear him. But I pray you, sir,\nAre you fast married? Be assur’d of this,\nThat the magnifico is much belov’d\nAnd hath in his effect a voice potential\nAs double as the duke’s; he will divorce you,\nOr put upon you what restraint and grievance\nThe law (with all his might to enforce it on)\nWill give him cable.\n\nOTHELLO.\nLet him do his spite;\nMy services, which I have done the signiory,\nShall out-tongue his complaints. ’Tis yet to know,—\nWhich, when I know that boasting is an honour,\nI shall promulgate,—I fetch my life and being\nFrom men of royal siege. And my demerits\nMay speak unbonneted to as proud a fortune\nAs this that I have reach’d. For know, Iago,\nBut that I love the gentle Desdemona,\nI would not my unhoused free condition\nPut into circumscription and confine\nFor the sea’s worth. But look, what lights come yond?\n\nIAGO.\nThose are the raised father and his friends:\nYou were best go in.\n\nOTHELLO.\nNot I; I must be found.\nMy parts, my title, and my perfect soul\nShall manifest me rightly. Is it they?\n\nIAGO.\nBy Janus, I think no.\n\nEnter Cassio and Officers with torches.\n\nOTHELLO.\nThe servants of the duke and my lieutenant.\nThe goodness of the night upon you, friends!\nWhat is the news?\n\nCASSIO.\nThe duke does greet you, general,\nAnd he requires your haste-post-haste appearance\nEven on the instant.\n\nOTHELLO.\nWhat is the matter, think you?\n\nCASSIO.\nSomething from Cyprus, as I may divine.\nIt is a business of some heat. The galleys\nHave sent a dozen sequent messengers\nThis very night at one another’s heels;\nAnd many of the consuls, rais’d and met,\nAre at the duke’s already. You have been hotly call’d for,\nWhen, being not at your lodging to be found,\nThe senate hath sent about three several quests\nTo search you out.\n\nOTHELLO.\n’Tis well I am found by you.\nI will but spend a word here in the house,\nAnd go with you.\n\n[_Exit._]\n\nCASSIO.\nAncient, what makes he here?\n\nIAGO.\nFaith, he tonight hath boarded a land carrack:\nIf it prove lawful prize, he’s made forever.\n\nCASSIO.\nI do not understand.\n\nIAGO.\nHe’s married.\n\nCASSIO.\nTo who?\n\nEnter Othello.\n\nIAGO.\nMarry to—Come, captain, will you go?\n\nOTHELLO.\nHave with you.\n\nCASSIO.\nHere comes another troop to seek for you.\n\nEnter Brabantio, Roderigo and Officers with torches and weapons.\n\nIAGO.\nIt is Brabantio. General, be advis’d,\nHe comes to bad intent.\n\nOTHELLO.\nHolla, stand there!\n\nRODERIGO.\nSignior, it is the Moor.\n\nBRABANTIO.\nDown with him, thief!\n\n[_They draw on both sides._]\n\nIAGO.\nYou, Roderigo! Come, sir, I am for you.\n\nOTHELLO.\nKeep up your bright swords, for the dew will rust them.\nGood signior, you shall more command with years\nThan with your weapons.\n\nBRABANTIO.\nO thou foul thief, where hast thou stow’d my daughter?\nDamn’d as thou art, thou hast enchanted her,\nFor I’ll refer me to all things of sense,\n(If she in chains of magic were not bound)\nWhether a maid so tender, fair, and happy,\nSo opposite to marriage, that she shunn’d\nThe wealthy curled darlings of our nation,\nWould ever have, to incur a general mock,\nRun from her guardage to the sooty bosom\nOf such a thing as thou—to fear, not to delight.\nJudge me the world, if ’tis not gross in sense,\nThat thou hast practis’d on her with foul charms,\nAbus’d her delicate youth with drugs or minerals\nThat weakens motion. I’ll have’t disputed on;\n’Tis probable, and palpable to thinking.\nI therefore apprehend and do attach thee\nFor an abuser of the world, a practiser\nOf arts inhibited and out of warrant.—\nLay hold upon him, if he do resist,\nSubdue him at his peril.\n\nOTHELLO.\nHold your hands,\nBoth you of my inclining and the rest:\nWere it my cue to fight, I should have known it\nWithout a prompter. Where will you that I go\nTo answer this your charge?\n\nBRABANTIO.\nTo prison, till fit time\nOf law and course of direct session\nCall thee to answer.\n\nOTHELLO.\nWhat if I do obey?\nHow may the duke be therewith satisfied,\nWhose messengers are here about my side,\nUpon some present business of the state,\nTo bring me to him?\n\nOFFICER.\n’Tis true, most worthy signior,\nThe duke’s in council, and your noble self,\nI am sure is sent for.\n\nBRABANTIO.\nHow? The duke in council?\nIn this time of the night? Bring him away;\nMine’s not an idle cause. The duke himself,\nOr any of my brothers of the state,\nCannot but feel this wrong as ’twere their own.\nFor if such actions may have passage free,\nBond-slaves and pagans shall our statesmen be.\n\n[_Exeunt._]\n\nSCENE III. Venice. A council chamber.\n\nThe Duke and Senators sitting at a table; Officers attending.\n\nDUKE.\nThere is no composition in these news\nThat gives them credit.\n\nFIRST SENATOR.\nIndeed, they are disproportion’d;\nMy letters say a hundred and seven galleys.\n\nDUKE.\nAnd mine a hundred and forty.\n\nSECOND SENATOR\nAnd mine two hundred:\nBut though they jump not on a just account,\n(As in these cases, where the aim reports,\n’Tis oft with difference,) yet do they all confirm\nA Turkish fleet, and bearing up to Cyprus.\n\nDUKE.\nNay, it is possible enough to judgement:\nI do not so secure me in the error,\nBut the main article I do approve\nIn fearful sense.\n\nSAILOR.\n[_Within._] What, ho! what, ho! what, ho!\n\nOFFICER.\nA messenger from the galleys.\n\nEnter Sailor.\n\nDUKE.\nNow,—what’s the business?\n\nSAILOR.\nThe Turkish preparation makes for Rhodes,\nSo was I bid report here to the state\nBy Signior Angelo.\n\nDUKE.\nHow say you by this change?\n\nFIRST SENATOR.\nThis cannot be\nBy no assay of reason. ’Tis a pageant\nTo keep us in false gaze. When we consider\nThe importancy of Cyprus to the Turk;\nAnd let ourselves again but understand\nThat, as it more concerns the Turk than Rhodes,\nSo may he with more facile question bear it,\nFor that it stands not in such warlike brace,\nBut altogether lacks the abilities\nThat Rhodes is dress’d in. If we make thought of this,\nWe must not think the Turk is so unskilful\nTo leave that latest which concerns him first,\nNeglecting an attempt of ease and gain,\nTo wake and wage a danger profitless.\n\nDUKE.\nNay, in all confidence, he’s not for Rhodes.\n\nOFFICER.\nHere is more news.\n\nEnter a Messenger.\n\nMESSENGER.\nThe Ottomites, reverend and gracious,\nSteering with due course toward the isle of Rhodes,\nHave there injointed them with an after fleet.\n\nFIRST SENATOR.\nAy, so I thought. How many, as you guess?\n\nMESSENGER.\nOf thirty sail, and now they do re-stem\nTheir backward course, bearing with frank appearance\nTheir purposes toward Cyprus. Signior Montano,\nYour trusty and most valiant servitor,\nWith his free duty recommends you thus,\nAnd prays you to believe him.\n\nDUKE.\n’Tis certain, then, for Cyprus.\nMarcus Luccicos, is not he in town?\n\nFIRST SENATOR.\nHe’s now in Florence.\n\nDUKE.\nWrite from us to him; post-post-haste dispatch.\n\nFIRST SENATOR.\nHere comes Brabantio and the valiant Moor.\n\nEnter Brabantio, Othello, Iago, Roderigo and Officers.\n\nDUKE.\nValiant Othello, we must straight employ you\nAgainst the general enemy Ottoman.\n[_To Brabantio._] I did not see you; welcome, gentle signior,\nWe lack’d your counsel and your help tonight.\n\nBRABANTIO.\nSo did I yours. Good your grace, pardon me.\nNeither my place, nor aught I heard of business\nHath rais’d me from my bed, nor doth the general care\nTake hold on me; for my particular grief\nIs of so flood-gate and o’erbearing nature\nThat it engluts and swallows other sorrows,\nAnd it is still itself.\n\nDUKE.\nWhy, what’s the matter?\n\nBRABANTIO.\nMy daughter! O, my daughter!\n\nDUKE and SENATORS.\nDead?\n\nBRABANTIO.\nAy, to me.\nShe is abused, stol’n from me, and corrupted\nBy spells and medicines bought of mountebanks;\nFor nature so preposterously to err,\nBeing not deficient, blind, or lame of sense,\nSans witchcraft could not.\n\nDUKE.\nWhoe’er he be, that in this foul proceeding,\nHath thus beguil’d your daughter of herself,\nAnd you of her, the bloody book of law\nYou shall yourself read in the bitter letter,\nAfter your own sense, yea, though our proper son\nStood in your action.\n\nBRABANTIO.\nHumbly I thank your grace.\nHere is the man, this Moor, whom now it seems\nYour special mandate for the state affairs\nHath hither brought.\n\nALL.\nWe are very sorry for ’t.\n\nDUKE.\n[_To Othello._] What, in your own part, can you say to this?\n\nBRABANTIO.\nNothing, but this is so.\n\nOTHELLO.\nMost potent, grave, and reverend signiors,\nMy very noble and approv’d good masters:\nThat I have ta’en away this old man’s daughter,\nIt is most true; true, I have married her.\nThe very head and front of my offending\nHath this extent, no more. Rude am I in my speech,\nAnd little bless’d with the soft phrase of peace;\nFor since these arms of mine had seven years’ pith,\nTill now some nine moons wasted, they have us’d\nTheir dearest action in the tented field,\nAnd little of this great world can I speak,\nMore than pertains to feats of broil and battle,\nAnd therefore little shall I grace my cause\nIn speaking for myself. Yet, by your gracious patience,\nI will a round unvarnish’d tale deliver\nOf my whole course of love: what drugs, what charms,\nWhat conjuration, and what mighty magic,\n(For such proceeding I am charged withal)\nI won his daughter.\n\nBRABANTIO.\nA maiden never bold:\nOf spirit so still and quiet that her motion\nBlush’d at herself; and she, in spite of nature,\nOf years, of country, credit, everything,\nTo fall in love with what she fear’d to look on!\nIt is judgement maim’d and most imperfect\nThat will confess perfection so could err\nAgainst all rules of nature, and must be driven\nTo find out practices of cunning hell,\nWhy this should be. I therefore vouch again,\nThat with some mixtures powerful o’er the blood,\nOr with some dram conjur’d to this effect,\nHe wrought upon her.\n\nDUKE.\nTo vouch this is no proof;\nWithout more wider and more overt test\nThan these thin habits and poor likelihoods\nOf modern seeming do prefer against him.\n\nFIRST SENATOR.\nBut, Othello, speak:\nDid you by indirect and forced courses\nSubdue and poison this young maid’s affections?\nOr came it by request, and such fair question\nAs soul to soul affordeth?\n\nOTHELLO.\nI do beseech you,\nSend for the lady to the Sagittary,\nAnd let her speak of me before her father.\nIf you do find me foul in her report,\nThe trust, the office I do hold of you,\nNot only take away, but let your sentence\nEven fall upon my life.\n\nDUKE.\nFetch Desdemona hither.\n\nOTHELLO.\nAncient, conduct them, you best know the place.\n\n[_Exeunt Iago and Attendants._]\n\nAnd till she come, as truly as to heaven\nI do confess the vices of my blood,\nSo justly to your grave ears I’ll present\nHow I did thrive in this fair lady’s love,\nAnd she in mine.\n\nDUKE.\nSay it, Othello.\n\nOTHELLO.\nHer father lov’d me, oft invited me,\nStill question’d me the story of my life,\nFrom year to year—the battles, sieges, fortunes,\nThat I have pass’d.\nI ran it through, even from my boyish days\nTo the very moment that he bade me tell it,\nWherein I spake of most disastrous chances,\nOf moving accidents by flood and field;\nOf hair-breadth scapes i’ th’ imminent deadly breach;\nOf being taken by the insolent foe,\nAnd sold to slavery, of my redemption thence,\nAnd portance in my traveler’s history,\nWherein of antres vast and deserts idle,\nRough quarries, rocks, and hills whose heads touch heaven,\nIt was my hint to speak,—such was the process;\nAnd of the Cannibals that each other eat,\nThe Anthropophagi, and men whose heads\nDo grow beneath their shoulders. This to hear\nWould Desdemona seriously incline.\nBut still the house affairs would draw her thence,\nWhich ever as she could with haste dispatch,\nShe’d come again, and with a greedy ear\nDevour up my discourse; which I observing,\nTook once a pliant hour, and found good means\nTo draw from her a prayer of earnest heart\nThat I would all my pilgrimage dilate,\nWhereof by parcels she had something heard,\nBut not intentively. I did consent,\nAnd often did beguile her of her tears,\nWhen I did speak of some distressful stroke\nThat my youth suffer’d. My story being done,\nShe gave me for my pains a world of sighs.\nShe swore, in faith, ’twas strange, ’twas passing strange;\n’Twas pitiful, ’twas wondrous pitiful.\nShe wish’d she had not heard it, yet she wish’d\nThat heaven had made her such a man: she thank’d me,\nAnd bade me, if I had a friend that lov’d her,\nI should but teach him how to tell my story,\nAnd that would woo her. Upon this hint I spake:\nShe lov’d me for the dangers I had pass’d,\nAnd I lov’d her that she did pity them.\nThis only is the witchcraft I have us’d.\nHere comes the lady. Let her witness it.\n\nEnter  Desdemona, Iago and Attendants.\n\nDUKE.\nI think this tale would win my daughter too.\nGood Brabantio,\nTake up this mangled matter at the best.\nMen do their broken weapons rather use\nThan their bare hands.\n\nBRABANTIO.\nI pray you hear her speak.\nIf she confess that she was half the wooer,\nDestruction on my head, if my bad blame\nLight on the man!—Come hither, gentle mistress:\nDo you perceive in all this noble company\nWhere most you owe obedience?\n\nDESDEMONA.\nMy noble father,\nI do perceive here a divided duty:\nTo you I am bound for life and education.\nMy life and education both do learn me\nHow to respect you. You are the lord of duty,\nI am hitherto your daughter: but here’s my husband.\nAnd so much duty as my mother show’d\nTo you, preferring you before her father,\nSo much I challenge that I may profess\nDue to the Moor my lord.\n\nBRABANTIO.\nGod be with you! I have done.\nPlease it your grace, on to the state affairs.\nI had rather to adopt a child than get it.—\nCome hither, Moor:\nI here do give thee that with all my heart\nWhich, but thou hast already, with all my heart\nI would keep from thee.—For your sake, jewel,\nI am glad at soul I have no other child,\nFor thy escape would teach me tyranny,\nTo hang clogs on them.—I have done, my lord.\n\nDUKE.\nLet me speak like yourself, and lay a sentence,\nWhich as a grise or step may help these lovers\nInto your favour.\nWhen remedies are past, the griefs are ended\nBy seeing the worst, which late on hopes depended.\nTo mourn a mischief that is past and gone\nIs the next way to draw new mischief on.\nWhat cannot be preserved when fortune takes,\nPatience her injury a mockery makes.\nThe robb’d that smiles steals something from the thief;\nHe robs himself that spends a bootless grief.\n\nBRABANTIO.\nSo let the Turk of Cyprus us beguile,\nWe lose it not so long as we can smile;\nHe bears the sentence well, that nothing bears\nBut the free comfort which from thence he hears;\nBut he bears both the sentence and the sorrow\nThat, to pay grief, must of poor patience borrow.\nThese sentences to sugar or to gall,\nBeing strong on both sides, are equivocal:\nBut words are words; I never yet did hear\nThat the bruis’d heart was pierced through the ear.\nI humbly beseech you, proceed to the affairs of state.\n\nDUKE.\nThe Turk with a most mighty preparation makes for Cyprus. Othello, the\nfortitude of the place is best known to you. And though we have there a\nsubstitute of most allowed sufficiency, yet opinion, a sovereign\nmistress of effects, throws a more safer voice on you: you must\ntherefore be content to slubber the gloss of your new fortunes with\nthis more stubborn and boisterous expedition.\n\nOTHELLO.\nThe tyrant custom, most grave senators,\nHath made the flinty and steel couch of war\nMy thrice-driven bed of down: I do agnize\nA natural and prompt alacrity\nI find in hardness, and do undertake\nThis present wars against the Ottomites.\nMost humbly, therefore, bending to your state,\nI crave fit disposition for my wife,\nDue reference of place and exhibition,\nWith such accommodation and besort\nAs levels with her breeding.\n\nDUKE.\nIf you please,\nBe’t at her father’s.\n\nBRABANTIO.\nI’ll not have it so.\n\nOTHELLO.\nNor I.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nNor I. I would not there reside,\nTo put my father in impatient thoughts,\nBy being in his eye. Most gracious duke,\nTo my unfolding lend your prosperous ear,\nAnd let me find a charter in your voice\nT’ assist my simpleness.\n\nDUKE.\nWhat would you, Desdemona?\n\nDESDEMONA.\nThat I did love the Moor to live with him,\nMy downright violence and storm of fortunes\nMay trumpet to the world: my heart’s subdued\nEven to the very quality of my lord.\nI saw Othello’s visage in his mind,\nAnd to his honours and his valiant parts\nDid I my soul and fortunes consecrate.\nSo that, dear lords, if I be left behind,\nA moth of peace, and he go to the war,\nThe rites for which I love him are bereft me,\nAnd I a heavy interim shall support\nBy his dear absence. Let me go with him.\n\nOTHELLO.\nLet her have your voice.\nVouch with me, heaven, I therefore beg it not\nTo please the palate of my appetite,\nNor to comply with heat, the young affects\nIn me defunct, and proper satisfaction,\nBut to be free and bounteous to her mind.\nAnd heaven defend your good souls that you think\nI will your serious and great business scant\nFor she is with me. No, when light-wing’d toys\nOf feather’d Cupid seel with wanton dullness\nMy speculative and offic’d instruments,\nThat my disports corrupt and taint my business,\nLet housewives make a skillet of my helm,\nAnd all indign and base adversities\nMake head against my estimation.\n\nDUKE.\nBe it as you shall privately determine,\nEither for her stay or going. The affair cries haste,\nAnd speed must answer it.\n\nFIRST SENATOR.\nYou must away tonight.\n\nOTHELLO.\nWith all my heart.\n\nDUKE.\nAt nine i’ the morning here we’ll meet again.\nOthello, leave some officer behind,\nAnd he shall our commission bring to you,\nWith such things else of quality and respect\nAs doth import you.\n\nOTHELLO.\nSo please your grace, my ancient,\nA man he is of honesty and trust,\nTo his conveyance I assign my wife,\nWith what else needful your good grace shall think\nTo be sent after me.\n\nDUKE.\nLet it be so.\nGood night to everyone. [_To Brabantio._] And, noble signior,\nIf virtue no delighted beauty lack,\nYour son-in-law is far more fair than black.\n\nFIRST SENATOR.\nAdieu, brave Moor, use Desdemona well.\n\nBRABANTIO.\nLook to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see:\nShe has deceiv’d her father, and may thee.\n\n[_Exeunt Duke, Senators, Officers, &c._]\n\nOTHELLO.\nMy life upon her faith! Honest Iago,\nMy Desdemona must I leave to thee.\nI prithee, let thy wife attend on her,\nAnd bring them after in the best advantage.—\nCome, Desdemona, I have but an hour\nOf love, of worldly matters, and direction,\nTo spend with thee. We must obey the time.\n\n[_Exeunt Othello and Desdemona._]\n\nRODERIGO.\nIago—\n\nIAGO.\nWhat sayst thou, noble heart?\n\nRODERIGO.\nWhat will I do, thinkest thou?\n\nIAGO.\nWhy, go to bed and sleep.\n\nRODERIGO.\nI will incontinently drown myself.\n\nIAGO.\nIf thou dost, I shall never love thee after. Why, thou silly gentleman!\n\nRODERIGO.\nIt is silliness to live, when to live is torment; and then have we a\nprescription to die when death is our physician.\n\nIAGO.\nO villainous! I have looked upon the world for four times seven years,\nand since I could distinguish betwixt a benefit and an injury, I never\nfound man that knew how to love himself. Ere I would say I would drown\nmyself for the love of a guinea-hen, I would change my humanity with a\nbaboon.\n\nRODERIGO.\nWhat should I do? I confess it is my shame to be so fond, but it is not\nin my virtue to amend it.\n\nIAGO.\nVirtue! a fig! ’Tis in ourselves that we are thus or thus. Our bodies\nare gardens, to the which our wills are gardeners. So that if we will\nplant nettles or sow lettuce, set hyssop and weed up thyme, supply it\nwith one gender of herbs or distract it with many, either to have it\nsterile with idleness or manured with industry, why, the power and\ncorrigible authority of this lies in our wills. If the balance of our\nlives had not one scale of reason to poise another of sensuality, the\nblood and baseness of our natures would conduct us to most preposterous\nconclusions. But we have reason to cool our raging motions, our carnal\nstings, our unbitted lusts; whereof I take this, that you call love, to\nbe a sect, or scion.\n\nRODERIGO.\nIt cannot be.\n\nIAGO.\nIt is merely a lust of the blood and a permission of the will. Come, be\na man. Drown thyself? Drown cats and blind puppies. I have professed me\nthy friend, and I confess me knit to thy deserving with cables of\nperdurable toughness; I could never better stead thee than now. Put\nmoney in thy purse; follow thou the wars; defeat thy favour with an\nusurped beard; I say, put money in thy purse. It cannot be that\nDesdemona should long continue her love to the Moor,—put money in thy\npurse,—nor he his to her. It was a violent commencement, and thou shalt\nsee an answerable sequestration—put but money in thy purse. These Moors\nare changeable in their wills. Fill thy purse with money. The food that\nto him now is as luscious as locusts shall be to him shortly as acerb\nas the coloquintida. She must change for youth. When she is sated with\nhis body, she will find the error of her choice. She must have change,\nshe must. Therefore put money in thy purse. If thou wilt needs damn\nthyself, do it a more delicate way than drowning. Make all the money\nthou canst. If sanctimony and a frail vow betwixt an erring barbarian\nand a supersubtle Venetian be not too hard for my wits and all the\ntribe of hell, thou shalt enjoy her; therefore make money. A pox of\ndrowning thyself! It is clean out of the way: seek thou rather to be\nhanged in compassing thy joy than to be drowned and go without her.\n\nRODERIGO.\nWilt thou be fast to my hopes if I depend on the issue?\n\nIAGO.\nThou art sure of me. Go, make money. I have told thee often, and I\nretell thee again and again, I hate the Moor. My cause is hearted;\nthine hath no less reason. Let us be conjunctive in our revenge against\nhim: if thou canst cuckold him, thou dost thyself a pleasure, me a\nsport. There are many events in the womb of time which will be\ndelivered. Traverse, go, provide thy money. We will have more of this\ntomorrow. Adieu.\n\nRODERIGO.\nWhere shall we meet i’ the morning?\n\nIAGO.\nAt my lodging.\n\nRODERIGO.\nI’ll be with thee betimes.\n\nIAGO.\nGo to, farewell. Do you hear, Roderigo?\n\nRODERIGO.\nWhat say you?\n\nIAGO.\nNo more of drowning, do you hear?\n\nRODERIGO.\nI am changed. I’ll sell all my land.\n\n[_Exit._]\n\nIAGO.\nThus do I ever make my fool my purse.\nFor I mine own gain’d knowledge should profane\nIf I would time expend with such a snipe\nBut for my sport and profit. I hate the Moor,\nAnd it is thought abroad that ’twixt my sheets\nHe has done my office. I know not if ’t be true,\nBut I, for mere suspicion in that kind,\nWill do as if for surety. He holds me well,\nThe better shall my purpose work on him.\nCassio’s a proper man. Let me see now,\nTo get his place, and to plume up my will\nIn double knavery. How, how? Let’s see.\nAfter some time, to abuse Othello’s ear\nThat he is too familiar with his wife.\nHe hath a person and a smooth dispose,\nTo be suspected, fram’d to make women false.\nThe Moor is of a free and open nature\nThat thinks men honest that but seem to be so,\nAnd will as tenderly be led by the nose\nAs asses are.\nI have’t. It is engender’d. Hell and night\nMust bring this monstrous birth to the world’s light.\n\n[_Exit._]\n\n\n\n\nACT II\n\nSCENE I. A seaport in Cyprus. A Platform.\n\n\nEnter Montano and two Gentlemen.\n\nMONTANO.\nWhat from the cape can you discern at sea?\n\nFIRST GENTLEMAN.\nNothing at all, it is a high-wrought flood.\nI cannot ’twixt the heaven and the main\nDescry a sail.\n\nMONTANO.\nMethinks the wind hath spoke aloud at land.\nA fuller blast ne’er shook our battlements.\nIf it hath ruffian’d so upon the sea,\nWhat ribs of oak, when mountains melt on them,\nCan hold the mortise? What shall we hear of this?\n\nSECOND GENTLEMAN.\nA segregation of the Turkish fleet.\nFor do but stand upon the foaming shore,\nThe chidden billow seems to pelt the clouds,\nThe wind-shak’d surge, with high and monstrous main,\nSeems to cast water on the burning Bear,\nAnd quench the guards of the ever-fixed pole;\nI never did like molestation view\nOn the enchafed flood.\n\nMONTANO.\nIf that the Turkish fleet\nBe not enshelter’d, and embay’d, they are drown’d.\nIt is impossible to bear it out.\n\nEnter a third Gentleman.\n\nTHIRD GENTLEMAN.\nNews, lads! Our wars are done.\nThe desperate tempest hath so bang’d the Turks\nThat their designment halts. A noble ship of Venice\nHath seen a grievous wreck and sufferance\nOn most part of their fleet.\n\nMONTANO.\nHow? Is this true?\n\nTHIRD GENTLEMAN.\nThe ship is here put in,\nA Veronessa; Michael Cassio,\nLieutenant to the warlike Moor Othello,\nIs come on shore; the Moor himself at sea,\nAnd is in full commission here for Cyprus.\n\nMONTANO.\nI am glad on’t. ’Tis a worthy governor.\n\nTHIRD GENTLEMAN.\nBut this same Cassio, though he speak of comfort\nTouching the Turkish loss, yet he looks sadly,\nAnd prays the Moor be safe; for they were parted\nWith foul and violent tempest.\n\nMONTANO.\nPray heavens he be;\nFor I have serv’d him, and the man commands\nLike a full soldier. Let’s to the sea-side, ho!\nAs well to see the vessel that’s come in\nAs to throw out our eyes for brave Othello,\nEven till we make the main and the aerial blue\nAn indistinct regard.\n\nTHIRD GENTLEMAN.\nCome, let’s do so;\nFor every minute is expectancy\nOf more arrivance.\n\nEnter Cassio.\n\nCASSIO.\nThanks you, the valiant of this warlike isle,\nThat so approve the Moor! O, let the heavens\nGive him defence against the elements,\nFor I have lost him on a dangerous sea.\n\nMONTANO.\nIs he well shipp’d?\n\nCASSIO.\nHis bark is stoutly timber’d, and his pilot\nOf very expert and approv’d allowance;\nTherefore my hopes, not surfeited to death,\nStand in bold cure.\n\n[_Within._] A sail, a sail, a sail!\n\nEnter a Messenger.\n\nCASSIO.\nWhat noise?\n\nMESSENGER.\nThe town is empty; on the brow o’ the sea\nStand ranks of people, and they cry “A sail!”\n\nCASSIO.\nMy hopes do shape him for the governor.\n\n[_A shot._]\n\nSECOND GENTLEMAN.\nThey do discharge their shot of courtesy.\nOur friends at least.\n\nCASSIO.\nI pray you, sir, go forth,\nAnd give us truth who ’tis that is arriv’d.\n\nSECOND GENTLEMAN.\nI shall.\n\n[_Exit._]\n\nMONTANO.\nBut, good lieutenant, is your general wiv’d?\n\nCASSIO.\nMost fortunately: he hath achiev’d a maid\nThat paragons description and wild fame,\nOne that excels the quirks of blazoning pens,\nAnd in the essential vesture of creation\nDoes tire the ingener.\n\nEnter second Gentleman.\n\nHow now? Who has put in?\n\nSECOND GENTLEMAN.\n’Tis one Iago, ancient to the general.\n\nCASSIO.\nHe has had most favourable and happy speed:\nTempests themselves, high seas, and howling winds,\nThe gutter’d rocks, and congregated sands,\nTraitors ensteep’d to clog the guiltless keel,\nAs having sense of beauty, do omit\nTheir mortal natures, letting go safely by\nThe divine Desdemona.\n\nMONTANO.\nWhat is she?\n\nCASSIO.\nShe that I spake of, our great captain’s captain,\nLeft in the conduct of the bold Iago;\nWhose footing here anticipates our thoughts\nA se’nnight’s speed. Great Jove, Othello guard,\nAnd swell his sail with thine own powerful breath,\nThat he may bless this bay with his tall ship,\nMake love’s quick pants in Desdemona’s arms,\nGive renew’d fire to our extincted spirits,\nAnd bring all Cyprus comfort!\n\nEnter Desdemona, Iago, Roderigo, and Emilia.\n\nO, behold,\nThe riches of the ship is come on shore!\nYe men of Cyprus, let her have your knees.\nHail to thee, lady! and the grace of heaven,\nBefore, behind thee, and on every hand,\nEnwheel thee round!\n\nDESDEMONA.\nI thank you, valiant Cassio.\nWhat tidings can you tell me of my lord?\n\nCASSIO.\nHe is not yet arrived, nor know I aught\nBut that he’s well, and will be shortly here.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nO, but I fear—How lost you company?\n\n[_Within._] A sail, a sail!\n\nCASSIO.\nThe great contention of the sea and skies\nParted our fellowship. But, hark! a sail.\n\n[_Guns within._]\n\nSECOND GENTLEMAN.\nThey give their greeting to the citadel.\nThis likewise is a friend.\n\nCASSIO.\nSee for the news.\n\n[_Exit Gentleman._]\n\nGood ancient, you are welcome. [_To Emilia._] Welcome, mistress.\nLet it not gall your patience, good Iago,\nThat I extend my manners; ’tis my breeding\nThat gives me this bold show of courtesy.\n\n[_Kissing her._]\n\nIAGO.\nSir, would she give you so much of her lips\nAs of her tongue she oft bestows on me,\nYou would have enough.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nAlas, she has no speech.\n\nIAGO.\nIn faith, too much.\nI find it still when I have list to sleep.\nMarry, before your ladyship, I grant,\nShe puts her tongue a little in her heart,\nAnd chides with thinking.\n\nEMILIA.\nYou have little cause to say so.\n\nIAGO.\nCome on, come on; you are pictures out of doors,\nBells in your parlours, wild-cats in your kitchens,\nSaints in your injuries, devils being offended,\nPlayers in your housewifery, and housewives in your beds.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nO, fie upon thee, slanderer!\n\nIAGO.\nNay, it is true, or else I am a Turk.\nYou rise to play, and go to bed to work.\n\nEMILIA.\nYou shall not write my praise.\n\nIAGO.\nNo, let me not.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nWhat wouldst thou write of me, if thou shouldst praise me?\n\nIAGO.\nO gentle lady, do not put me to’t,\nFor I am nothing if not critical.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nCome on, assay.—There’s one gone to the harbour?\n\nIAGO.\nAy, madam.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nI am not merry, but I do beguile\nThe thing I am, by seeming otherwise.—\nCome, how wouldst thou praise me?\n\nIAGO.\nI am about it, but indeed, my invention\nComes from my pate as birdlime does from frieze,\nIt plucks out brains and all: but my Muse labours,\nAnd thus she is deliver’d.\nIf she be fair and wise, fairness and wit,\nThe one’s for use, the other useth it.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nWell prais’d! How if she be black and witty?\n\nIAGO.\nIf she be black, and thereto have a wit,\nShe’ll find a white that shall her blackness fit.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nWorse and worse.\n\nEMILIA.\nHow if fair and foolish?\n\nIAGO.\nShe never yet was foolish that was fair,\nFor even her folly help’d her to an heir.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nThese are old fond paradoxes to make fools laugh i’ the alehouse. What\nmiserable praise hast thou for her that’s foul and foolish?\n\nIAGO.\nThere’s none so foul and foolish thereunto,\nBut does foul pranks which fair and wise ones do.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nO heavy ignorance! Thou praisest the worst best. But what praise\ncouldst thou bestow on a deserving woman indeed, one that in the\nauthority of her merit did justly put on the vouch of very malice\nitself?\n\nIAGO.\nShe that was ever fair and never proud,\nHad tongue at will and yet was never loud,\nNever lack’d gold and yet went never gay,\nFled from her wish, and yet said, “Now I may”;\nShe that, being anger’d, her revenge being nigh,\nBade her wrong stay and her displeasure fly;\nShe that in wisdom never was so frail\nTo change the cod’s head for the salmon’s tail;\nShe that could think and ne’er disclose her mind,\nSee suitors following and not look behind;\nShe was a wight, if ever such wight were—\n\nDESDEMONA.\nTo do what?\n\nIAGO.\nTo suckle fools and chronicle small beer.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nO most lame and impotent conclusion!—Do not learn of him, Emilia,\nthough he be thy husband.—How say you, Cassio? is he not a most profane\nand liberal counsellor?\n\nCASSIO.\nHe speaks home, madam. You may relish him more in the soldier than in\nthe scholar.\n\nIAGO.\n[_Aside._] He takes her by the palm. Ay, well said, whisper. With as\nlittle a web as this will I ensnare as great a fly as Cassio. Ay, smile\nupon her, do. I will gyve thee in thine own courtship. You say true,\n’tis so, indeed. If such tricks as these strip you out of your\nlieutenantry, it had been better you had not kissed your three fingers\nso oft, which now again you are most apt to play the sir in. Very good;\nwell kissed, an excellent courtesy! ’Tis so, indeed. Yet again your\nfingers to your lips? Would they were clyster-pipes for your sake!\n\n[_Trumpets within._]\n\nThe Moor! I know his trumpet.\n\nCASSIO.\n’Tis truly so.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nLet’s meet him, and receive him.\n\nCASSIO.\nLo, where he comes!\n\nEnter Othello and Attendants.\n\nOTHELLO.\nO my fair warrior!\n\nDESDEMONA.\nMy dear Othello!\n\nOTHELLO.\nIt gives me wonder great as my content\nTo see you here before me. O my soul’s joy!\nIf after every tempest come such calms,\nMay the winds blow till they have waken’d death!\nAnd let the labouring bark climb hills of seas\nOlympus-high, and duck again as low\nAs hell’s from heaven! If it were now to die,\n’Twere now to be most happy, for I fear\nMy soul hath her content so absolute\nThat not another comfort like to this\nSucceeds in unknown fate.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nThe heavens forbid\nBut that our loves and comforts should increase\nEven as our days do grow!\n\nOTHELLO.\nAmen to that, sweet powers!\nI cannot speak enough of this content.\nIt stops me here; it is too much of joy:\nAnd this, and this, the greatest discords be [_They kiss._]\nThat e’er our hearts shall make!\n\nIAGO.\n[_Aside._] O, you are well tun’d now,\nBut I’ll set down the pegs that make this music,\nAs honest as I am.\n\nOTHELLO.\nCome, let us to the castle.—\nNews, friends, our wars are done, the Turks are drown’d.\nHow does my old acquaintance of this isle?\nHoney, you shall be well desir’d in Cyprus;\nI have found great love amongst them. O my sweet,\nI prattle out of fashion, and I dote\nIn mine own comforts.—I prithee, good Iago,\nGo to the bay and disembark my coffers.\nBring thou the master to the citadel;\nHe is a good one, and his worthiness\nDoes challenge much respect.—Come, Desdemona,\nOnce more well met at Cyprus.\n\n[_Exeunt Othello, Desdemona and Attendants._]\n\nIAGO.\nDo thou meet me presently at the harbour. Come hither. If thou be’st\nvaliant—as, they say, base men being in love have then a nobility in\ntheir natures more than is native to them—list me. The lieutenant\ntonight watches on the court of guard: first, I must tell thee this:\nDesdemona is directly in love with him.\n\nRODERIGO.\nWith him? Why, ’tis not possible.\n\nIAGO.\nLay thy finger thus, and let thy soul be instructed. Mark me with what\nviolence she first loved the Moor, but for bragging, and telling her\nfantastical lies. And will she love him still for prating? Let not thy\ndiscreet heart think it. Her eye must be fed. And what delight shall\nshe have to look on the devil? When the blood is made dull with the act\nof sport, there should be, again to inflame it and to give satiety a\nfresh appetite, loveliness in favour, sympathy in years, manners, and\nbeauties; all which the Moor is defective in: now, for want of these\nrequired conveniences, her delicate tenderness will find itself abused,\nbegin to heave the gorge, disrelish and abhor the Moor, very nature\nwill instruct her in it, and compel her to some second choice. Now sir,\nthis granted (as it is a most pregnant and unforced position) who\nstands so eminently in the degree of this fortune as Cassio does? a\nknave very voluble; no further conscionable than in putting on the mere\nform of civil and humane seeming, for the better compassing of his salt\nand most hidden loose affection? Why, none, why, none! A slipper and\nsubtle knave, a finder out of occasions; that has an eye can stamp and\ncounterfeit advantages, though true advantage never present itself: a\ndevilish knave! Besides, the knave is handsome, young, and hath all\nthose requisites in him that folly and green minds look after. A\npestilent complete knave, and the woman hath found him already.\n\nRODERIGO.\nI cannot believe that in her, she is full of most blessed condition.\n\nIAGO.\nBlest fig’s end! the wine she drinks is made of grapes: if she had been\nblessed, she would never have loved the Moor. Blessed pudding! Didst\nthou not see her paddle with the palm of his hand? Didst not mark that?\n\nRODERIGO.\nYes, that I did. But that was but courtesy.\n\nIAGO.\nLechery, by this hand. An index and obscure prologue to the history of\nlust and foul thoughts. They met so near with their lips that their\nbreaths embrac’d together. Villainous thoughts, Roderigo! When these\nmutualities so marshal the way, hard at hand comes the master and main\nexercise, the incorporate conclusion. Pish! But, sir, be you ruled by\nme. I have brought you from Venice. Watch you tonight. For the command,\nI’ll lay’t upon you. Cassio knows you not. I’ll not be far from you. Do\nyou find some occasion to anger Cassio, either by speaking too loud, or\ntainting his discipline, or from what other course you please, which\nthe time shall more favourably minister.\n\nRODERIGO.\nWell.\n\nIAGO.\nSir, he is rash, and very sudden in choler, and haply with his\ntruncheon may strike at you: provoke him that he may, for even out of\nthat will I cause these of Cyprus to mutiny, whose qualification shall\ncome into no true taste again but by the displanting of Cassio. So\nshall you have a shorter journey to your desires by the means I shall\nthen have to prefer them, and the impediment most profitably removed,\nwithout the which there were no expectation of our prosperity.\n\nRODERIGO.\nI will do this, if I can bring it to any opportunity.\n\nIAGO.\nI warrant thee. Meet me by and by at the citadel: I must fetch his\nnecessaries ashore. Farewell.\n\nRODERIGO.\nAdieu.\n\n[_Exit._]\n\nIAGO.\nThat Cassio loves her, I do well believe it;\nThat she loves him, ’tis apt, and of great credit:\nThe Moor, howbeit that I endure him not,\nIs of a constant, loving, noble nature;\nAnd, I dare think, he’ll prove to Desdemona\nA most dear husband. Now, I do love her too,\nNot out of absolute lust (though peradventure\nI stand accountant for as great a sin)\nBut partly led to diet my revenge,\nFor that I do suspect the lusty Moor\nHath leap’d into my seat. The thought whereof\nDoth, like a poisonous mineral, gnaw my inwards,\nAnd nothing can or shall content my soul\nTill I am even’d with him, wife for wife,\nOr, failing so, yet that I put the Moor\nAt least into a jealousy so strong\nThat judgement cannot cure. Which thing to do,\nIf this poor trash of Venice, whom I trash\nFor his quick hunting, stand the putting on,\nI’ll have our Michael Cassio on the hip,\nAbuse him to the Moor in the rank garb\n(For I fear Cassio with my night-cap too)\nMake the Moor thank me, love me, and reward me\nFor making him egregiously an ass\nAnd practicing upon his peace and quiet\nEven to madness. ’Tis here, but yet confus’d.\nKnavery’s plain face is never seen till us’d.\n\n[_Exit._]\n\nSCENE II. A street.\n\nEnter Othello’s Herald with a proclamation.\n\nHERALD.\nIt is Othello’s pleasure, our noble and valiant general, that upon\ncertain tidings now arrived, importing the mere perdition of the\nTurkish fleet, every man put himself into triumph: some to dance, some\nto make bonfires, each man to what sport and revels his addition leads\nhim. For besides these beneficial news, it is the celebration of his\nnuptial. So much was his pleasure should be proclaimed. All offices are\nopen, and there is full liberty of feasting from this present hour of\nfive till the bell have told eleven. Heaven bless the isle of Cyprus\nand our noble general Othello!\n\n[_Exit._]\n\nSCENE III. A Hall in the Castle.\n\nEnter Othello, Desdemona, Cassio and Attendants.\n\nOTHELLO.\nGood Michael, look you to the guard tonight.\nLet’s teach ourselves that honourable stop,\nNot to outsport discretion.\n\nCASSIO.\nIago hath direction what to do.\nBut notwithstanding with my personal eye\nWill I look to’t.\n\nOTHELLO.\nIago is most honest.\nMichael, good night. Tomorrow with your earliest\nLet me have speech with you. [_To Desdemona._] Come, my dear love,\nThe purchase made, the fruits are to ensue;\nThat profit’s yet to come ’tween me and you.—\nGood night.\n\n[_Exeunt Othello, Desdemona and Attendants._]\n\nEnter Iago.\n\nCASSIO.\nWelcome, Iago. We must to the watch.\n\nIAGO.\nNot this hour, lieutenant. ’Tis not yet ten o’ th’ clock. Our general\ncast us thus early for the love of his Desdemona; who let us not\ntherefore blame: he hath not yet made wanton the night with her; and\nshe is sport for Jove.\n\nCASSIO.\nShe’s a most exquisite lady.\n\nIAGO.\nAnd, I’ll warrant her, full of game.\n\nCASSIO.\nIndeed, she is a most fresh and delicate creature.\n\nIAGO.\nWhat an eye she has! methinks it sounds a parley to provocation.\n\nCASSIO.\nAn inviting eye, and yet methinks right modest.\n\nIAGO.\nAnd when she speaks, is it not an alarm to love?\n\nCASSIO.\nShe is indeed perfection.\n\nIAGO.\nWell, happiness to their sheets! Come, lieutenant, I have a stoup of\nwine; and here without are a brace of Cyprus gallants that would fain\nhave a measure to the health of black Othello.\n\nCASSIO.\nNot tonight, good Iago. I have very poor and unhappy brains for\ndrinking. I could well wish courtesy would invent some other custom of\nentertainment.\n\nIAGO.\nO, they are our friends; but one cup: I’ll drink for you.\n\nCASSIO.\nI have drunk but one cup tonight, and that was craftily qualified too,\nand behold, what innovation it makes here: I am unfortunate in the\ninfirmity, and dare not task my weakness with any more.\n\nIAGO.\nWhat, man! ’Tis a night of revels. The gallants desire it.\n\nCASSIO.\nWhere are they?\n\nIAGO.\nHere at the door. I pray you, call them in.\n\nCASSIO.\nI’ll do’t; but it dislikes me.\n\n[_Exit._]\n\nIAGO.\nIf I can fasten but one cup upon him,\nWith that which he hath drunk tonight already,\nHe’ll be as full of quarrel and offence\nAs my young mistress’ dog. Now my sick fool Roderigo,\nWhom love hath turn’d almost the wrong side out,\nTo Desdemona hath tonight carous’d\nPotations pottle-deep; and he’s to watch:\nThree lads of Cyprus, noble swelling spirits,\nThat hold their honours in a wary distance,\nThe very elements of this warlike isle,\nHave I tonight fluster’d with flowing cups,\nAnd they watch too. Now, ’mongst this flock of drunkards,\nAm I to put our Cassio in some action\nThat may offend the isle. But here they come:\nIf consequence do but approve my dream,\nMy boat sails freely, both with wind and stream.\n\nEnter Cassio, Montano and Gentlemen; followed by Servant with wine.\n\nCASSIO.\n’Fore God, they have given me a rouse already.\n\nMONTANO.\nGood faith, a little one; not past a pint, as I am a soldier.\n\nIAGO.\nSome wine, ho!\n[_Sings._]\n\n    _And let me the cannikin clink, clink,\n    And let me the cannikin clink, clink:\n        A soldier’s a man,\n        O, man’s life’s but a span,\n    Why then let a soldier drink._\n\nSome wine, boys!\n\nCASSIO.\n’Fore God, an excellent song.\n\nIAGO.\nI learned it in England, where indeed they are most potent in potting:\nyour Dane, your German, and your swag-bellied Hollander,—drink, ho!—are\nnothing to your English.\n\nCASSIO.\nIs your Englishman so expert in his drinking?\n\nIAGO.\nWhy, he drinks you, with facility, your Dane dead drunk; he sweats not\nto overthrow your Almain; he gives your Hollander a vomit ere the next\npottle can be filled.\n\nCASSIO.\nTo the health of our general!\n\nMONTANO.\nI am for it, lieutenant; and I’ll do you justice.\n\nIAGO.\nO sweet England!\n\n[_Sings._]\n\n    _King Stephen was a worthy peer,\n        His breeches cost him but a crown;\n    He held them sixpence all too dear,\n        With that he call’d the tailor lown.\n    He was a wight of high renown,\n        And thou art but of low degree:\n    ’Tis pride that pulls the country down,\n        Then take thine auld cloak about thee._\n\nSome wine, ho!\n\nCASSIO.\n’Fore God, this is a more exquisite song than the other.\n\nIAGO.\nWill you hear ’t again?\n\nCASSIO.\nNo, for I hold him to be unworthy of his place that does those things.\nWell, God’s above all, and there be souls must be saved, and there be\nsouls must not be saved.\n\nIAGO.\nIt’s true, good lieutenant.\n\nCASSIO.\nFor mine own part, no offence to the general, nor any man of quality, I\nhope to be saved.\n\nIAGO.\nAnd so do I too, lieutenant.\n\nCASSIO.\nAy, but, by your leave, not before me; the lieutenant is to be saved\nbefore the ancient. Let’s have no more of this; let’s to our affairs.\nForgive us our sins! Gentlemen, let’s look to our business. Do not\nthink, gentlemen, I am drunk. This is my ancient, this is my right\nhand, and this is my left. I am not drunk now. I can stand well enough,\nand I speak well enough.\n\nALL.\nExcellent well.\n\nCASSIO.\nWhy, very well then. You must not think, then, that I am drunk.\n\n[_Exit._]\n\nMONTANO.\nTo the platform, masters. Come, let’s set the watch.\n\nIAGO.\nYou see this fellow that is gone before,\nHe is a soldier fit to stand by Cæsar\nAnd give direction: and do but see his vice,\n’Tis to his virtue a just equinox,\nThe one as long as th’ other. ’Tis pity of him.\nI fear the trust Othello puts him in,\nOn some odd time of his infirmity,\nWill shake this island.\n\nMONTANO.\nBut is he often thus?\n\nIAGO.\n’Tis evermore the prologue to his sleep:\nHe’ll watch the horologe a double set\nIf drink rock not his cradle.\n\nMONTANO.\nIt were well\nThe general were put in mind of it.\nPerhaps he sees it not, or his good nature\nPrizes the virtue that appears in Cassio,\nAnd looks not on his evils: is not this true?\n\nEnter Roderigo.\n\nIAGO.\n[_Aside to him._] How now, Roderigo?\nI pray you, after the lieutenant; go.\n\n[_Exit Roderigo._]\n\nMONTANO.\nAnd ’tis great pity that the noble Moor\nShould hazard such a place as his own second\nWith one of an ingraft infirmity:\nIt were an honest action to say so\nTo the Moor.\n\nIAGO.\nNot I, for this fair island.\nI do love Cassio well and would do much\nTo cure him of this evil. But, hark! What noise?\n\n[_Cry within_: “Help! help!”]\n\nEnter Cassio, driving in Roderigo.\n\nCASSIO.\nZounds, you rogue, you rascal!\n\nMONTANO.\nWhat’s the matter, lieutenant?\n\nCASSIO.\nA knave teach me my duty! I’ll beat the knave into a twiggen bottle.\n\nRODERIGO.\nBeat me?\n\nCASSIO.\nDost thou prate, rogue?\n\n[_Striking Roderigo._]\n\nMONTANO.\nNay, good lieutenant;\nI pray you, sir, hold your hand.\n\nCASSIO.\nLet me go, sir,\nOr I’ll knock you o’er the mazard.\n\nMONTANO.\nCome, come, you’re drunk.\n\nCASSIO.\nDrunk?\n\n[_They fight._]\n\nIAGO.\n[_Aside to Roderigo._] Away, I say! Go out and cry a mutiny.\n\n[_Exit Roderigo._]\n\nNay, good lieutenant, God’s will, gentlemen.\nHelp, ho!—Lieutenant,—sir,—Montano,—sir:—\nHelp, masters! Here’s a goodly watch indeed!\n\n[_A bell rings._]\n\nWho’s that which rings the bell?—Diablo, ho!\nThe town will rise. God’s will, lieutenant, hold,\nYou will be sham’d forever.\n\nEnter Othello and Attendants.\n\nOTHELLO.\nWhat is the matter here?\n\nMONTANO.\nZounds, I bleed still, I am hurt to the death.\n\nOTHELLO.\nHold, for your lives!\n\nIAGO.\nHold, ho! lieutenant,—sir,—Montano,—gentlemen,—\nHave you forgot all place of sense and duty?\nHold! The general speaks to you; hold, hold, for shame!\n\nOTHELLO.\nWhy, how now, ho! From whence ariseth this?\nAre we turn’d Turks, and to ourselves do that\nWhich heaven hath forbid the Ottomites?\nFor Christian shame, put by this barbarous brawl:\nHe that stirs next to carve for his own rage\nHolds his soul light; he dies upon his motion.\nSilence that dreadful bell, it frights the isle\nFrom her propriety. What is the matter, masters?\nHonest Iago, that looks dead with grieving,\nSpeak, who began this? On thy love, I charge thee.\n\nIAGO.\nI do not know. Friends all but now, even now,\nIn quarter, and in terms like bride and groom\nDevesting them for bed; and then, but now,\nAs if some planet had unwitted men,\nSwords out, and tilting one at other’s breast,\nIn opposition bloody. I cannot speak\nAny beginning to this peevish odds;\nAnd would in action glorious I had lost\nThose legs that brought me to a part of it!\n\nOTHELLO.\nHow comes it, Michael, you are thus forgot?\n\nCASSIO.\nI pray you, pardon me; I cannot speak.\n\nOTHELLO.\nWorthy Montano, you were wont be civil.\nThe gravity and stillness of your youth\nThe world hath noted, and your name is great\nIn mouths of wisest censure: what’s the matter,\nThat you unlace your reputation thus,\nAnd spend your rich opinion for the name\nOf a night-brawler? Give me answer to it.\n\nMONTANO.\nWorthy Othello, I am hurt to danger.\nYour officer, Iago, can inform you,\nWhile I spare speech, which something now offends me,\nOf all that I do know; nor know I aught\nBy me that’s said or done amiss this night,\nUnless self-charity be sometimes a vice,\nAnd to defend ourselves it be a sin\nWhen violence assails us.\n\nOTHELLO.\nNow, by heaven,\nMy blood begins my safer guides to rule,\nAnd passion, having my best judgement collied,\nAssays to lead the way. Zounds, if I stir,\nOr do but lift this arm, the best of you\nShall sink in my rebuke. Give me to know\nHow this foul rout began, who set it on,\nAnd he that is approv’d in this offence,\nThough he had twinn’d with me, both at a birth,\nShall lose me. What! in a town of war,\nYet wild, the people’s hearts brimful of fear,\nTo manage private and domestic quarrel,\nIn night, and on the court and guard of safety?\n’Tis monstrous. Iago, who began’t?\n\nMONTANO.\nIf partially affin’d, or leagu’d in office,\nThou dost deliver more or less than truth,\nThou art no soldier.\n\nIAGO.\nTouch me not so near.\nI had rather have this tongue cut from my mouth\nThan it should do offence to Michael Cassio.\nYet I persuade myself, to speak the truth\nShall nothing wrong him. Thus it is, general:\nMontano and myself being in speech,\nThere comes a fellow crying out for help,\nAnd Cassio following him with determin’d sword,\nTo execute upon him. Sir, this gentleman\nSteps in to Cassio and entreats his pause.\nMyself the crying fellow did pursue,\nLest by his clamour (as it so fell out)\nThe town might fall in fright: he, swift of foot,\nOutran my purpose: and I return’d the rather\nFor that I heard the clink and fall of swords,\nAnd Cassio high in oath, which till tonight\nI ne’er might say before. When I came back,\n(For this was brief) I found them close together,\nAt blow and thrust, even as again they were\nWhen you yourself did part them.\nMore of this matter cannot I report.\nBut men are men; the best sometimes forget;\nThough Cassio did some little wrong to him,\nAs men in rage strike those that wish them best,\nYet surely Cassio, I believe, receiv’d\nFrom him that fled some strange indignity,\nWhich patience could not pass.\n\nOTHELLO.\nI know, Iago,\nThy honesty and love doth mince this matter,\nMaking it light to Cassio. Cassio, I love thee,\nBut never more be officer of mine.\n\nEnter Desdemona, attended.\n\nLook, if my gentle love be not rais’d up!\nI’ll make thee an example.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nWhat’s the matter?\n\nOTHELLO.\nAll’s well now, sweeting; come away to bed.\nSir, for your hurts, myself will be your surgeon.\nLead him off.\n\n\n[_Montano is led off._]\n\nIago, look with care about the town,\nAnd silence those whom this vile brawl distracted.\nCome, Desdemona: ’tis the soldiers’ life\nTo have their balmy slumbers wak’d with strife.\n\n[_Exeunt all but Iago and Cassio._]\n\nIAGO.\nWhat, are you hurt, lieutenant?\n\nCASSIO.\nAy, past all surgery.\n\nIAGO.\nMarry, Heaven forbid!\n\nCASSIO.\nReputation, reputation, reputation! O, I have lost my reputation! I\nhave lost the immortal part of myself, and what remains is bestial. My\nreputation, Iago, my reputation!\n\nIAGO.\nAs I am an honest man, I thought you had received some bodily wound;\nthere is more sense in that than in reputation. Reputation is an idle\nand most false imposition, oft got without merit and lost without\ndeserving. You have lost no reputation at all, unless you repute\nyourself such a loser. What, man, there are ways to recover the general\nagain: you are but now cast in his mood, a punishment more in policy\nthan in malice, even so as one would beat his offenceless dog to\naffright an imperious lion: sue to him again, and he’s yours.\n\nCASSIO.\nI will rather sue to be despised than to deceive so good a commander\nwith so slight, so drunken, and so indiscreet an officer. Drunk? and\nspeak parrot? and squabble? swagger? swear? and discourse fustian with\none’s own shadow? O thou invisible spirit of wine, if thou hast no name\nto be known by, let us call thee devil!\n\nIAGO.\nWhat was he that you followed with your sword? What had he done to you?\n\nCASSIO.\nI know not.\n\nIAGO.\nIs’t possible?\n\nCASSIO.\nI remember a mass of things, but nothing distinctly; a quarrel, but\nnothing wherefore. O God, that men should put an enemy in their mouths\nto steal away their brains! That we should with joy, pleasance, revel,\nand applause, transform ourselves into beasts!\n\nIAGO.\nWhy, but you are now well enough: how came you thus recovered?\n\nCASSIO.\nIt hath pleased the devil drunkenness to give place to the devil wrath.\nOne unperfectness shows me another, to make me frankly despise myself.\n\nIAGO.\nCome, you are too severe a moraler. As the time, the place, and the\ncondition of this country stands, I could heartily wish this had not\nbefallen; but since it is as it is, mend it for your own good.\n\nCASSIO.\nI will ask him for my place again; he shall tell me I am a drunkard!\nHad I as many mouths as Hydra, such an answer would stop them all. To\nbe now a sensible man, by and by a fool, and presently a beast! O\nstrange! Every inordinate cup is unbless’d, and the ingredient is a\ndevil.\n\nIAGO.\nCome, come, good wine is a good familiar creature, if it be well used.\nExclaim no more against it. And, good lieutenant, I think you think I\nlove you.\n\nCASSIO.\nI have well approved it, sir.—I drunk!\n\nIAGO.\nYou, or any man living, may be drunk at a time, man. I’ll tell you what\nyou shall do. Our general’s wife is now the general; I may say so in\nthis respect, for that he hath devoted and given up himself to the\ncontemplation, mark, and denotement of her parts and graces. Confess\nyourself freely to her. Importune her help to put you in your place\nagain. She is of so free, so kind, so apt, so blessed a disposition,\nshe holds it a vice in her goodness not to do more than she is\nrequested. This broken joint between you and her husband entreat her to\nsplinter, and, my fortunes against any lay worth naming, this crack of\nyour love shall grow stronger than it was before.\n\nCASSIO.\nYou advise me well.\n\nIAGO.\nI protest, in the sincerity of love and honest kindness.\n\nCASSIO.\nI think it freely; and betimes in the morning I will beseech the\nvirtuous Desdemona to undertake for me; I am desperate of my fortunes\nif they check me here.\n\nIAGO.\nYou are in the right. Good night, lieutenant, I must to the watch.\n\nCASSIO.\nGood night, honest Iago.\n\n[_Exit._]\n\nIAGO.\nAnd what’s he then, that says I play the villain?\nWhen this advice is free I give and honest,\nProbal to thinking, and indeed the course\nTo win the Moor again? For ’tis most easy\nThe inclining Desdemona to subdue\nIn any honest suit. She’s fram’d as fruitful\nAs the free elements. And then for her\nTo win the Moor, were’t to renounce his baptism,\nAll seals and symbols of redeemed sin,\nHis soul is so enfetter’d to her love\nThat she may make, unmake, do what she list,\nEven as her appetite shall play the god\nWith his weak function. How am I then, a villain\nTo counsel Cassio to this parallel course,\nDirectly to his good? Divinity of hell!\nWhen devils will the blackest sins put on,\nThey do suggest at first with heavenly shows,\nAs I do now: for whiles this honest fool\nPlies Desdemona to repair his fortune,\nAnd she for him pleads strongly to the Moor,\nI’ll pour this pestilence into his ear,\nThat she repeals him for her body’s lust;\nAnd by how much she strives to do him good,\nShe shall undo her credit with the Moor.\nSo will I turn her virtue into pitch,\nAnd out of her own goodness make the net\nThat shall enmesh them all.\n\nEnter Roderigo.\n\nHow now, Roderigo?\n\nRODERIGO.\nI do follow here in the chase, not like a hound that hunts, but one\nthat fills up the cry. My money is almost spent, I have been tonight\nexceedingly well cudgelled; and I think the issue will be, I shall have\nso much experience for my pains, and so, with no money at all and a\nlittle more wit, return again to Venice.\n\nIAGO.\nHow poor are they that have not patience!\nWhat wound did ever heal but by degrees?\nThou know’st we work by wit, and not by witchcraft,\nAnd wit depends on dilatory time.\nDoes’t not go well? Cassio hath beaten thee,\nAnd thou, by that small hurt, hast cashier’d Cassio;\nThough other things grow fair against the sun,\nYet fruits that blossom first will first be ripe.\nContent thyself awhile. By the mass, ’tis morning;\nPleasure and action make the hours seem short.\nRetire thee; go where thou art billeted.\nAway, I say, thou shalt know more hereafter.\nNay, get thee gone.\n\n[_Exit Roderigo._]\n\nTwo things are to be done,\nMy wife must move for Cassio to her mistress.\nI’ll set her on;\nMyself the while to draw the Moor apart,\nAnd bring him jump when he may Cassio find\nSoliciting his wife. Ay, that’s the way.\nDull not device by coldness and delay.\n\n[_Exit._]\n\n\n\n\nACT III\n\nSCENE I. Cyprus. Before the Castle.\n\n\nEnter Cassio and some Musicians.\n\nCASSIO.\nMasters, play here, I will content your pains,\nSomething that’s brief; and bid “Good morrow, general.”\n\n[_Music._]\n\nEnter Clown.\n\nCLOWN.\nWhy, masters, have your instruments been in Naples, that they speak i’\nthe nose thus?\n\nFIRST MUSICIAN.\nHow, sir, how?\n\nCLOWN.\nAre these, I pray you, wind instruments?\n\nFIRST MUSICIAN.\nAy, marry, are they, sir.\n\nCLOWN.\nO, thereby hangs a tail.\n\nFIRST MUSICIAN.\nWhereby hangs a tale, sir?\n\nCLOWN.\nMarry, sir, by many a wind instrument that I know. But, masters, here’s\nmoney for you: and the general so likes your music, that he desires\nyou, for love’s sake, to make no more noise with it.\n\nFIRST MUSICIAN.\nWell, sir, we will not.\n\nCLOWN.\nIf you have any music that may not be heard, to’t again. But, as they\nsay, to hear music the general does not greatly care.\n\nFIRST MUSICIAN.\nWe have none such, sir.\n\nCLOWN.\nThen put up your pipes in your bag, for I’ll away. Go, vanish into air,\naway!\n\n[_Exeunt Musicians._]\n\nCASSIO.\nDost thou hear, mine honest friend?\n\nCLOWN.\nNo, I hear not your honest friend. I hear you.\n\nCASSIO.\nPrithee, keep up thy quillets. There’s a poor piece of gold for thee:\nif the gentlewoman that attends the general’s wife be stirring, tell\nher there’s one Cassio entreats her a little favour of speech. Wilt\nthou do this?\n\nCLOWN.\nShe is stirring, sir; if she will stir hither, I shall seem to notify\nunto her.\n\nCASSIO.\nDo, good my friend.\n\n[_Exit Clown._]\n\nEnter Iago.\n\nIn happy time, Iago.\n\nIAGO.\nYou have not been a-bed, then?\n\nCASSIO.\nWhy, no. The day had broke\nBefore we parted. I have made bold, Iago,\nTo send in to your wife. My suit to her\nIs, that she will to virtuous Desdemona\nProcure me some access.\n\nIAGO.\nI’ll send her to you presently,\nAnd I’ll devise a mean to draw the Moor\nOut of the way, that your converse and business\nMay be more free.\n\nCASSIO.\nI humbly thank you for’t.\n\n[_Exit Iago._]\n\nI never knew\nA Florentine more kind and honest.\n\nEnter Emilia.\n\nEMILIA.\nGood morrow, good lieutenant; I am sorry\nFor your displeasure, but all will sure be well.\nThe general and his wife are talking of it,\nAnd she speaks for you stoutly: the Moor replies\nThat he you hurt is of great fame in Cyprus\nAnd great affinity, and that in wholesome wisdom\nHe might not but refuse you; but he protests he loves you\nAnd needs no other suitor but his likings\nTo take the safest occasion by the front\nTo bring you in again.\n\nCASSIO.\nYet, I beseech you,\nIf you think fit, or that it may be done,\nGive me advantage of some brief discourse\nWith Desdemona alone.\n\nEMILIA.\nPray you, come in.\nI will bestow you where you shall have time\nTo speak your bosom freely.\n\nCASSIO.\nI am much bound to you.\n\n[_Exeunt._]\n\nSCENE II. Cyprus. A Room in the Castle.\n\nEnter Othello, Iago and Gentlemen.\n\nOTHELLO.\nThese letters give, Iago, to the pilot,\nAnd by him do my duties to the senate.\nThat done, I will be walking on the works,\nRepair there to me.\n\nIAGO.\nWell, my good lord, I’ll do’t.\n\nOTHELLO.\nThis fortification, gentlemen, shall we see’t?\n\nGENTLEMEN.\nWe’ll wait upon your lordship.\n\n[_Exeunt._]\n\nSCENE III. Cyprus. The Garden of the Castle.\n\nEnter Desdemona, Cassio and Emilia.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nBe thou assured, good Cassio, I will do\nAll my abilities in thy behalf.\n\nEMILIA.\nGood madam, do. I warrant it grieves my husband\nAs if the cause were his.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nO, that’s an honest fellow. Do not doubt, Cassio,\nBut I will have my lord and you again\nAs friendly as you were.\n\nCASSIO.\nBounteous madam,\nWhatever shall become of Michael Cassio,\nHe’s never anything but your true servant.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nI know’t. I thank you. You do love my lord.\nYou have known him long; and be you well assur’d\nHe shall in strangeness stand no farther off\nThan in a politic distance.\n\nCASSIO.\nAy, but, lady,\nThat policy may either last so long,\nOr feed upon such nice and waterish diet,\nOr breed itself so out of circumstance,\nThat, I being absent, and my place supplied,\nMy general will forget my love and service.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nDo not doubt that. Before Emilia here\nI give thee warrant of thy place. Assure thee,\nIf I do vow a friendship, I’ll perform it\nTo the last article. My lord shall never rest,\nI’ll watch him tame, and talk him out of patience;\nHis bed shall seem a school, his board a shrift;\nI’ll intermingle everything he does\nWith Cassio’s suit. Therefore be merry, Cassio,\nFor thy solicitor shall rather die\nThan give thy cause away.\n\nEnter Othello and Iago.\n\nEMILIA.\nMadam, here comes my lord.\n\nCASSIO.\nMadam, I’ll take my leave.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nWhy, stay, and hear me speak.\n\nCASSIO.\nMadam, not now. I am very ill at ease,\nUnfit for mine own purposes.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nWell, do your discretion.\n\n[_Exit Cassio._]\n\nIAGO.\nHa, I like not that.\n\nOTHELLO.\nWhat dost thou say?\n\nIAGO.\nNothing, my lord; or if—I know not what.\n\nOTHELLO.\nWas not that Cassio parted from my wife?\n\nIAGO.\nCassio, my lord? No, sure, I cannot think it,\nThat he would steal away so guilty-like,\nSeeing you coming.\n\nOTHELLO.\nI do believe ’twas he.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nHow now, my lord?\nI have been talking with a suitor here,\nA man that languishes in your displeasure.\n\nOTHELLO.\nWho is’t you mean?\n\nDESDEMONA.\nWhy, your lieutenant, Cassio. Good my lord,\nIf I have any grace or power to move you,\nHis present reconciliation take;\nFor if he be not one that truly loves you,\nThat errs in ignorance and not in cunning,\nI have no judgement in an honest face.\nI prithee call him back.\n\nOTHELLO.\nWent he hence now?\n\nDESDEMONA.\nAy, sooth; so humbled\nThat he hath left part of his grief with me\nTo suffer with him. Good love, call him back.\n\nOTHELLO.\nNot now, sweet Desdemon, some other time.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nBut shall’t be shortly?\n\nOTHELLO.\nThe sooner, sweet, for you.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nShall’t be tonight at supper?\n\nOTHELLO.\nNo, not tonight.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nTomorrow dinner then?\n\nOTHELLO.\nI shall not dine at home;\nI meet the captains at the citadel.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nWhy then tomorrow night, or Tuesday morn,\nOn Tuesday noon, or night; on Wednesday morn.\nI prithee name the time, but let it not\nExceed three days. In faith, he’s penitent;\nAnd yet his trespass, in our common reason,\n(Save that, they say, the wars must make examples\nOut of their best) is not almost a fault\nTo incur a private check. When shall he come?\nTell me, Othello: I wonder in my soul,\nWhat you would ask me, that I should deny,\nOr stand so mammering on. What? Michael Cassio,\nThat came a-wooing with you, and so many a time,\nWhen I have spoke of you dispraisingly,\nHath ta’en your part, to have so much to do\nTo bring him in! Trust me, I could do much.\n\nOTHELLO.\nPrithee no more. Let him come when he will;\nI will deny thee nothing.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nWhy, this is not a boon;\n’Tis as I should entreat you wear your gloves,\nOr feed on nourishing dishes, or keep you warm,\nOr sue to you to do a peculiar profit\nTo your own person: nay, when I have a suit\nWherein I mean to touch your love indeed,\nIt shall be full of poise and difficult weight,\nAnd fearful to be granted.\n\nOTHELLO.\nI will deny thee nothing.\nWhereon, I do beseech thee, grant me this,\nTo leave me but a little to myself.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nShall I deny you? No, farewell, my lord.\n\nOTHELLO.\nFarewell, my Desdemona. I’ll come to thee straight.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nEmilia, come. Be as your fancies teach you.\nWhate’er you be, I am obedient.\n\n[_Exit with Emilia._]\n\nOTHELLO.\nExcellent wretch! Perdition catch my soul,\nBut I do love thee! And when I love thee not,\nChaos is come again.\n\nIAGO.\nMy noble lord,—\n\nOTHELLO.\nWhat dost thou say, Iago?\n\nIAGO.\nDid Michael Cassio, when you woo’d my lady,\nKnow of your love?\n\nOTHELLO.\nHe did, from first to last. Why dost thou ask?\n\nIAGO.\nBut for a satisfaction of my thought.\nNo further harm.\n\nOTHELLO.\nWhy of thy thought, Iago?\n\nIAGO.\nI did not think he had been acquainted with her.\n\nOTHELLO.\nO yes, and went between us very oft.\n\nIAGO.\nIndeed?\n\nOTHELLO.\nIndeed? Ay, indeed. Discern’st thou aught in that?\nIs he not honest?\n\nIAGO.\nHonest, my lord?\n\nOTHELLO.\nHonest? ay, honest.\n\nIAGO.\nMy lord, for aught I know.\n\nOTHELLO.\nWhat dost thou think?\n\nIAGO.\nThink, my lord?\n\nOTHELLO.\nThink, my lord? By heaven, he echoes me,\nAs if there were some monster in his thought\nToo hideous to be shown. Thou dost mean something.\nI heard thee say even now, thou lik’st not that,\nWhen Cassio left my wife. What didst not like?\nAnd when I told thee he was of my counsel\nIn my whole course of wooing, thou criedst, “Indeed?”\nAnd didst contract and purse thy brow together,\nAs if thou then hadst shut up in thy brain\nSome horrible conceit: if thou dost love me,\nShow me thy thought.\n\nIAGO.\nMy lord, you know I love you.\n\nOTHELLO.\nI think thou dost;\nAnd for I know thou’rt full of love and honesty\nAnd weigh’st thy words before thou giv’st them breath,\nTherefore these stops of thine fright me the more:\nFor such things in a false disloyal knave\nAre tricks of custom; but in a man that’s just,\nThey’re close dilations, working from the heart,\nThat passion cannot rule.\n\nIAGO.\nFor Michael Cassio,\nI dare be sworn I think that he is honest.\n\nOTHELLO.\nI think so too.\n\nIAGO.\nMen should be what they seem;\nOr those that be not, would they might seem none!\n\nOTHELLO.\nCertain, men should be what they seem.\n\nIAGO.\nWhy then, I think Cassio’s an honest man.\n\nOTHELLO.\nNay, yet there’s more in this:\nI prithee, speak to me as to thy thinkings,\nAs thou dost ruminate, and give thy worst of thoughts\nThe worst of words.\n\nIAGO.\nGood my lord, pardon me.\nThough I am bound to every act of duty,\nI am not bound to that all slaves are free to.\nUtter my thoughts? Why, say they are vile and false:\nAs where’s that palace whereinto foul things\nSometimes intrude not? Who has a breast so pure\nBut some uncleanly apprehensions\nKeep leets and law-days, and in session sit\nWith meditations lawful?\n\nOTHELLO.\nThou dost conspire against thy friend, Iago,\nIf thou but think’st him wrong’d and mak’st his ear\nA stranger to thy thoughts.\n\nIAGO.\nI do beseech you,\nThough I perchance am vicious in my guess,\nAs, I confess, it is my nature’s plague\nTo spy into abuses, and of my jealousy\nShapes faults that are not,—that your wisdom\nFrom one that so imperfectly conceits,\nWould take no notice; nor build yourself a trouble\nOut of his scattering and unsure observance.\nIt were not for your quiet nor your good,\nNor for my manhood, honesty, or wisdom,\nTo let you know my thoughts.\n\nOTHELLO.\nWhat dost thou mean?\n\nIAGO.\nGood name in man and woman, dear my lord,\nIs the immediate jewel of their souls.\nWho steals my purse steals trash. ’Tis something, nothing;\n’Twas mine, ’tis his, and has been slave to thousands.\nBut he that filches from me my good name\nRobs me of that which not enriches him\nAnd makes me poor indeed.\n\nOTHELLO.\nBy heaven, I’ll know thy thoughts.\n\nIAGO.\nYou cannot, if my heart were in your hand,\nNor shall not, whilst ’tis in my custody.\n\nOTHELLO.\nHa?\n\nIAGO.\nO, beware, my lord, of jealousy;\nIt is the green-ey’d monster which doth mock\nThe meat it feeds on. That cuckold lives in bliss\nWho, certain of his fate, loves not his wronger;\nBut O, what damned minutes tells he o’er\nWho dotes, yet doubts, suspects, yet strongly loves!\n\nOTHELLO.\nO misery!\n\nIAGO.\nPoor and content is rich, and rich enough;\nBut riches fineless is as poor as winter\nTo him that ever fears he shall be poor.\nGood heaven, the souls of all my tribe defend\nFrom jealousy!\n\nOTHELLO.\nWhy, why is this?\nThink’st thou I’d make a life of jealousy,\nTo follow still the changes of the moon\nWith fresh suspicions? No. To be once in doubt\nIs once to be resolv’d: exchange me for a goat\nWhen I shall turn the business of my soul\nTo such exsufflicate and blown surmises,\nMatching thy inference. ’Tis not to make me jealous,\nTo say my wife is fair, feeds well, loves company,\nIs free of speech, sings, plays, and dances well;\nWhere virtue is, these are more virtuous:\nNor from mine own weak merits will I draw\nThe smallest fear or doubt of her revolt,\nFor she had eyes, and chose me. No, Iago,\nI’ll see before I doubt; when I doubt, prove;\nAnd on the proof, there is no more but this:\nAway at once with love or jealousy!\n\nIAGO.\nI am glad of it, for now I shall have reason\nTo show the love and duty that I bear you\nWith franker spirit: therefore, as I am bound,\nReceive it from me. I speak not yet of proof.\nLook to your wife; observe her well with Cassio;\nWear your eye thus, not jealous nor secure.\nI would not have your free and noble nature,\nOut of self-bounty, be abus’d. Look to’t.\nI know our country disposition well;\nIn Venice they do let heaven see the pranks\nThey dare not show their husbands. Their best conscience\nIs not to leave undone, but keep unknown.\n\nOTHELLO.\nDost thou say so?\n\nIAGO.\nShe did deceive her father, marrying you;\nAnd when she seem’d to shake and fear your looks,\nShe loved them most.\n\nOTHELLO.\nAnd so she did.\n\nIAGO.\nWhy, go to then.\nShe that so young could give out such a seeming,\nTo seal her father’s eyes up close as oak,\nHe thought ’twas witchcraft. But I am much to blame.\nI humbly do beseech you of your pardon\nFor too much loving you.\n\nOTHELLO.\nI am bound to thee for ever.\n\nIAGO.\nI see this hath a little dash’d your spirits.\n\nOTHELLO.\nNot a jot, not a jot.\n\nIAGO.\nTrust me, I fear it has.\nI hope you will consider what is spoke\nComes from my love. But I do see you’re mov’d.\nI am to pray you not to strain my speech\nTo grosser issues nor to larger reach\nThan to suspicion.\n\nOTHELLO.\nI will not.\n\nIAGO.\nShould you do so, my lord,\nMy speech should fall into such vile success\nWhich my thoughts aim’d not. Cassio’s my worthy friend.\nMy lord, I see you’re mov’d.\n\nOTHELLO.\nNo, not much mov’d.\nI do not think but Desdemona’s honest.\n\nIAGO.\nLong live she so! And long live you to think so!\n\nOTHELLO.\nAnd yet, how nature erring from itself—\n\nIAGO.\nAy, there’s the point. As, to be bold with you,\nNot to affect many proposed matches,\nOf her own clime, complexion, and degree,\nWhereto we see in all things nature tends;\nFoh! One may smell in such a will most rank,\nFoul disproportion, thoughts unnatural.\nBut pardon me: I do not in position\nDistinctly speak of her, though I may fear\nHer will, recoiling to her better judgement,\nMay fall to match you with her country forms,\nAnd happily repent.\n\nOTHELLO.\nFarewell, farewell:\nIf more thou dost perceive, let me know more;\nSet on thy wife to observe. Leave me, Iago.\n\nIAGO.\n[_Going._] My lord, I take my leave.\n\nOTHELLO.\nWhy did I marry? This honest creature doubtless\nSees and knows more, much more, than he unfolds.\n\nIAGO.\n[_Returning._] My lord, I would I might entreat your honour\nTo scan this thing no further. Leave it to time:\nThough it be fit that Cassio have his place,\nFor sure he fills it up with great ability,\nYet if you please to hold him off awhile,\nYou shall by that perceive him and his means.\nNote if your lady strain his entertainment\nWith any strong or vehement importunity,\nMuch will be seen in that. In the meantime,\nLet me be thought too busy in my fears\n(As worthy cause I have to fear I am)\nAnd hold her free, I do beseech your honour.\n\nOTHELLO.\nFear not my government.\n\nIAGO.\nI once more take my leave.\n\n[_Exit._]\n\nOTHELLO.\nThis fellow’s of exceeding honesty,\nAnd knows all qualities, with a learned spirit,\nOf human dealings. If I do prove her haggard,\nThough that her jesses were my dear heartstrings,\nI’d whistle her off, and let her down the wind\nTo prey at fortune. Haply, for I am black,\nAnd have not those soft parts of conversation\nThat chamberers have, or for I am declin’d\nInto the vale of years,—yet that’s not much—\nShe’s gone, I am abus’d, and my relief\nMust be to loathe her. O curse of marriage,\nThat we can call these delicate creatures ours,\nAnd not their appetites! I had rather be a toad,\nAnd live upon the vapour of a dungeon,\nThan keep a corner in the thing I love\nFor others’ uses. Yet, ’tis the plague of great ones,\nPrerogativ’d are they less than the base,\n’Tis destiny unshunnable, like death:\nEven then this forked plague is fated to us\nWhen we do quicken. Desdemona comes.\nIf she be false, O, then heaven mocks itself!\nI’ll not believe’t.\n\nEnter Desdemona and Emilia.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nHow now, my dear Othello?\nYour dinner, and the generous islanders\nBy you invited, do attend your presence.\n\nOTHELLO.\nI am to blame.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nWhy do you speak so faintly?\nAre you not well?\n\nOTHELLO.\nI have a pain upon my forehead here.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nFaith, that’s with watching, ’twill away again;\nLet me but bind it hard, within this hour\nIt will be well.\n\nOTHELLO.\nYour napkin is too little;\n\n[_He puts the handkerchief from him, and she drops it._]\n\nLet it alone. Come, I’ll go in with you.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nI am very sorry that you are not well.\n\n[_Exeunt Othello and Desdemona._]\n\nEMILIA.\nI am glad I have found this napkin;\nThis was her first remembrance from the Moor.\nMy wayward husband hath a hundred times\nWoo’d me to steal it. But she so loves the token,\nFor he conjur’d her she should ever keep it,\nThat she reserves it evermore about her\nTo kiss and talk to. I’ll have the work ta’en out,\nAnd give’t Iago. What he will do with it\nHeaven knows, not I,\nI nothing but to please his fantasy.\n\nEnter Iago.\n\nIAGO.\nHow now? What do you here alone?\n\nEMILIA.\nDo not you chide. I have a thing for you.\n\nIAGO.\nA thing for me? It is a common thing—\n\nEMILIA.\nHa?\n\nIAGO.\nTo have a foolish wife.\n\nEMILIA.\nO, is that all? What will you give me now\nFor that same handkerchief?\n\nIAGO.\nWhat handkerchief?\n\nEMILIA.\nWhat handkerchief?\nWhy, that the Moor first gave to Desdemona,\nThat which so often you did bid me steal.\n\nIAGO.\nHast stol’n it from her?\n\nEMILIA.\nNo, faith, she let it drop by negligence,\nAnd, to the advantage, I being here, took ’t up.\nLook, here it is.\n\nIAGO.\nA good wench, give it me.\n\nEMILIA.\nWhat will you do with’t, that you have been so earnest\nTo have me filch it?\n\nIAGO.\n[_Snatching it._] Why, what’s that to you?\n\nEMILIA.\nIf it be not for some purpose of import,\nGive ’t me again. Poor lady, she’ll run mad\nWhen she shall lack it.\n\nIAGO.\nBe not acknown on’t, I have use for it.\nGo, leave me.\n\n[_Exit Emilia._]\n\nI will in Cassio’s lodging lose this napkin,\nAnd let him find it. Trifles light as air\nAre to the jealous confirmations strong\nAs proofs of holy writ. This may do something.\nThe Moor already changes with my poison:\nDangerous conceits are in their natures poisons,\nWhich at the first are scarce found to distaste,\nBut with a little act upon the blood\nBurn like the mines of sulphur. I did say so.\n\nEnter Othello.\n\nLook, where he comes. Not poppy, nor mandragora,\nNor all the drowsy syrups of the world,\nShall ever medicine thee to that sweet sleep\nWhich thou ow’dst yesterday.\n\nOTHELLO.\nHa! ha! false to me?\n\nIAGO.\nWhy, how now, general? No more of that.\n\nOTHELLO.\nAvaunt! be gone! Thou hast set me on the rack.\nI swear ’tis better to be much abus’d\nThan but to know’t a little.\n\nIAGO.\nHow now, my lord?\n\nOTHELLO.\nWhat sense had I of her stol’n hours of lust?\nI saw’t not, thought it not, it harm’d not me.\nI slept the next night well, was free and merry;\nI found not Cassio’s kisses on her lips.\nHe that is robb’d, not wanting what is stol’n,\nLet him not know’t, and he’s not robb’d at all.\n\nIAGO.\nI am sorry to hear this.\n\nOTHELLO.\nI had been happy if the general camp,\nPioners and all, had tasted her sweet body,\nSo I had nothing known. O, now, for ever\nFarewell the tranquil mind! Farewell content!\nFarewell the plumed troops and the big wars\nThat make ambition virtue! O, farewell,\nFarewell the neighing steed and the shrill trump,\nThe spirit-stirring drum, the ear-piercing fife,\nThe royal banner, and all quality,\nPride, pomp, and circumstance of glorious war!\nAnd, O you mortal engines, whose rude throats\nThe immortal Jove’s dread clamours counterfeit,\nFarewell! Othello’s occupation’s gone!\n\nIAGO.\nIs’t possible, my lord?\n\nOTHELLO.\nVillain, be sure thou prove my love a whore;\nBe sure of it. Give me the ocular proof,\nOr, by the worth of man’s eternal soul,\nThou hadst been better have been born a dog\nThan answer my wak’d wrath.\n\nIAGO.\nIs’t come to this?\n\nOTHELLO.\nMake me to see’t, or at the least so prove it,\nThat the probation bear no hinge nor loop\nTo hang a doubt on, or woe upon thy life!\n\nIAGO.\nMy noble lord,—\n\nOTHELLO.\nIf thou dost slander her and torture me,\nNever pray more. Abandon all remorse;\nOn horror’s head horrors accumulate;\nDo deeds to make heaven weep, all earth amaz’d;\nFor nothing canst thou to damnation add\nGreater than that.\n\nIAGO.\nO grace! O heaven defend me!\nAre you a man? Have you a soul or sense?\nGod be wi’ you. Take mine office.—O wretched fool,\nThat liv’st to make thine honesty a vice!\nO monstrous world! Take note, take note, O world,\nTo be direct and honest is not safe.\nI thank you for this profit, and from hence\nI’ll love no friend, sith love breeds such offence.\n\nOTHELLO.\nNay, stay. Thou shouldst be honest.\n\nIAGO.\nI should be wise; for honesty’s a fool,\nAnd loses that it works for.\n\nOTHELLO.\nBy the world,\nI think my wife be honest, and think she is not.\nI think that thou art just, and think thou art not.\nI’ll have some proof: her name, that was as fresh\nAs Dian’s visage, is now begrim’d and black\nAs mine own face. If there be cords or knives,\nPoison or fire, or suffocating streams,\nI’ll not endure ’t. Would I were satisfied!\n\nIAGO.\nI see, sir, you are eaten up with passion.\nI do repent me that I put it to you.\nYou would be satisfied?\n\nOTHELLO.\nWould? Nay, I will.\n\nIAGO.\nAnd may; but how? How satisfied, my lord?\nWould you, the supervisor, grossly gape on,\nBehold her topp’d?\n\nOTHELLO.\nDeath and damnation! O!\n\nIAGO.\nIt were a tedious difficulty, I think,\nTo bring them to that prospect. Damn them then,\nIf ever mortal eyes do see them bolster\nMore than their own! What then? How then?\nWhat shall I say? Where’s satisfaction?\nIt is impossible you should see this,\nWere they as prime as goats, as hot as monkeys,\nAs salt as wolves in pride, and fools as gross\nAs ignorance made drunk. But yet I say,\nIf imputation and strong circumstances,\nWhich lead directly to the door of truth,\nWill give you satisfaction, you may have’t.\n\nOTHELLO.\nGive me a living reason she’s disloyal.\n\nIAGO.\nI do not like the office,\nBut sith I am enter’d in this cause so far,\nPrick’d to ’t by foolish honesty and love,\nI will go on. I lay with Cassio lately,\nAnd being troubled with a raging tooth,\nI could not sleep.\nThere are a kind of men so loose of soul,\nThat in their sleeps will mutter their affairs.\nOne of this kind is Cassio:\nIn sleep I heard him say, “Sweet Desdemona,\nLet us be wary, let us hide our loves;”\nAnd then, sir, would he gripe and wring my hand,\nCry “O sweet creature!” and then kiss me hard,\nAs if he pluck’d up kisses by the roots,\nThat grew upon my lips, then laid his leg\nOver my thigh, and sigh’d and kiss’d, and then\nCried “Cursed fate that gave thee to the Moor!”\n\nOTHELLO.\nO monstrous! monstrous!\n\nIAGO.\nNay, this was but his dream.\n\nOTHELLO.\nBut this denoted a foregone conclusion.\n’Tis a shrewd doubt, though it be but a dream.\n\nIAGO.\nAnd this may help to thicken other proofs\nThat do demonstrate thinly.\n\nOTHELLO.\nI’ll tear her all to pieces.\n\nIAGO.\nNay, but be wise. Yet we see nothing done,\nShe may be honest yet. Tell me but this,\nHave you not sometimes seen a handkerchief\nSpotted with strawberries in your wife’s hand?\n\nOTHELLO.\nI gave her such a one, ’twas my first gift.\n\nIAGO.\nI know not that: but such a handkerchief\n(I am sure it was your wife’s) did I today\nSee Cassio wipe his beard with.\n\nOTHELLO.\nIf it be that,—\n\nIAGO.\nIf it be that, or any that was hers,\nIt speaks against her with the other proofs.\n\nOTHELLO.\nO, that the slave had forty thousand lives!\nOne is too poor, too weak for my revenge!\nNow do I see ’tis true. Look here, Iago;\nAll my fond love thus do I blow to heaven.\n’Tis gone.\nArise, black vengeance, from thy hollow hell!\nYield up, O love, thy crown and hearted throne\nTo tyrannous hate! Swell, bosom, with thy fraught,\nFor ’tis of aspics’ tongues!\n\nIAGO.\nYet be content.\n\nOTHELLO.\nO, blood, Iago, blood!\n\nIAGO.\nPatience, I say. Your mind perhaps may change.\n\nOTHELLO.\nNever, Iago. Like to the Pontic Sea,\nWhose icy current and compulsive course\nNe’er feels retiring ebb, but keeps due on\nTo the Propontic and the Hellespont;\nEven so my bloody thoughts, with violent pace\nShall ne’er look back, ne’er ebb to humble love,\nTill that a capable and wide revenge\nSwallow them up. Now by yond marble heaven,\nIn the due reverence of a sacred vow [_Kneels._]\nI here engage my words.\n\nIAGO.\nDo not rise yet. [_Kneels._]\nWitness, you ever-burning lights above,\nYou elements that clip us round about,\nWitness that here Iago doth give up\nThe execution of his wit, hands, heart,\nTo wrong’d Othello’s service! Let him command,\nAnd to obey shall be in me remorse,\nWhat bloody business ever.\n\n[_They rise._]\n\nOTHELLO.\nI greet thy love,\nNot with vain thanks, but with acceptance bounteous,\nAnd will upon the instant put thee to ’t.\nWithin these three days let me hear thee say\nThat Cassio’s not alive.\n\nIAGO.\nMy friend is dead. ’Tis done at your request.\nBut let her live.\n\nOTHELLO.\nDamn her, lewd minx! O, damn her, damn her!\nCome, go with me apart, I will withdraw\nTo furnish me with some swift means of death\nFor the fair devil. Now art thou my lieutenant.\n\nIAGO.\nI am your own for ever.\n\n[_Exeunt._]\n\nSCENE IV. Cyprus. Before the Castle.\n\nEnter Desdemona, Emilia and Clown.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nDo you know, sirrah, where Lieutenant Cassio lies?\n\nCLOWN.\nI dare not say he lies anywhere.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nWhy, man?\n\nCLOWN.\nHe’s a soldier; and for one to say a soldier lies is stabbing.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nGo to. Where lodges he?\n\nCLOWN.\nTo tell you where he lodges is to tell you where I lie.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nCan anything be made of this?\n\nCLOWN.\nI know not where he lodges; and for me to devise a lodging, and say he\nlies here, or he lies there, were to lie in mine own throat.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nCan you inquire him out, and be edified by report?\n\nCLOWN.\nI will catechize the world for him, that is, make questions and by them\nanswer.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nSeek him, bid him come hither. Tell him I have moved my lord on his\nbehalf, and hope all will be well.\n\nCLOWN.\nTo do this is within the compass of man’s wit, and therefore I will\nattempt the doing it.\n\n[_Exit._]\n\nDESDEMONA.\nWhere should I lose that handkerchief, Emilia?\n\nEMILIA.\nI know not, madam.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nBelieve me, I had rather have lost my purse\nFull of crusadoes. And but my noble Moor\nIs true of mind and made of no such baseness\nAs jealous creatures are, it were enough\nTo put him to ill thinking.\n\nEMILIA.\nIs he not jealous?\n\nDESDEMONA.\nWho, he? I think the sun where he was born\nDrew all such humours from him.\n\nEMILIA.\nLook, where he comes.\n\nEnter Othello.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nI will not leave him now till Cassio\nBe call’d to him. How is’t with you, my lord?\n\nOTHELLO.\nWell, my good lady. [_Aside._] O, hardness to dissemble!\nHow do you, Desdemona?\n\nDESDEMONA.\nWell, my good lord.\n\nOTHELLO.\nGive me your hand. This hand is moist, my lady.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nIt yet hath felt no age nor known no sorrow.\n\nOTHELLO.\nThis argues fruitfulness and liberal heart.\nHot, hot, and moist. This hand of yours requires\nA sequester from liberty, fasting and prayer,\nMuch castigation, exercise devout;\nFor here’s a young and sweating devil here\nThat commonly rebels. ’Tis a good hand,\nA frank one.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nYou may indeed say so,\nFor ’twas that hand that gave away my heart.\n\nOTHELLO.\nA liberal hand. The hearts of old gave hands,\nBut our new heraldry is hands, not hearts.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nI cannot speak of this. Come now, your promise.\n\nOTHELLO.\nWhat promise, chuck?\n\nDESDEMONA.\nI have sent to bid Cassio come speak with you.\n\nOTHELLO.\nI have a salt and sorry rheum offends me.\nLend me thy handkerchief.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nHere, my lord.\n\nOTHELLO.\nThat which I gave you.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nI have it not about me.\n\nOTHELLO.\nNot?\n\nDESDEMONA.\nNo, faith, my lord.\n\nOTHELLO.\nThat is a fault. That handkerchief\nDid an Egyptian to my mother give.\nShe was a charmer, and could almost read\nThe thoughts of people. She told her, while she kept it,\n’Twould make her amiable and subdue my father\nEntirely to her love. But if she lost it,\nOr made a gift of it, my father’s eye\nShould hold her loathed, and his spirits should hunt\nAfter new fancies: she, dying, gave it me,\nAnd bid me, when my fate would have me wive,\nTo give it her. I did so; and take heed on’t,\nMake it a darling like your precious eye.\nTo lose’t or give’t away were such perdition\nAs nothing else could match.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nIs’t possible?\n\nOTHELLO.\n’Tis true. There’s magic in the web of it.\nA sibyl, that had number’d in the world\nThe sun to course two hundred compasses,\nIn her prophetic fury sew’d the work;\nThe worms were hallow’d that did breed the silk,\nAnd it was dyed in mummy, which the skillful\nConserv’d of maiden’s hearts.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nIndeed? Is’t true?\n\nOTHELLO.\nMost veritable, therefore look to ’t well.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nThen would to God that I had never seen ’t!\n\nOTHELLO.\nHa? wherefore?\n\nDESDEMONA.\nWhy do you speak so startingly and rash?\n\nOTHELLO.\nIs’t lost? is’t gone? speak, is it out of the way?\n\nDESDEMONA.\nHeaven bless us!\n\nOTHELLO.\nSay you?\n\nDESDEMONA.\nIt is not lost, but what and if it were?\n\nOTHELLO.\nHow?\n\nDESDEMONA.\nI say it is not lost.\n\nOTHELLO.\nFetch’t, let me see ’t.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nWhy, so I can, sir, but I will not now.\nThis is a trick to put me from my suit.\nPray you, let Cassio be receiv’d again.\n\nOTHELLO.\nFetch me the handkerchief! My mind misgives.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nCome, come.\nYou’ll never meet a more sufficient man.\n\nOTHELLO.\nThe handkerchief!\n\nDESDEMONA.\nI pray, talk me of Cassio.\n\nOTHELLO.\nThe handkerchief!\n\nDESDEMONA.\nA man that all his time\nHath founded his good fortunes on your love,\nShar’d dangers with you,—\n\nOTHELLO.\nThe handkerchief!\n\nDESDEMONA.\nIn sooth, you are to blame.\n\nOTHELLO.\nAway!\n\n[_Exit._]\n\nEMILIA.\nIs not this man jealous?\n\nDESDEMONA.\nI ne’er saw this before.\nSure there’s some wonder in this handkerchief,\nI am most unhappy in the loss of it.\n\nEMILIA.\n’Tis not a year or two shows us a man:\nThey are all but stomachs and we all but food;\nThey eat us hungerly, and when they are full,\nThey belch us.\n\nEnter Cassio and Iago.\n\nLook you, Cassio and my husband.\n\nIAGO.\nThere is no other way; ’tis she must do ’t,\nAnd, lo, the happiness! Go and importune her.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nHow now, good Cassio, what’s the news with you?\n\nCASSIO.\nMadam, my former suit: I do beseech you\nThat by your virtuous means I may again\nExist, and be a member of his love,\nWhom I, with all the office of my heart,\nEntirely honour. I would not be delay’d.\nIf my offence be of such mortal kind\nThat nor my service past, nor present sorrows,\nNor purpos’d merit in futurity,\nCan ransom me into his love again,\nBut to know so must be my benefit;\nSo shall I clothe me in a forc’d content,\nAnd shut myself up in some other course\nTo fortune’s alms.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nAlas, thrice-gentle Cassio,\nMy advocation is not now in tune;\nMy lord is not my lord; nor should I know him\nWere he in favour as in humour alter’d.\nSo help me every spirit sanctified,\nAs I have spoken for you all my best,\nAnd stood within the blank of his displeasure\nFor my free speech! You must awhile be patient.\nWhat I can do I will; and more I will\nThan for myself I dare. Let that suffice you.\n\nIAGO.\nIs my lord angry?\n\nEMILIA.\nHe went hence but now,\nAnd certainly in strange unquietness.\n\nIAGO.\nCan he be angry? I have seen the cannon,\nWhen it hath blown his ranks into the air\nAnd, like the devil, from his very arm\nPuff’d his own brother, and can he be angry?\nSomething of moment then. I will go meet him.\nThere’s matter in’t indeed if he be angry.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nI prithee do so.\n\n[_Exit Iago._]\n\nSomething sure of state,\nEither from Venice, or some unhatch’d practice\nMade demonstrable here in Cyprus to him,\nHath puddled his clear spirit, and in such cases\nMen’s natures wrangle with inferior things,\nThough great ones are their object. ’Tis even so.\nFor let our finger ache, and it indues\nOur other healthful members even to that sense\nOf pain. Nay, we must think men are not gods,\nNor of them look for such observancy\nAs fits the bridal. Beshrew me much, Emilia,\nI was (unhandsome warrior as I am)\nArraigning his unkindness with my soul;\nBut now I find I had suborn’d the witness,\nAnd he’s indicted falsely.\n\nEMILIA.\nPray heaven it be state matters, as you think,\nAnd no conception nor no jealous toy\nConcerning you.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nAlas the day, I never gave him cause!\n\nEMILIA.\nBut jealous souls will not be answer’d so;\nThey are not ever jealous for the cause,\nBut jealous for they are jealous: ’tis a monster\nBegot upon itself, born on itself.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nHeaven keep that monster from Othello’s mind!\n\nEMILIA.\nLady, amen.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nI will go seek him. Cassio, walk hereabout:\nIf I do find him fit, I’ll move your suit,\nAnd seek to effect it to my uttermost.\n\nCASSIO.\nI humbly thank your ladyship.\n\n[_Exeunt Desdemona and Emilia._]\n\nEnter Bianca.\n\nBIANCA.\nSave you, friend Cassio!\n\nCASSIO.\nWhat make you from home?\nHow is it with you, my most fair Bianca?\nI’ faith, sweet love, I was coming to your house.\n\nBIANCA.\nAnd I was going to your lodging, Cassio.\nWhat, keep a week away? Seven days and nights?\nEight score eight hours, and lovers’ absent hours,\nMore tedious than the dial eight score times?\nO weary reckoning!\n\nCASSIO.\nPardon me, Bianca.\nI have this while with leaden thoughts been press’d,\nBut I shall in a more continuate time\nStrike off this score of absence. Sweet Bianca,\n\n[_Giving her Desdemona’s handkerchief._]\n\nTake me this work out.\n\nBIANCA.\nO Cassio, whence came this?\nThis is some token from a newer friend.\nTo the felt absence now I feel a cause.\nIs’t come to this? Well, well.\n\nCASSIO.\nGo to, woman!\nThrow your vile guesses in the devil’s teeth,\nFrom whence you have them. You are jealous now\nThat this is from some mistress, some remembrance.\nNo, in good troth, Bianca.\n\nBIANCA.\nWhy, whose is it?\n\nCASSIO.\nI know not neither. I found it in my chamber.\nI like the work well. Ere it be demanded,\nAs like enough it will, I’d have it copied.\nTake it, and do ’t, and leave me for this time.\n\nBIANCA.\nLeave you, wherefore?\n\nCASSIO.\nI do attend here on the general,\nAnd think it no addition, nor my wish,\nTo have him see me woman’d.\n\nBIANCA.\nWhy, I pray you?\n\nCASSIO.\nNot that I love you not.\n\nBIANCA.\nBut that you do not love me.\nI pray you bring me on the way a little,\nAnd say if I shall see you soon at night.\n\nCASSIO.\n’Tis but a little way that I can bring you,\nFor I attend here. But I’ll see you soon.\n\nBIANCA.\n’Tis very good; I must be circumstanc’d.\n\n[_Exeunt._]\n\n\n\n\nACT IV\n\nSCENE I. Cyprus. Before the Castle.\n\n\nEnter Othello and Iago.\n\nIAGO.\nWill you think so?\n\nOTHELLO.\nThink so, Iago?\n\nIAGO.\nWhat,\nTo kiss in private?\n\nOTHELLO.\nAn unauthoriz’d kiss.\n\nIAGO.\nOr to be naked with her friend in bed\nAn hour or more, not meaning any harm?\n\nOTHELLO.\nNaked in bed, Iago, and not mean harm?\nIt is hypocrisy against the devil:\nThey that mean virtuously and yet do so,\nThe devil their virtue tempts, and they tempt heaven.\n\nIAGO.\nSo they do nothing, ’tis a venial slip.\nBut if I give my wife a handkerchief—\n\nOTHELLO.\nWhat then?\n\nIAGO.\nWhy then, ’tis hers, my lord, and being hers,\nShe may, I think, bestow’t on any man.\n\nOTHELLO.\nShe is protectress of her honour too.\nMay she give that?\n\nIAGO.\nHer honour is an essence that’s not seen;\nThey have it very oft that have it not:\nBut for the handkerchief—\n\nOTHELLO.\nBy heaven, I would most gladly have forgot it.\nThou said’st (O, it comes o’er my memory,\nAs doth the raven o’er the infected house,\nBoding to all) he had my handkerchief.\n\nIAGO.\nAy, what of that?\n\nOTHELLO.\nThat’s not so good now.\n\nIAGO.\nWhat\nIf I had said I had seen him do you wrong?\nOr heard him say (as knaves be such abroad,\nWho having, by their own importunate suit,\nOr voluntary dotage of some mistress,\nConvinced or supplied them, cannot choose\nBut they must blab.)\n\nOTHELLO.\nHath he said anything?\n\nIAGO.\nHe hath, my lord, but be you well assur’d,\nNo more than he’ll unswear.\n\nOTHELLO.\nWhat hath he said?\n\nIAGO.\nFaith, that he did—I know not what he did.\n\nOTHELLO.\nWhat? What?\n\nIAGO.\nLie.\n\nOTHELLO.\nWith her?\n\nIAGO.\nWith her, on her, what you will.\n\nOTHELLO.\nLie with her! lie on her!—We say lie on her when they belie her.—Lie\nwith her! that’s fulsome. Handkerchief—confessions—handkerchief! To\nconfess, and be hanged for his labour. First, to be hanged, and then to\nconfess. I tremble at it. Nature would not invest herself in such\nshadowing passion without some instruction. It is not words that shake\nme thus. Pish! Noses, ears, and lips. Is’t\npossible?—Confess?—handkerchief?—O devil!—\n\n[_Falls in a trance._]\n\nIAGO.\nWork on,\nMy medicine, work! Thus credulous fools are caught,\nAnd many worthy and chaste dames even thus,\nAll guiltless, meet reproach. What, ho! my lord!\nMy lord, I say! Othello!\n\nEnter Cassio.\n\nHow now, Cassio!\n\nCASSIO.\nWhat’s the matter?\n\nIAGO.\nMy lord is fallen into an epilepsy.\nThis is his second fit. He had one yesterday.\n\nCASSIO.\nRub him about the temples.\n\nIAGO.\nNo, forbear;\nThe lethargy must have his quiet course.\nIf not, he foams at mouth, and by and by\nBreaks out to savage madness. Look, he stirs:\nDo you withdraw yourself a little while,\nHe will recover straight. When he is gone,\nI would on great occasion speak with you.\n\n[_Exit Cassio._]\n\nHow is it, general? Have you not hurt your head?\n\nOTHELLO.\nDost thou mock me?\n\nIAGO.\nI mock you? No, by heaven.\nWould you would bear your fortune like a man!\n\nOTHELLO.\nA horned man’s a monster and a beast.\n\nIAGO.\nThere’s many a beast, then, in a populous city,\nAnd many a civil monster.\n\nOTHELLO.\nDid he confess it?\n\nIAGO.\nGood sir, be a man.\nThink every bearded fellow that’s but yok’d\nMay draw with you. There’s millions now alive\nThat nightly lie in those unproper beds\nWhich they dare swear peculiar: your case is better.\nO, ’tis the spite of hell, the fiend’s arch-mock,\nTo lip a wanton in a secure couch,\nAnd to suppose her chaste! No, let me know,\nAnd knowing what I am, I know what she shall be.\n\nOTHELLO.\nO, thou art wise, ’tis certain.\n\nIAGO.\nStand you awhile apart,\nConfine yourself but in a patient list.\nWhilst you were here o’erwhelmed with your grief,\n(A passion most unsuiting such a man)\nCassio came hither. I shifted him away,\nAnd laid good ’scuse upon your ecstasy,\nBade him anon return, and here speak with me,\nThe which he promis’d. Do but encave yourself,\nAnd mark the fleers, the gibes, and notable scorns,\nThat dwell in every region of his face;\nFor I will make him tell the tale anew,\nWhere, how, how oft, how long ago, and when\nHe hath, and is again to cope your wife:\nI say, but mark his gesture. Marry, patience,\nOr I shall say you are all in all in spleen,\nAnd nothing of a man.\n\nOTHELLO.\nDost thou hear, Iago?\nI will be found most cunning in my patience;\nBut,—dost thou hear?—most bloody.\n\nIAGO.\nThat’s not amiss.\nBut yet keep time in all. Will you withdraw?\n\n[_Othello withdraws._]\n\nNow will I question Cassio of Bianca,\nA housewife that by selling her desires\nBuys herself bread and clothes: it is a creature\nThat dotes on Cassio, (as ’tis the strumpet’s plague\nTo beguile many and be beguil’d by one.)\nHe, when he hears of her, cannot refrain\nFrom the excess of laughter. Here he comes.\n\nEnter Cassio.\n\nAs he shall smile Othello shall go mad,\nAnd his unbookish jealousy must construe\nPoor Cassio’s smiles, gestures, and light behaviour\nQuite in the wrong. How do you now, lieutenant?\n\nCASSIO.\nThe worser that you give me the addition\nWhose want even kills me.\n\nIAGO.\nPly Desdemona well, and you are sure on’t.\n[_Speaking lower._] Now, if this suit lay in Bianca’s power,\nHow quickly should you speed!\n\nCASSIO.\nAlas, poor caitiff!\n\nOTHELLO.\n[_Aside._] Look how he laughs already!\n\nIAGO.\nI never knew a woman love man so.\n\nCASSIO.\nAlas, poor rogue! I think, i’ faith, she loves me.\n\nOTHELLO.\n[_Aside._] Now he denies it faintly and laughs it out.\n\nIAGO.\nDo you hear, Cassio?\n\nOTHELLO.\nNow he importunes him\nTo tell it o’er. Go to, well said, well said.\n\nIAGO.\nShe gives it out that you shall marry her.\nDo you intend it?\n\nCASSIO.\nHa, ha, ha!\n\nOTHELLO.\nDo you triumph, Roman? Do you triumph?\n\nCASSIO.\nI marry her? What? A customer? I prithee, bear some charity to my wit,\ndo not think it so unwholesome. Ha, ha, ha!\n\nOTHELLO.\nSo, so, so, so. They laugh that wins.\n\nIAGO.\nFaith, the cry goes that you shall marry her.\n\nCASSIO.\nPrithee say true.\n\nIAGO.\nI am a very villain else.\n\nOTHELLO.\nHave you scored me? Well.\n\nCASSIO.\nThis is the monkey’s own giving out. She is persuaded I will marry her,\nout of her own love and flattery, not out of my promise.\n\nOTHELLO.\nIago beckons me. Now he begins the story.\n\nCASSIO.\nShe was here even now. She haunts me in every place. I was the other\nday talking on the sea-bank with certain Venetians, and thither comes\nthe bauble, and falls thus about my neck.\n\nOTHELLO.\nCrying, “O dear Cassio!” as it were: his gesture imports it.\n\nCASSIO.\nSo hangs, and lolls, and weeps upon me; so hales and pulls me. Ha, ha,\nha!\n\nOTHELLO.\nNow he tells how she plucked him to my chamber. O, I see that nose of\nyours, but not that dog I shall throw it to.\n\nCASSIO.\nWell, I must leave her company.\n\nIAGO.\nBefore me! look where she comes.\n\nEnter Bianca.\n\nCASSIO.\n’Tis such another fitchew! Marry, a perfum’d one.\nWhat do you mean by this haunting of me?\n\nBIANCA.\nLet the devil and his dam haunt you! What did you mean by that same\nhandkerchief you gave me even now? I was a fine fool to take it. I must\ntake out the work? A likely piece of work, that you should find it in\nyour chamber and not know who left it there! This is some minx’s token,\nand I must take out the work? There, give it your hobby-horse.\nWheresoever you had it, I’ll take out no work on’t.\n\nCASSIO.\nHow now, my sweet Bianca? How now, how now?\n\nOTHELLO.\nBy heaven, that should be my handkerchief!\n\nBIANCA.\nIf you’ll come to supper tonight, you may. If you will not, come when\nyou are next prepared for.\n\n[_Exit._]\n\nIAGO.\nAfter her, after her.\n\nCASSIO.\nFaith, I must; she’ll rail in the street else.\n\nIAGO.\nWill you sup there?\n\nCASSIO.\nFaith, I intend so.\n\nIAGO.\nWell, I may chance to see you, for I would very fain speak with you.\n\nCASSIO.\nPrithee come, will you?\n\nIAGO.\nGo to; say no more.\n\n[_Exit Cassio._]\n\nOTHELLO.\n[_Coming forward._] How shall I murder him, Iago?\n\nIAGO.\nDid you perceive how he laughed at his vice?\n\nOTHELLO.\nO Iago!\n\nIAGO.\nAnd did you see the handkerchief?\n\nOTHELLO.\nWas that mine?\n\nIAGO.\nYours, by this hand: and to see how he prizes the foolish woman your\nwife! she gave it him, and he hath given it his whore.\n\nOTHELLO.\nI would have him nine years a-killing. A fine woman, a fair woman, a\nsweet woman!\n\nIAGO.\nNay, you must forget that.\n\nOTHELLO.\nAy, let her rot, and perish, and be damned tonight, for she shall not\nlive. No, my heart is turned to stone; I strike it, and it hurts my\nhand. O, the world hath not a sweeter creature. She might lie by an\nemperor’s side, and command him tasks.\n\nIAGO.\nNay, that’s not your way.\n\nOTHELLO.\nHang her, I do but say what she is. So delicate with her needle, an\nadmirable musician! O, she will sing the savageness out of a bear! Of\nso high and plenteous wit and invention!\n\nIAGO.\nShe’s the worse for all this.\n\nOTHELLO.\nO, a thousand, a thousand times: and then of so gentle a condition!\n\nIAGO.\nAy, too gentle.\n\nOTHELLO.\nNay, that’s certain. But yet the pity of it, Iago! O Iago, the pity of\nit, Iago!\n\nIAGO.\nIf you are so fond over her iniquity, give her patent to offend, for if\nit touch not you, it comes near nobody.\n\nOTHELLO.\nI will chop her into messes. Cuckold me!\n\nIAGO.\nO, ’tis foul in her.\n\nOTHELLO.\nWith mine officer!\n\nIAGO.\nThat’s fouler.\n\nOTHELLO.\nGet me some poison, Iago; this night. I’ll not expostulate with her,\nlest her body and beauty unprovide my mind again. This night, Iago.\n\nIAGO.\nDo it not with poison, strangle her in her bed, even the bed she hath\ncontaminated.\n\nOTHELLO.\nGood, good. The justice of it pleases. Very good.\n\nIAGO.\nAnd for Cassio, let me be his undertaker. You shall hear more by\nmidnight.\n\nOTHELLO.\nExcellent good. [_A trumpet within._] What trumpet is that same?\n\nEnter Lodovico, Desdemona and Attendant.\n\nIAGO.\nSomething from Venice, sure. ’Tis Lodovico\nCome from the duke. See, your wife is with him.\n\nLODOVICO.\nSave you, worthy general!\n\nOTHELLO.\nWith all my heart, sir.\n\nLODOVICO.\nThe duke and senators of Venice greet you.\n\n[_Gives him a packet._]\n\nOTHELLO.\nI kiss the instrument of their pleasures.\n\n[_Opens the packet and reads._]\n\nDESDEMONA.\nAnd what’s the news, good cousin Lodovico?\n\nIAGO.\nI am very glad to see you, signior.\nWelcome to Cyprus.\n\nLODOVICO.\nI thank you. How does Lieutenant Cassio?\n\nIAGO.\nLives, sir.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nCousin, there’s fall’n between him and my lord\nAn unkind breach, but you shall make all well.\n\nOTHELLO.\nAre you sure of that?\n\nDESDEMONA.\nMy lord?\n\nOTHELLO.\n[_Reads._] “This fail you not to do, as you will—”\n\nLODOVICO.\nHe did not call; he’s busy in the paper.\nIs there division ’twixt my lord and Cassio?\n\nDESDEMONA.\nA most unhappy one. I would do much\nTo atone them, for the love I bear to Cassio.\n\nOTHELLO.\nFire and brimstone!\n\nDESDEMONA.\nMy lord?\n\nOTHELLO.\nAre you wise?\n\nDESDEMONA.\nWhat, is he angry?\n\nLODOVICO.\nMay be the letter mov’d him;\nFor, as I think, they do command him home,\nDeputing Cassio in his government.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nTrust me, I am glad on’t.\n\nOTHELLO.\nIndeed!\n\nDESDEMONA.\nMy lord?\n\nOTHELLO.\nI am glad to see you mad.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nWhy, sweet Othello?\n\nOTHELLO.\nDevil!\n\n[_Striking her._]\n\nDESDEMONA.\nI have not deserv’d this.\n\nLODOVICO.\nMy lord, this would not be believ’d in Venice,\nThough I should swear I saw’t: ’tis very much.\nMake her amends. She weeps.\n\nOTHELLO.\nO devil, devil!\nIf that the earth could teem with woman’s tears,\nEach drop she falls would prove a crocodile.\nOut of my sight!\n\nDESDEMONA.\nI will not stay to offend you.\n\n[_Going._]\n\nLODOVICO.\nTruly, an obedient lady.\nI do beseech your lordship, call her back.\n\nOTHELLO.\nMistress!\n\nDESDEMONA.\nMy lord?\n\nOTHELLO.\nWhat would you with her, sir?\n\nLODOVICO.\nWho, I, my lord?\n\nOTHELLO.\nAy, you did wish that I would make her turn.\nSir, she can turn, and turn, and yet go on,\nAnd turn again. And she can weep, sir, weep;\nAnd she’s obedient, as you say, obedient,\nVery obedient. Proceed you in your tears.\nConcerning this, sir,—O well-painted passion!\nI am commanded home.—Get you away;\nI’ll send for you anon.—Sir, I obey the mandate,\nAnd will return to Venice.—Hence, avaunt!\n\n[_Exit Desdemona._]\n\nCassio shall have my place. And, sir, tonight,\nI do entreat that we may sup together.\nYou are welcome, sir, to Cyprus. Goats and monkeys!\n\n[_Exit._]\n\nLODOVICO.\nIs this the noble Moor, whom our full senate\nCall all in all sufficient? Is this the nature\nWhom passion could not shake? whose solid virtue\nThe shot of accident nor dart of chance\nCould neither graze nor pierce?\n\nIAGO.\nHe is much chang’d.\n\nLODOVICO.\nAre his wits safe? Is he not light of brain?\n\nIAGO.\nHe’s that he is. I may not breathe my censure\nWhat he might be. If what he might he is not,\nI would to heaven he were!\n\nLODOVICO.\nWhat, strike his wife?\n\nIAGO.\nFaith, that was not so well; yet would I knew\nThat stroke would prove the worst!\n\nLODOVICO.\nIs it his use?\nOr did the letters work upon his blood,\nAnd new-create this fault?\n\nIAGO.\nAlas, alas!\nIt is not honesty in me to speak\nWhat I have seen and known. You shall observe him,\nAnd his own courses will denote him so\nThat I may save my speech: do but go after,\nAnd mark how he continues.\n\nLODOVICO.\nI am sorry that I am deceiv’d in him.\n\n[_Exeunt._]\n\nSCENE II. Cyprus. A Room in the Castle.\n\nEnter Othello and Emilia.\n\nOTHELLO.\nYou have seen nothing, then?\n\nEMILIA.\nNor ever heard, nor ever did suspect.\n\nOTHELLO.\nYes, you have seen Cassio and she together.\n\nEMILIA.\nBut then I saw no harm, and then I heard\nEach syllable that breath made up between them.\n\nOTHELLO.\nWhat, did they never whisper?\n\nEMILIA.\nNever, my lord.\n\nOTHELLO.\nNor send you out o’ the way?\n\nEMILIA.\nNever.\n\nOTHELLO.\nTo fetch her fan, her gloves, her mask, nor nothing?\n\nEMILIA.\nNever, my lord.\n\nOTHELLO.\nThat’s strange.\n\nEMILIA.\nI durst, my lord, to wager she is honest,\nLay down my soul at stake: if you think other,\nRemove your thought, it doth abuse your bosom.\nIf any wretch have put this in your head,\nLet heaven requite it with the serpent’s curse,\nFor if she be not honest, chaste, and true,\nThere’s no man happy. The purest of their wives\nIs foul as slander.\n\nOTHELLO.\nBid her come hither. Go.\n\n[_Exit Emilia._]\n\nShe says enough. Yet she’s a simple bawd\nThat cannot say as much. This is a subtle whore,\nA closet lock and key of villainous secrets.\nAnd yet she’ll kneel and pray. I have seen her do ’t.\n\nEnter Desdemona and Emilia.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nMy lord, what is your will?\n\nOTHELLO.\nPray, chuck, come hither.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nWhat is your pleasure?\n\nOTHELLO.\nLet me see your eyes.\nLook in my face.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nWhat horrible fancy’s this?\n\nOTHELLO.\n[_To Emilia._] Some of your function, mistress,\nLeave procreants alone, and shut the door.\nCough, or cry hem, if anybody come.\nYour mystery, your mystery. Nay, dispatch.\n\n[_Exit Emilia._]\n\nDESDEMONA.\nUpon my knees, what doth your speech import?\nI understand a fury in your words,\nBut not the words.\n\nOTHELLO.\nWhy, what art thou?\n\nDESDEMONA.\nYour wife, my lord, your true and loyal wife.\n\nOTHELLO.\nCome, swear it, damn thyself,\nLest, being like one of heaven, the devils themselves\nShould fear to seize thee. Therefore be double-damn’d.\nSwear thou art honest.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nHeaven doth truly know it.\n\nOTHELLO.\nHeaven truly knows that thou art false as hell.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nTo whom, my lord? With whom? How am I false?\n\nOTHELLO.\nO Desdemona, away! away! away!\n\nDESDEMONA.\nAlas the heavy day, why do you weep?\nAm I the motive of these tears, my lord?\nIf haply you my father do suspect\nAn instrument of this your calling back,\nLay not your blame on me. If you have lost him,\nWhy, I have lost him too.\n\nOTHELLO.\nHad it pleas’d heaven\nTo try me with affliction, had they rain’d\nAll kinds of sores and shames on my bare head,\nSteep’d me in poverty to the very lips,\nGiven to captivity me and my utmost hopes,\nI should have found in some place of my soul\nA drop of patience. But, alas, to make me\nA fixed figure for the time of scorn\nTo point his slow unmoving finger at.\nYet could I bear that too, well, very well:\nBut there, where I have garner’d up my heart,\nWhere either I must live or bear no life,\nThe fountain from the which my current runs,\nOr else dries up, to be discarded thence,\nOr keep it as a cistern for foul toads\nTo knot and gender in!—turn thy complexion there,\nPatience, thou young and rose-lipp’d cherubin,\nAy, there, look grim as hell!\n\nDESDEMONA.\nI hope my noble lord esteems me honest.\n\nOTHELLO.\nO, ay, as summer flies are in the shambles,\nThat quicken even with blowing. O thou weed,\nWho art so lovely fair, and smell’st so sweet,\nThat the sense aches at thee,\nWould thou hadst ne’er been born!\n\nDESDEMONA.\nAlas, what ignorant sin have I committed?\n\nOTHELLO.\nWas this fair paper, this most goodly book,\nMade to write “whore” upon? What committed?\nCommitted! O thou public commoner!\nI should make very forges of my cheeks,\nThat would to cinders burn up modesty,\nDid I but speak thy deeds. What committed!\nHeaven stops the nose at it, and the moon winks;\nThe bawdy wind, that kisses all it meets,\nIs hush’d within the hollow mine of earth,\nAnd will not hear it. What committed!\nImpudent strumpet!\n\nDESDEMONA.\nBy heaven, you do me wrong.\n\nOTHELLO.\nAre not you a strumpet?\n\nDESDEMONA.\nNo, as I am a Christian:\nIf to preserve this vessel for my lord\nFrom any other foul unlawful touch\nBe not to be a strumpet, I am none.\n\nOTHELLO.\nWhat, not a whore?\n\nDESDEMONA.\nNo, as I shall be sav’d.\n\nOTHELLO.\nIs’t possible?\n\nDESDEMONA.\nO, heaven forgive us!\n\nOTHELLO.\nI cry you mercy then.\nI took you for that cunning whore of Venice\nThat married with Othello.—You, mistress,\n\nEnter Emilia.\n\nThat have the office opposite to Saint Peter,\nAnd keeps the gate of hell. You, you, ay, you!\nWe have done our course; there’s money for your pains.\nI pray you turn the key, and keep our counsel.\n\n[_Exit._]\n\nEMILIA.\nAlas, what does this gentleman conceive?\nHow do you, madam? How do you, my good lady?\n\nDESDEMONA.\nFaith, half asleep.\n\nEMILIA.\nGood madam, what’s the matter with my lord?\n\nDESDEMONA.\nWith who?\n\nEMILIA.\nWhy, with my lord, madam.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nWho is thy lord?\n\nEMILIA.\nHe that is yours, sweet lady.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nI have none. Do not talk to me, Emilia,\nI cannot weep, nor answer have I none\nBut what should go by water. Prithee, tonight\nLay on my bed my wedding sheets, remember,\nAnd call thy husband hither.\n\nEMILIA.\nHere’s a change indeed!\n\n[_Exit._]\n\nDESDEMONA.\n’Tis meet I should be us’d so, very meet.\nHow have I been behav’d, that he might stick\nThe small’st opinion on my least misuse?\n\nEnter Iago and Emilia.\n\nIAGO.\nWhat is your pleasure, madam? How is’t with you?\n\nDESDEMONA.\nI cannot tell. Those that do teach young babes\nDo it with gentle means and easy tasks.\nHe might have chid me so, for, in good faith,\nI am a child to chiding.\n\nIAGO.\nWhat’s the matter, lady?\n\nEMILIA.\nAlas, Iago, my lord hath so bewhor’d her,\nThrown such despite and heavy terms upon her,\nAs true hearts cannot bear.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nAm I that name, Iago?\n\nIAGO.\nWhat name, fair lady?\n\nDESDEMONA.\nSuch as she says my lord did say I was.\n\nEMILIA.\nHe call’d her whore: a beggar in his drink\nCould not have laid such terms upon his callet.\n\nIAGO.\nWhy did he so?\n\nDESDEMONA.\nI do not know. I am sure I am none such.\n\nIAGO.\nDo not weep, do not weep: alas the day!\n\nEMILIA.\nHath she forsook so many noble matches,\nHer father, and her country, and her friends,\nTo be call’d whore? would it not make one weep?\n\nDESDEMONA.\nIt is my wretched fortune.\n\nIAGO.\nBeshrew him for’t!\nHow comes this trick upon him?\n\nDESDEMONA.\nNay, heaven doth know.\n\nEMILIA.\nI will be hang’d, if some eternal villain,\nSome busy and insinuating rogue,\nSome cogging, cozening slave, to get some office,\nHave not devis’d this slander. I’ll be hang’d else.\n\nIAGO.\nFie, there is no such man. It is impossible.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nIf any such there be, heaven pardon him!\n\nEMILIA.\nA halter pardon him, and hell gnaw his bones!\nWhy should he call her whore? who keeps her company?\nWhat place? what time? what form? what likelihood?\nThe Moor’s abused by some most villainous knave,\nSome base notorious knave, some scurvy fellow.\nO heaven, that such companions thou’dst unfold,\nAnd put in every honest hand a whip\nTo lash the rascals naked through the world\nEven from the east to the west!\n\nIAGO.\nSpeak within door.\n\nEMILIA.\nO, fie upon them! Some such squire he was\nThat turn’d your wit the seamy side without,\nAnd made you to suspect me with the Moor.\n\nIAGO.\nYou are a fool. Go to.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nAlas, Iago,\nWhat shall I do to win my lord again?\nGood friend, go to him. For by this light of heaven,\nI know not how I lost him. Here I kneel.\nIf e’er my will did trespass ’gainst his love,\nEither in discourse of thought or actual deed,\nOr that mine eyes, mine ears, or any sense,\nDelighted them in any other form,\nOr that I do not yet, and ever did,\nAnd ever will, (though he do shake me off\nTo beggarly divorcement) love him dearly,\nComfort forswear me! Unkindness may do much;\nAnd his unkindness may defeat my life,\nBut never taint my love. I cannot say “whore,”\nIt does abhor me now I speak the word;\nTo do the act that might the addition earn\nNot the world’s mass of vanity could make me.\n\nIAGO.\nI pray you, be content. ’Tis but his humour.\nThe business of the state does him offence,\nAnd he does chide with you.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nIf ’twere no other,—\n\nIAGO.\n’Tis but so, I warrant.\n\n[_Trumpets within._]\n\nHark, how these instruments summon to supper.\nThe messengers of Venice stay the meat.\nGo in, and weep not. All things shall be well.\n\n[_Exeunt Desdemona and Emilia._]\n\nEnter Roderigo.\n\nHow now, Roderigo?\n\nRODERIGO.\nI do not find that thou dealest justly with me.\n\nIAGO.\nWhat in the contrary?\n\nRODERIGO.\nEvery day thou daffest me with some device, Iago, and rather, as it\nseems to me now, keepest from me all conveniency than suppliest me with\nthe least advantage of hope. I will indeed no longer endure it. Nor am\nI yet persuaded to put up in peace what already I have foolishly\nsuffered.\n\nIAGO.\nWill you hear me, Roderigo?\n\nRODERIGO.\nFaith, I have heard too much, for your words and performances are no\nkin together.\n\nIAGO.\nYou charge me most unjustly.\n\nRODERIGO.\nWith naught but truth. I have wasted myself out of my means. The jewels\nyou have had from me to deliver to Desdemona would half have corrupted\na votarist: you have told me she hath received them, and returned me\nexpectations and comforts of sudden respect and acquaintance, but I\nfind none.\n\nIAGO.\nWell, go to, very well.\n\nRODERIGO.\nVery well, go to, I cannot go to, man, nor ’tis not very well. Nay, I\nsay ’tis very scurvy, and begin to find myself fopped in it.\n\nIAGO.\nVery well.\n\nRODERIGO.\nI tell you ’tis not very well. I will make myself known to Desdemona.\nIf she will return me my jewels, I will give over my suit and repent my\nunlawful solicitation. If not, assure yourself I will seek satisfaction\nof you.\n\nIAGO.\nYou have said now.\n\nRODERIGO.\nAy, and said nothing but what I protest intendment of doing.\n\nIAGO.\nWhy, now I see there’s mettle in thee, and even from this instant do\nbuild on thee a better opinion than ever before. Give me thy hand,\nRoderigo. Thou hast taken against me a most just exception, but yet I\nprotest, I have dealt most directly in thy affair.\n\nRODERIGO.\nIt hath not appeared.\n\nIAGO.\nI grant indeed it hath not appeared, and your suspicion is not without\nwit and judgement. But, Roderigo, if thou hast that in thee indeed,\nwhich I have greater reason to believe now than ever,—I mean purpose,\ncourage, and valour,—this night show it. If thou the next night\nfollowing enjoy not Desdemona, take me from this world with treachery\nand devise engines for my life.\n\nRODERIGO.\nWell, what is it? Is it within reason and compass?\n\nIAGO.\nSir, there is especial commission come from Venice to depute Cassio in\nOthello’s place.\n\nRODERIGO.\nIs that true? Why then Othello and Desdemona return again to Venice.\n\nIAGO.\nO, no; he goes into Mauritania, and takes away with him the fair\nDesdemona, unless his abode be lingered here by some accident: wherein\nnone can be so determinate as the removing of Cassio.\n\nRODERIGO.\nHow do you mean “removing” of him?\n\nIAGO.\nWhy, by making him uncapable of Othello’s place: knocking out his\nbrains.\n\nRODERIGO.\nAnd that you would have me to do?\n\nIAGO.\nAy, if you dare do yourself a profit and a right. He sups tonight with\na harlotry, and thither will I go to him. He knows not yet of his\nhonourable fortune. If you will watch his going thence, which I will\nfashion to fall out between twelve and one, you may take him at your\npleasure: I will be near to second your attempt, and he shall fall\nbetween us. Come, stand not amazed at it, but go along with me. I will\nshow you such a necessity in his death that you shall think yourself\nbound to put it on him. It is now high supper-time, and the night grows\nto waste. About it.\n\nRODERIGO.\nI will hear further reason for this.\n\nIAGO.\nAnd you shall be satisfied.\n\n[_Exeunt._]\n\nSCENE III. Cyprus. Another Room in the Castle.\n\nEnter Othello, Lodovico, Desdemona, Emilia and Attendants.\n\nLODOVICO.\nI do beseech you, sir, trouble yourself no further.\n\nOTHELLO.\nO, pardon me; ’twill do me good to walk.\n\nLODOVICO.\nMadam, good night. I humbly thank your ladyship.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nYour honour is most welcome.\n\nOTHELLO.\nWill you walk, sir?—\nO, Desdemona,—\n\nDESDEMONA.\nMy lord?\n\nOTHELLO.\nGet you to bed on th’ instant, I will be return’d forthwith. Dismiss\nyour attendant there. Look ’t be done.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nI will, my lord.\n\n[_Exeunt Othello, Lodovico and Attendants._]\n\nEMILIA.\nHow goes it now? He looks gentler than he did.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nHe says he will return incontinent,\nHe hath commanded me to go to bed,\nAnd bade me to dismiss you.\n\nEMILIA.\nDismiss me?\n\nDESDEMONA.\nIt was his bidding. Therefore, good Emilia,\nGive me my nightly wearing, and adieu.\nWe must not now displease him.\n\nEMILIA.\nI would you had never seen him!\n\nDESDEMONA.\nSo would not I. My love doth so approve him,\nThat even his stubbornness, his checks, his frowns,—\nPrithee, unpin me,—have grace and favour in them.\n\nEMILIA.\nI have laid those sheets you bade me on the bed.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nAll’s one. Good faith, how foolish are our minds!\nIf I do die before thee, prithee, shroud me\nIn one of those same sheets.\n\nEMILIA.\nCome, come, you talk.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nMy mother had a maid call’d Barbary,\nShe was in love, and he she lov’d prov’d mad\nAnd did forsake her. She had a song of “willow”,\nAn old thing ’twas, but it express’d her fortune,\nAnd she died singing it. That song tonight\nWill not go from my mind. I have much to do\nBut to go hang my head all at one side\nAnd sing it like poor Barbary. Prithee dispatch.\n\nEMILIA.\nShall I go fetch your night-gown?\n\nDESDEMONA.\nNo, unpin me here.\nThis Lodovico is a proper man.\n\nEMILIA.\nA very handsome man.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nHe speaks well.\n\nEMILIA.\nI know a lady in Venice would have walked barefoot to Palestine for a\ntouch of his nether lip.\n\nDESDEMONA.\n[_Singing._]\n    _The poor soul sat sighing by a sycamore tree,\n        Sing all a green willow.\n    Her hand on her bosom, her head on her knee,\n        Sing willow, willow, willow.\n    The fresh streams ran by her, and murmur’d her moans,\n        Sing willow, willow, willow;\n    Her salt tears fell from her, and soften’d the stones;—_\n\nLay by these:—\n\n[_Sings._]\n        _Sing willow, willow, willow._\n\nPrithee hie thee. He’ll come anon.\n\n[_Sings._]\n    _Sing all a green willow must be my garland.\nLet nobody blame him, his scorn I approve,—_\n\nNay, that’s not next. Hark! who is’t that knocks?\n\nEMILIA.\nIt’s the wind.\n\nDESDEMONA.\n[_Sings._]\n    _I call’d my love false love; but what said he then?\n        Sing willow, willow, willow:\n    If I court mo women, you’ll couch with mo men._\n\nSo get thee gone; good night. Mine eyes do itch;\nDoth that bode weeping?\n\nEMILIA.\n’Tis neither here nor there.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nI have heard it said so. O, these men, these men!\nDost thou in conscience think,—tell me, Emilia,—\nThat there be women do abuse their husbands\nIn such gross kind?\n\nEMILIA.\nThere be some such, no question.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nWouldst thou do such a deed for all the world?\n\nEMILIA.\nWhy, would not you?\n\nDESDEMONA.\nNo, by this heavenly light!\n\nEMILIA.\nNor I neither by this heavenly light,\nI might do’t as well i’ the dark.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nWouldst thou do such a deed for all the world?\n\nEMILIA.\nThe world’s a huge thing. It is a great price\nFor a small vice.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nIn troth, I think thou wouldst not.\n\nEMILIA.\nIn troth, I think I should, and undo’t when I had done. Marry, I would\nnot do such a thing for a joint-ring, nor for measures of lawn, nor for\ngowns, petticoats, nor caps, nor any petty exhibition; but, for the\nwhole world—why, who would not make her husband a cuckold to make him a\nmonarch? I should venture purgatory for ’t.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nBeshrew me, if I would do such a wrong for the whole world.\n\nEMILIA.\nWhy, the wrong is but a wrong i’ the world; and having the world for\nyour labour, ’tis a wrong in your own world, and you might quickly make\nit right.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nI do not think there is any such woman.\n\nEMILIA.\nYes, a dozen; and as many to the vantage as would store the world they\nplayed for.\nBut I do think it is their husbands’ faults\nIf wives do fall: say that they slack their duties,\nAnd pour our treasures into foreign laps;\nOr else break out in peevish jealousies,\nThrowing restraint upon us. Or say they strike us,\nOr scant our former having in despite.\nWhy, we have galls; and though we have some grace,\nYet have we some revenge. Let husbands know\nTheir wives have sense like them: they see, and smell\nAnd have their palates both for sweet and sour,\nAs husbands have. What is it that they do\nWhen they change us for others? Is it sport?\nI think it is. And doth affection breed it?\nI think it doth. Is’t frailty that thus errs?\nIt is so too. And have not we affections,\nDesires for sport, and frailty, as men have?\nThen let them use us well: else let them know,\nThe ills we do, their ills instruct us so.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nGood night, good night. Heaven me such usage send,\nNot to pick bad from bad, but by bad mend!\n\n[_Exeunt._]\n\n\n\n\nACT V\n\nSCENE I. Cyprus. A Street.\n\n\nEnter Iago and Roderigo.\n\nIAGO.\nHere, stand behind this bulk. Straight will he come.\nWear thy good rapier bare, and put it home.\nQuick, quick, fear nothing; I’ll be at thy elbow.\nIt makes us, or it mars us, think on that,\nAnd fix most firm thy resolution.\n\nRODERIGO.\nBe near at hand, I may miscarry in ’t.\n\nIAGO.\nHere, at thy hand. Be bold, and take thy stand.\n\n[_Retires to a little distance._]\n\nRODERIGO.\nI have no great devotion to the deed;\nAnd yet he hath given me satisfying reasons.\n’Tis but a man gone. Forth, my sword; he dies.\n\n[_Goes to his stand._]\n\nIAGO.\nI have rubb’d this young quat almost to the sense,\nAnd he grows angry. Now, whether he kill Cassio,\nOr Cassio him, or each do kill the other,\nEvery way makes my gain. Live Roderigo,\nHe calls me to a restitution large\nOf gold and jewels that I bobb’d from him,\nAs gifts to Desdemona.\nIt must not be. If Cassio do remain,\nHe hath a daily beauty in his life\nThat makes me ugly. And besides, the Moor\nMay unfold me to him; there stand I in much peril.\nNo, he must die. But so, I hear him coming.\n\nEnter Cassio.\n\nRODERIGO.\nI know his gait; ’tis he. Villain, thou diest!\n\n[_Rushes out, and makes a pass at Cassio._]\n\nCASSIO.\nThat thrust had been mine enemy indeed,\nBut that my coat is better than thou know’st.\nI will make proof of thine.\n\n[_Draws, and wounds Roderigo._]\n\nRODERIGO.\nO, I am slain!\n\n[_Iago rushes from his post, cuts Cassio behind in the leg, and exit._]\n\nCASSIO.\nI am maim’d forever. Help, ho! murder, murder!\n\n[_Falls._]\n\nEnter Othello.\n\nOTHELLO.\nThe voice of Cassio. Iago keeps his word.\n\nRODERIGO.\nO, villain that I am!\n\nOTHELLO.\nIt is even so.\n\nCASSIO.\nO, help, ho! light! a surgeon!\n\nOTHELLO.\n’Tis he. O brave Iago, honest and just,\nThat hast such noble sense of thy friend’s wrong!\nThou teachest me,—minion, your dear lies dead,\nAnd your unbless’d fate hies. Strumpet, I come!\nForth of my heart those charms, thine eyes, are blotted;\nThy bed, lust-stain’d, shall with lust’s blood be spotted.\n\n[_Exit._]\n\nEnter Lodovico and Gratiano.\n\nCASSIO.\nWhat, ho! No watch? No passage? murder, murder!\n\nGRATIANO.\n’Tis some mischance; the cry is very direful.\n\nCASSIO.\nO, help!\n\nLODOVICO.\nHark!\n\nRODERIGO.\nO wretched villain!\n\nLODOVICO.\nTwo or three groan. It is a heavy night.\nThese may be counterfeits. Let’s think’t unsafe\nTo come in to the cry without more help.\n\nRODERIGO.\nNobody come? Then shall I bleed to death.\n\nEnter Iago with a light.\n\nLODOVICO.\nHark!\n\nGRATIANO.\nHere’s one comes in his shirt, with light and weapons.\n\nIAGO.\nWho’s there? Whose noise is this that cries on murder?\n\nLODOVICO.\nWe do not know.\n\nIAGO.\nDid not you hear a cry?\n\nCASSIO.\nHere, here! for heaven’s sake, help me!\n\nIAGO.\nWhat’s the matter?\n\nGRATIANO.\nThis is Othello’s ancient, as I take it.\n\nLODOVICO.\nThe same indeed, a very valiant fellow.\n\nIAGO.\nWhat are you here that cry so grievously?\n\nCASSIO.\nIago? O, I am spoil’d, undone by villains!\nGive me some help.\n\nIAGO.\nO me, lieutenant! What villains have done this?\n\nCASSIO.\nI think that one of them is hereabout,\nAnd cannot make away.\n\nIAGO.\nO treacherous villains!\n[_To Lodovico and Gratiano._] What are you there?\nCome in and give some help.\n\nRODERIGO.\nO, help me here!\n\nCASSIO.\nThat’s one of them.\n\nIAGO.\nO murderous slave! O villain!\n\n[_Stabs Roderigo._]\n\nRODERIGO.\nO damn’d Iago! O inhuman dog!\n\nIAGO.\nKill men i’ the dark! Where be these bloody thieves?\nHow silent is this town! Ho! murder! murder!\nWhat may you be? Are you of good or evil?\n\nLODOVICO.\nAs you shall prove us, praise us.\n\nIAGO.\nSignior Lodovico?\n\nLODOVICO.\nHe, sir.\n\nIAGO.\nI cry you mercy. Here’s Cassio hurt by villains.\n\nGRATIANO.\nCassio!\n\nIAGO.\nHow is’t, brother?\n\nCASSIO.\nMy leg is cut in two.\n\nIAGO.\nMarry, heaven forbid!\nLight, gentlemen, I’ll bind it with my shirt.\n\nEnter Bianca.\n\nBIANCA.\nWhat is the matter, ho? Who is’t that cried?\n\nIAGO.\nWho is’t that cried?\n\nBIANCA.\nO my dear Cassio, my sweet Cassio! O Cassio, Cassio, Cassio!\n\nIAGO.\nO notable strumpet! Cassio, may you suspect\nWho they should be that have thus mangled you?\n\nCASSIO.\nNo.\n\nGRATIANO.\nI am sorry to find you thus; I have been to seek you.\n\nIAGO.\nLend me a garter. So.—O, for a chair,\nTo bear him easily hence!\n\nBIANCA.\nAlas, he faints! O Cassio, Cassio, Cassio!\n\nIAGO.\nGentlemen all, I do suspect this trash\nTo be a party in this injury.\nPatience awhile, good Cassio. Come, come;\nLend me a light. Know we this face or no?\nAlas, my friend and my dear countryman\nRoderigo? No. Yes, sure; O heaven! Roderigo.\n\nGRATIANO.\nWhat, of Venice?\n\nIAGO.\nEven he, sir. Did you know him?\n\nGRATIANO.\nKnow him? Ay.\n\nIAGO.\nSignior Gratiano? I cry you gentle pardon.\nThese bloody accidents must excuse my manners,\nThat so neglected you.\n\nGRATIANO.\nI am glad to see you.\n\nIAGO.\nHow do you, Cassio? O, a chair, a chair!\n\nGRATIANO.\nRoderigo!\n\nIAGO.\nHe, he, ’tis he.\n\n[_A chair brought in._]\n\nO, that’s well said; the chair.\nSome good man bear him carefully from hence,\nI’ll fetch the general’s surgeon. [_To Bianca_] For you, mistress,\nSave you your labour. He that lies slain here, Cassio,\nWas my dear friend. What malice was between you?\n\nCASSIO.\nNone in the world. Nor do I know the man.\n\nIAGO.\n[_To Bianca._] What, look you pale?—O, bear him out o’ the air.\n\n[_Cassio and Roderigo are borne off._]\n\nStay you, good gentlemen.—Look you pale, mistress?\nDo you perceive the gastness of her eye?\nNay, if you stare, we shall hear more anon.\nBehold her well. I pray you, look upon her.\nDo you see, gentlemen? Nay, guiltiness will speak\nThough tongues were out of use.\n\nEnter Emilia.\n\nEMILIA.\n’Las, what’s the matter? What’s the matter, husband?\n\nIAGO.\nCassio hath here been set on in the dark\nBy Roderigo, and fellows that are ’scap’d.\nHe’s almost slain, and Roderigo dead.\n\nEMILIA.\nAlas, good gentleman! alas, good Cassio!\n\nIAGO.\nThis is the fruit of whoring. Prithee, Emilia,\nGo know of Cassio where he supp’d tonight.\nWhat, do you shake at that?\n\nBIANCA.\nHe supp’d at my house, but I therefore shake not.\n\nIAGO.\nO, did he so? I charge you go with me.\n\nEMILIA.\nFie, fie upon thee, strumpet!\n\nBIANCA.\nI am no strumpet, but of life as honest\nAs you that thus abuse me.\n\nEMILIA.\nAs I? Foh! fie upon thee!\n\nIAGO.\nKind gentlemen, let’s go see poor Cassio dress’d.\nCome, mistress, you must tell’s another tale.\nEmilia, run you to the citadel,\nAnd tell my lord and lady what hath happ’d.\nWill you go on afore? [_Aside._] This is the night\nThat either makes me or fordoes me quite.\n\n[_Exeunt._]\n\nSCENE II. Cyprus. A Bedchamber in the castle.\n\nDesdemona in bed asleep; a light burning.\n\nEnter Othello.\n\nOTHELLO.\nIt is the cause, it is the cause, my soul,\nLet me not name it to you, you chaste stars!\nIt is the cause. Yet I’ll not shed her blood,\nNor scar that whiter skin of hers than snow,\nAnd smooth as monumental alabaster.\nYet she must die, else she’ll betray more men.\nPut out the light, and then put out the light:\nIf I quench thee, thou flaming minister,\nI can again thy former light restore,\nShould I repent me. But once put out thy light,\nThou cunning’st pattern of excelling nature,\nI know not where is that Promethean heat\nThat can thy light relume. When I have pluck’d thy rose,\nI cannot give it vital growth again,\nIt must needs wither. I’ll smell it on the tree.\n\n[_Kissing her._]\n\nO, balmy breath, that dost almost persuade\nJustice to break her sword! One more, one more.\nBe thus when thou art dead, and I will kill thee,\nAnd love thee after. One more, and this the last.\nSo sweet was ne’er so fatal. I must weep,\nBut they are cruel tears. This sorrow’s heavenly,\nIt strikes where it doth love. She wakes.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nWho’s there? Othello?\n\nOTHELLO.\nAy, Desdemona.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nWill you come to bed, my lord?\n\nOTHELLO.\nHave you pray’d tonight, Desdemona?\n\nDESDEMONA.\nAy, my lord.\n\nOTHELLO.\nIf you bethink yourself of any crime\nUnreconcil’d as yet to heaven and grace,\nSolicit for it straight.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nAlack, my lord, what may you mean by that?\n\nOTHELLO.\nWell, do it, and be brief, I will walk by.\nI would not kill thy unprepared spirit,\nNo, heaven forfend! I would not kill thy soul.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nTalk you of killing?\n\nOTHELLO.\nAy, I do.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nThen heaven have mercy on me!\n\nOTHELLO.\nAmen, with all my heart!\n\nDESDEMONA.\nIf you say so, I hope you will not kill me.\n\nOTHELLO.\nHum!\n\nDESDEMONA.\nAnd yet I fear you, for you are fatal then\nWhen your eyes roll so: why I should fear I know not,\nSince guiltiness I know not, but yet I feel I fear.\n\nOTHELLO.\nThink on thy sins.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nThey are loves I bear to you.\n\nOTHELLO.\nAy, and for that thou diest.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nThat death’s unnatural that kills for loving.\nAlas, why gnaw you so your nether lip?\nSome bloody passion shakes your very frame.\nThese are portents; but yet I hope, I hope,\nThey do not point on me.\n\nOTHELLO.\nPeace, and be still!\n\nDESDEMONA.\nI will so. What’s the matter?\n\nOTHELLO.\nThat handkerchief which I so loved and gave thee,\nThou gav’st to Cassio.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nNo, by my life and soul!\nSend for the man and ask him.\n\nOTHELLO.\nSweet soul, take heed, take heed of perjury,\nThou’rt on thy death-bed.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nAy, but not yet to die.\n\nOTHELLO.\nYes, presently:\nTherefore confess thee freely of thy sin.\nFor to deny each article with oath\nCannot remove nor choke the strong conception\nThat I do groan withal. Thou art to die.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nThen, Lord have mercy on me!\n\nOTHELLO.\nI say, amen.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nAnd have you mercy too! I never did\nOffend you in my life,\t never lov’d Cassio\nBut with such general warranty of heaven\nAs I might love. I never gave him token.\n\nOTHELLO.\nBy heaven, I saw my handkerchief in ’s hand.\nO perjur’d woman, thou dost stone my heart,\nAnd mak’st me call what I intend to do\nA murder, which I thought a sacrifice.\nI saw the handkerchief.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nHe found it then.\nI never gave it him. Send for him hither.\nLet him confess a truth.\n\nOTHELLO.\nHe hath confess’d.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nWhat, my lord?\n\nOTHELLO.\nThat he hath us’d thee.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nHow? Unlawfully?\n\nOTHELLO.\nAy.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nHe will not say so.\n\nOTHELLO.\nNo, his mouth is stopp’d.\nHonest Iago hath ta’en order for ’t.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nO, my fear interprets! What, is he dead?\n\nOTHELLO.\nHad all his hairs been lives, my great revenge\nHad stomach for them all.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nAlas, he is betray’d, and I undone!\n\nOTHELLO.\nOut, strumpet! Weep’st thou for him to my face?\n\nDESDEMONA.\nO, banish me, my lord, but kill me not!\n\nOTHELLO.\nDown, strumpet!\n\nDESDEMONA.\nKill me tomorrow, let me live tonight!\n\nOTHELLO.\nNay, if you strive,—\n\nDESDEMONA.\nBut half an hour!\n\nOTHELLO.\nBeing done, there is no pause.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nBut while I say one prayer!\n\nOTHELLO.\nIt is too late.\n\n[_Smothers her._]\n\nEMILIA.\n[_Within._] My lord, my lord! what, ho! my lord, my lord!\n\nOTHELLO.\nWhat noise is this? Not dead? Not yet quite dead?\nI that am cruel am yet merciful,\nI would not have thee linger in thy pain.\nSo, so.\n\nEMILIA.\n[_Within._] What, ho! my lord, my lord!\n\nOTHELLO.\nWho’s there?\n\nEMILIA.\n[_Within._] O, good my lord, I would speak a word with you!\n\nOTHELLO.\nYes. ’Tis Emilia, by and by. She’s dead.\n’Tis like she comes to speak of Cassio’s death;\nThe noise was high.—Ha! no more moving?\nStill as the grave. Shall she come in? Were’t good?\nI think she stirs again; no. What’s best to do?\nIf she come in, she’ll sure speak to my wife.\nMy wife! my wife! what wife? I have no wife.\nO, insupportable! O heavy hour!\nMethinks it should be now a huge eclipse\nOf sun and moon, and that the affrighted globe\nShould yawn at alteration.\n\nEMILIA.\n[_Within._] I do beseech you\nThat I may speak with you, O, good my lord!\n\nOTHELLO.\nI had forgot thee: O, come in, Emilia.\nSoft, by and by; let me the curtains draw.\nWhere art thou?\n\n[_Unlocks the door._]\n\nEnter Emilia.\n\nWhat’s the matter with thee now?\n\nEMILIA.\nO, my good lord, yonder’s foul murders done!\n\nOTHELLO.\nWhat, now?\n\nEMILIA.\nBut now, my lord.\n\nOTHELLO.\nIt is the very error of the moon,\nShe comes more nearer earth than she was wont\nAnd makes men mad.\n\nEMILIA.\nCassio, my lord, hath kill’d a young Venetian\nCall’d Roderigo.\n\nOTHELLO.\nRoderigo kill’d?\nAnd Cassio kill’d?\n\nEMILIA.\nNo, Cassio is not kill’d.\n\nOTHELLO.\nNot Cassio kill’d! Then murder’s out of tune,\nAnd sweet revenge grows harsh.\n\nDESDEMONA.\nO, falsely, falsely murder’d!\n\nEMILIA.\nAlas, what cry is that?\n\nOTHELLO.\nThat? What?\n\nEMILIA.\nOut, and alas! That was my lady’s voice.\nHelp! help, ho! help! O lady, speak again,\nSweet Desdemona! O sweet mistress, speak!\n\nDESDEMONA.\nA guiltless death I die.\n\nEMILIA.\nO, who hath done this deed?\n\nDESDEMONA.\nNobody; I myself. Farewell.\nCommend me to my kind lord. O, farewell!\n\n[_She dies._]\n\nOTHELLO.\nWhy, how should she be murder’d?\n\nEMILIA.\nAlas, who knows?\n\nOTHELLO.\nYou heard her say herself, it was not I.\n\nEMILIA.\nShe said so. I must needs report the truth.\n\nOTHELLO.\nShe’s like a liar, gone to burning hell.\n’Twas I that kill’d her.\n\nEMILIA.\nO, the more angel she,\nAnd you the blacker devil!\n\nOTHELLO.\nShe turn’d to folly, and she was a whore.\n\nEMILIA.\nThou dost belie her, and thou art a devil.\n\nOTHELLO.\nShe was false as water.\n\nEMILIA.\nThou art rash as fire, to say\nThat she was false: O, she was heavenly true!\n\nOTHELLO.\nCassio did top her; ask thy husband else.\nO, I were damn’d beneath all depth in hell,\nBut that I did proceed upon just grounds\nTo this extremity. Thy husband knew it all.\n\nEMILIA.\nMy husband?\n\nOTHELLO.\nThy husband.\n\nEMILIA.\nThat she was false to wedlock?\n\nOTHELLO.\nAy, with Cassio. Nay, had she been true,\nIf heaven would make me such another world\nOf one entire and perfect chrysolite,\nI’d not have sold her for it.\n\nEMILIA.\nMy husband?\n\nOTHELLO.\nAy, ’twas he that told me first.\nAn honest man he is, and hates the slime\nThat sticks on filthy deeds.\n\nEMILIA.\nMy husband?\n\nOTHELLO.\nWhat needs this iterance, woman? I say thy husband.\n\nEMILIA.\nO mistress, villainy hath made mocks with love!\nMy husband say that she was false?\n\nOTHELLO.\nHe, woman;\nI say thy husband: dost understand the word?\nMy friend, thy husband, honest, honest Iago.\n\nEMILIA.\nIf he say so, may his pernicious soul\nRot half a grain a day! he lies to the heart.\nShe was too fond of her most filthy bargain.\n\nOTHELLO.\nHa!\n\nEMILIA.\nDo thy worst:\nThis deed of thine is no more worthy heaven\nThan thou wast worthy her.\n\nOTHELLO.\nPeace, you were best.\n\nEMILIA.\nThou hast not half that power to do me harm\nAs I have to be hurt. O gull! O dolt!\nAs ignorant as dirt! Thou hast done a deed\n(I care not for thy sword) I’ll make thee known,\nThough I lost twenty lives. Help! help, ho! help!\nThe Moor hath kill’d my mistress! Murder, murder!\n\nEnter Montano, Gratiano and Iago.\n\nMONTANO.\nWhat is the matter? How now, general?\n\nEMILIA.\nO, are you come, Iago? You have done well,\nThat men must lay their murders on your neck.\n\nGRATIANO.\nWhat is the matter?\n\nEMILIA.\nDisprove this villain, if thou be’st a man.\nHe says thou told’st him that his wife was false.\nI know thou didst not, thou’rt not such a villain.\nSpeak, for my heart is full.\n\nIAGO.\nI told him what I thought, and told no more\nThan what he found himself was apt and true.\n\nEMILIA.\nBut did you ever tell him she was false?\n\nIAGO.\nI did.\n\nEMILIA.\nYou told a lie, an odious, damned lie;\nUpon my soul, a lie; a wicked lie.\nShe false with Cassio? Did you say with Cassio?\n\nIAGO.\nWith Cassio, mistress. Go to, charm your tongue.\n\nEMILIA.\nI will not charm my tongue; I am bound to speak.\nMy mistress here lies murder’d in her bed.\n\nALL.\nO heavens forfend!\n\nEMILIA.\nAnd your reports have set the murder on.\n\nOTHELLO.\nNay, stare not, masters, it is true indeed.\n\nGRATIANO.\n’Tis a strange truth.\n\nMONTANO.\nO monstrous act!\n\nEMILIA.\nVillany, villany, villany!\nI think upon’t, I think I smell’t; O villany!\nI thought so then. I’ll kill myself for grief.\nO villany, villany!\n\nIAGO.\nWhat, are you mad? I charge you, get you home.\n\nEMILIA.\nGood gentlemen, let me have leave to speak.\n’Tis proper I obey him, but not now.\nPerchance, Iago, I will ne’er go home.\n\nOTHELLO.\nO! O! O!\n\n[_Hanging over his wife._]\n\nEMILIA.\nNay, lay thee down and roar;\nFor thou hast kill’d the sweetest innocent\nThat e’er did lift up eye.\n\nOTHELLO.\n[_Rising._] O, she was foul!\nI scarce did know you, uncle, there lies your niece,\nWhose breath indeed these hands have newly stopp’d.\nI know this act shows horrible and grim.\n\nGRATIANO.\nPoor Desdemona! I am glad thy father’s dead.\nThy match was mortal to him, and pure grief\nShore his old thread in twain: did he live now,\nThis sight would make him do a desperate turn,\nYea, curse his better angel from his side,\nAnd fall to reprobance.\n\nOTHELLO.\n’Tis pitiful. But yet Iago knows\nThat she with Cassio hath the act of shame\nA thousand times committed; Cassio confess’d it,\nAnd she did gratify his amorous works\nWith that recognizance and pledge of love\nWhich I first gave her; I saw it in his hand.\nIt was a handkerchief, an antique token\nMy father gave my mother.\n\nEMILIA.\nO heaven! O heavenly powers!\n\nIAGO.\nCome, hold your peace.\n\nEMILIA.\n’Twill out, ’twill out. I peace?\nNo, I will speak as liberal as the north.\nLet heaven and men and devils, let them all,\nAll, all, cry shame against me, yet I’ll speak.\n\nIAGO.\nBe wise, and get you home.\n\nEMILIA.\nI will not.\n\n[_Iago offers to stab his wife._]\n\nGRATIANO.\nFie!\nYour sword upon a woman?\n\nEMILIA.\nO thou dull Moor, that handkerchief thou speak’st of\nI found by fortune and did give my husband;\nFor often with a solemn earnestness,\nMore than indeed belong’d to such a trifle,\nHe begg’d of me to steal it.\n\nIAGO.\nVillanous whore!\n\nEMILIA.\nShe give it Cassio! no, alas, I found it,\nAnd I did give’t my husband.\n\nIAGO.\nFilth, thou liest!\n\nEMILIA.\nBy heaven, I do not, I do not, gentlemen.\nO murderous coxcomb! What should such a fool\nDo with so good a wife?\n\nOTHELLO\nAre there not stones in heaven\nBut what serve for thunder? Precious villain!\n\n[_Iago stabs Emilia and then runs out._]\n\nGRATIANO.\nThe woman falls. Sure, he hath kill’d his wife.\n\nEMILIA.\nAy, ay. O, lay me by my mistress’ side.\n\nGRATIANO.\nHe’s gone, but his wife’s kill’d.\n\nMONTANO.\n’Tis a notorious villain. Take you this weapon,\nWhich I have here recover’d from the Moor.\nCome, guard the door without, let him not pass,\nBut kill him rather. I’ll after that same villain,\nFor ’tis a damned slave.\n\n[_Exit Montano and Gratiano._]\n\nOTHELLO.\nI am not valiant neither,\nBut every puny whipster gets my sword.\nBut why should honour outlive honesty?\nLet it go all.\n\nEMILIA.\nWhat did thy song bode, lady?\nHark, canst thou hear me? I will play the swan,\nAnd die in music.\n[_Sings._] _Willow, willow, willow._\nMoor, she was chaste. She lov’d thee, cruel Moor,\nSo come my soul to bliss, as I speak true;\nSo speaking as I think, I die, I die.\n\n[_She dies._]\n\nOTHELLO.\nI have another weapon in this chamber,\nIt is a sword of Spain, the ice-brook’s temper.\nO, here it is. Uncle, I must come forth.\n\nGRATIANO.\n[_Within._] If thou attempt it, it will cost thee dear;\nThou hast no weapon, and perforce must suffer.\n\nOTHELLO.\nLook in upon me then, and speak with me,\nOr, naked as I am, I will assault thee.\n\nEnter Gratiano.\n\nGRATIANO.\nWhat is the matter?\n\nOTHELLO.\nBehold, I have a weapon.\nA better never did itself sustain\nUpon a soldier’s thigh: I have seen the day\nThat with this little arm and this good sword\nI have made my way through more impediments\nThan twenty times your stop. But, O vain boast!\nWho can control his fate? ’Tis not so now.\nBe not afraid, though you do see me weapon’d.\nHere is my journey’s end, here is my butt,\nAnd very sea-mark of my utmost sail.\nDo you go back dismay’d? ’Tis a lost fear.\nMan but a rush against Othello’s breast,\nAnd he retires. Where should Othello go?\nNow, how dost thou look now? O ill-starr’d wench,\nPale as thy smock, when we shall meet at compt,\nThis look of thine will hurl my soul from heaven,\nAnd fiends will snatch at it. Cold, cold, my girl!\nEven like thy chastity.\nO cursed, cursed slave! Whip me, ye devils,\nFrom the possession of this heavenly sight!\nBlow me about in winds, roast me in sulphur,\nWash me in steep-down gulfs of liquid fire!\nO Desdemon! Dead, Desdemon! dead! Oh, oh!\n\nEnter Lodovico, Montano, Cassio carried in a chair, and Officers with\nIago prisoner.\n\nLODOVICO.\nWhere is this rash and most unfortunate man?\n\nOTHELLO.\nThat’s he that was Othello. Here I am.\n\nLODOVICO.\nWhere is that viper? Bring the villain forth.\n\nOTHELLO.\nI look down towards his feet; but that’s a fable.\nIf that thou be’st a devil, I cannot kill thee.\n\n[_Wounds Iago._]\n\nLODOVICO.\nWrench his sword from him.\n\nIAGO.\nI bleed, sir, but not kill’d.\n\nOTHELLO.\nI am not sorry neither. I’d have thee live,\nFor in my sense ’tis happiness to die.\n\nLODOVICO.\nO thou Othello, that wert once so good,\nFall’n in the practice of a damned slave,\nWhat shall be said to thee?\n\nOTHELLO.\nWhy, anything;\nAn honourable murderer, if you will.\nFor naught did I in hate, but all in honour.\n\nLODOVICO.\nThis wretch hath part confess’d his villany.\nDid you and he consent in Cassio’s death?\n\nOTHELLO.\nAy.\n\nCASSIO.\nDear general, I never gave you cause.\n\nOTHELLO.\nI do believe it, and I ask your pardon.\nWill you, I pray, demand that demi-devil\nWhy he hath thus ensnar’d my soul and body?\n\nIAGO.\nDemand me nothing. What you know, you know.\nFrom this time forth I never will speak word.\n\nLODOVICO.\nWhat, not to pray?\n\nGRATIANO.\nTorments will ope your lips.\n\nOTHELLO.\nWell, thou dost best.\n\nLODOVICO.\nSir, you shall understand what hath befall’n,\nWhich, as I think, you know not. Here is a letter\nFound in the pocket of the slain Roderigo,\nAnd here another. The one of them imports\nThe death of Cassio, to be undertook\nBy Roderigo.\n\nOTHELLO.\nO villain!\n\nCASSIO.\nMost heathenish and most gross!\n\nLODOVICO.\nNow here’s another discontented paper,\nFound in his pocket too; and this, it seems,\nRoderigo meant to have sent this damned villain,\nBut that, belike, Iago in the interim\nCame in and satisfied him.\n\nOTHELLO.\nO the pernicious caitiff!\nHow came you, Cassio, by that handkerchief\nThat was my wife’s?\n\nCASSIO.\nI found it in my chamber.\nAnd he himself confess’d but even now,\nThat there he dropp’d it for a special purpose\nWhich wrought to his desire.\n\nOTHELLO.\nO fool! fool! fool!\n\nCASSIO.\nThere is besides in Roderigo’s letter,\nHow he upbraids Iago, that he made him\nBrave me upon the watch, whereon it came\nThat I was cast. And even but now he spake,\nAfter long seeming dead, Iago hurt him,\nIago set him on.\n\nLODOVICO.\nYou must forsake this room, and go with us.\nYour power and your command is taken off,\nAnd Cassio rules in Cyprus. For this slave,\nIf there be any cunning cruelty\nThat can torment him much and hold him long,\nIt shall be his. You shall close prisoner rest,\nTill that the nature of your fault be known\nTo the Venetian state. Come, bring away.\n\nOTHELLO.\nSoft you; a word or two before you go.\nI have done the state some service, and they know’t.\nNo more of that. I pray you, in your letters,\nWhen you shall these unlucky deeds relate,\nSpeak of me as I am. Nothing extenuate,\nNor set down aught in malice. Then must you speak\nOf one that loved not wisely, but too well;\nOf one not easily jealous, but being wrought,\nPerplex’d in the extreme; of one whose hand,\nLike the base Judean, threw a pearl away\nRicher than all his tribe; of one whose subdu’d eyes,\nAlbeit unused to the melting mood,\nDrop tears as fast as the Arabian trees\nTheir medicinal gum. Set you down this.\nAnd say besides, that in Aleppo once,\nWhere a malignant and a turban’d Turk\nBeat a Venetian and traduc’d the state,\nI took by the throat the circumcised dog,\nAnd smote him, thus.\n\n[_Stabs himself._]\n\nLODOVICO.\nO bloody period!\n\nGRATIANO.\nAll that’s spoke is marr’d.\n\nOTHELLO.\nI kiss’d thee ere I kill’d thee. No way but this,\nKilling myself, to die upon a kiss.\n\n[_Falling upon Desdemona._]\n\nCASSIO.\nThis did I fear, but thought he had no weapon,\nFor he was great of heart.\n\nLODOVICO.\n[_To Iago._] O Spartan dog,\nMore fell than anguish, hunger, or the sea,\nLook on the tragic loading of this bed.\nThis is thy work. The object poisons sight,\nLet it be hid. Gratiano, keep the house,\nAnd seize upon the fortunes of the Moor,\nFor they succeed on you. To you, lord governor,\nRemains the censure of this hellish villain.\nThe time, the place, the torture, O, enforce it!\nMyself will straight aboard, and to the state\nThis heavy act with heavy heart relate.\n\n[_Exeunt._]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OTHELLO, THE MOOR OF VENICE ***\n\n\n    \n\nUpdated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will\nbe renamed.\n\nCreating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright\nlaw means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,\nso the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United\nStates without permission and without paying copyright\nroyalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part\nof this license, apply to copying and distributing Project\nGutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™\nconcept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,\nand may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following\nthe terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use\nof the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for\ncopies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very\neasy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation\nof derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project\nGutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may\ndo practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected\nby U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark\nlicense, especially commercial redistribution.\n\n\nSTART: FULL LICENSE\n\nTHE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE\n\nPLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK\n\nTo protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free\ndistribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work\n(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project\nGutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full\nProject Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at\nwww.gutenberg.org/license.\n\nSection 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™\nelectronic works\n\n1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™\nelectronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to\nand accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property\n(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all\nthe terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or\ndestroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your\npossession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a\nProject Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound\nby the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person\nor entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.\n\n1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be\nused on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who\nagree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few\nthings that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works\neven without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See\nparagraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project\nGutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this\nagreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™\nelectronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.\n\n1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the\nFoundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection\nof Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual\nworks in the collection are in the public domain in the United\nStates. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the\nUnited States and you are located in the United States, we do not\nclaim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,\ndisplaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as\nall references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope\nthat you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting\nfree access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™\nworks in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the\nProject Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily\ncomply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the\nsame format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when\nyou share it without charge with others.\n\n1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern\nwhat you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are\nin a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,\ncheck the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this\nagreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,\ndistributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any\nother Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no\nrepresentations concerning the copyright status of any work in any\ncountry other than the United States.\n\n1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:\n\n1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other\nimmediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear\nprominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work\non which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the\nphrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed,\nperformed, viewed, copied or distributed:\n\n    This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most\n    other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions\n    whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms\n    of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online\n    at www.gutenberg.org. If you\n    are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws\n    of the country where you are located before using this eBook.\n  \n1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is\nderived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not\ncontain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the\ncopyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in\nthe United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are\nredistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project\nGutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply\neither with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or\nobtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™\ntrademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.\n\n1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted\nwith the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution\nmust comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any\nadditional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms\nwill be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works\nposted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the\nbeginning of this work.\n\n1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™\nLicense terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this\nwork or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.\n\n1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this\nelectronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without\nprominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with\nactive links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project\nGutenberg™ License.\n\n1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,\ncompressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including\nany word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access\nto or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format\nother than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official\nversion posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website\n(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense\nto the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means\nof obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain\nVanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the\nfull Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.\n\n1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,\nperforming, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works\nunless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.\n\n1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing\naccess to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works\nprovided that:\n\n    • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from\n        the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method\n        you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed\n        to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has\n        agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project\n        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid\n        within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are\n        legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty\n        payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project\n        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in\n        Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg\n        Literary Archive Foundation.”\n    \n    • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies\n        you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he\n        does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™\n        License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all\n        copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue\n        all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™\n        works.\n    \n    • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of\n        any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the\n        electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of\n        receipt of the work.\n    \n    • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free\n        distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.\n    \n\n1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project\nGutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than\nare set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing\nfrom the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of\nthe Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set\nforth in Section 3 below.\n\n1.F.\n\n1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable\neffort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread\nworks not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project\nGutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™\nelectronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may\ncontain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate\nor corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other\nintellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or\nother medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or\ncannot be read by your equipment.\n\n1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right\nof Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project\nGutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project\nGutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project\nGutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all\nliability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal\nfees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT\nLIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE\nPROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE\nTRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE\nLIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR\nINCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH\nDAMAGE.\n\n1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a\ndefect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can\nreceive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a\nwritten explanation to the person you received the work from. If you\nreceived the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium\nwith your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you\nwith the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in\nlieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person\nor entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second\nopportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If\nthe second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing\nwithout further opportunities to fix the problem.\n\n1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth\nin paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO\nOTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT\nLIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.\n\n1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied\nwarranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of\ndamages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement\nviolates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the\nagreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or\nlimitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or\nunenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the\nremaining provisions.\n\n1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the\ntrademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone\nproviding copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in\naccordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the\nproduction, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™\nelectronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,\nincluding legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of\nthe following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this\nor any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or\nadditions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any\nDefect you cause.\n\nSection 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™\n\nProject Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of\nelectronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of\ncomputers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It\nexists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations\nfrom people in all walks of life.\n\nVolunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the\nassistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s\ngoals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will\nremain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project\nGutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure\nand permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future\ngenerations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary\nArchive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see\nSections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.\n\nSection 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation\n\nThe Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit\n501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the\nstate of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal\nRevenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification\nnumber is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary\nArchive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by\nU.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.\n\nThe Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,\nSalt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up\nto date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website\nand official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact\n\nSection 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg\nLiterary Archive Foundation\n\nProject Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread\npublic support and donations to carry out its mission of\nincreasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be\nfreely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest\narray of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations\n($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt\nstatus with the IRS.\n\nThe Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating\ncharities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United\nStates. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a\nconsiderable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up\nwith these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations\nwhere we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND\nDONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state\nvisit www.gutenberg.org/donate.\n\nWhile we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we\nhave not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition\nagainst accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who\napproach us with offers to donate.\n\nInternational donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make\nany statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from\noutside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.\n\nPlease check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation\nmethods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other\nways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To\ndonate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.\n\nSection 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works\n\nProfessor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project\nGutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be\nfreely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and\ndistributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of\nvolunteer support.\n\nProject Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed\neditions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in\nthe U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not\nnecessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper\nedition.\n\nMost people start at our website which has the main PG search\nfacility: www.gutenberg.org.\n\nThis website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,\nincluding how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary\nArchive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to\nsubscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.\n\n\n'

# Splitting the text string into a list of strings
tokenized_list = text.split()
list(tokenized_list)

['\ufeffThe',
 'Project',
 'Gutenberg',
 'eBook',
 'of',
 'Othello,',
 'the',
 'Moor',
 'of',
 'Venice',
 'This',
 'ebook',
 'is',
 'for',
 'the',
 'use',
 'of',
 'anyone',
 'anywhere',
 'in',
 'the',
 'United',
 'States',
 'and',
 'most',
 'other',
 'parts',
 'of',
 'the',
 'world',
 'at',
 'no',
 'cost',
 'and',
 'with',
 'almost',
 'no',
 'restrictions',
 'whatsoever.',
 'You',
 'may',
 'copy',
 'it,',
 'give',
 'it',
 'away',
 'or',
 're-use',
 'it',
 'under',
 'the',
 'terms',
 'of',
 'the',
 'Project',
 'Gutenberg',
 'License',
 'included',
 'with',
 'this',
 'ebook',
 'or',
 'online',
 'at',
 'www.gutenberg.org.',
 'If',
 'you',
 'are',
 'not',
 'located',
 'in',
 'the',
 'United',
 'States,',
 'you',
 'will',
 'have',
 'to',
 'check',
 'the',
 'laws',
 'of',
 'the',
 'country',
 'where',
 'you',
 'are',
 'located',
 'before',
 'using',
 'this',
 'eBook.',
 'Title:',
 'Othello,',
 'the',
 'Moor',
 'of',
 'Venice',
 'Author:',
 'William',
 'Shakespeare',
 'Release',
 'date:',
 'November',
 '1,',
 '1998',
 '[eBook',
 '#1531]',
 'Most',
 'recently',
 'updated:',
 'December',
 '16,',
 '2023',
 'Language:',
 'English',
 'Credits:',
 'the',
 'PG',
 'Shakespeare',
 'Team,',
 'a',
 'team',
 'of',
 'about',
 'twenty',
 'Project',
 'Gutenberg',
 'volunteers',
 '***',
 'START',
 'OF',
 'THE',
 'PROJECT',
 'GUTENBERG',
 'EBOOK',
 'OTHELLO,',
 'THE',
 'MOOR',
 'OF',
 'VENICE',
 '***',
 'cover',
 'OTHELLO,',
 'THE',
 'MOOR',
 'OF',
 'VENICE',
 'by',
 'William',
 'Shakespeare',
 'Contents',
 'ACT',
 'I',
 'Scene',
 'I.',
 'Venice.',
 'A',
 'street',
 'Scene',
 'II.',
 'Venice.',
 'Another',
 'street',
 'Scene',
 'III.',
 'Venice.',
 'A',
 'council',
 'chamber',
 'ACT',
 'II',
 'Scene',
 'I.',
 'A',
 'seaport',
 'in',
 'Cyprus.',
 'A',
 'Platform',
 'Scene',
 'II.',
 'A',
 'street',
 'Scene',
 'III.',
 'A',
 'Hall',
 'in',
 'the',
 'Castle',
 'ACT',
 'III',
 'Scene',
 'I.',
 'Cyprus.',
 'Before',
 'the',
 'Castle',
 'Scene',
 'II.',
 'Cyprus.',
 'A',
 'Room',
 'in',
 'the',
 'Castle',
 'Scene',
 'III.',
 'Cyprus.',
 'The',
 'Garden',
 'of',
 'the',
 'Castle',
 'Scene',
 'IV.',
 'Cyprus.',
 'Before',
 'the',
 'Castle',
 'ACT',
 'IV',
 'Scene',
 'I.',
 'Cyprus.',
 'Before',
 'the',
 'Castle',
 'Scene',
 'II.',
 'Cyprus.',
 'A',
 'Room',
 'in',
 'the',
 'Castle',
 'Scene',
 'III.',
 'Cyprus.',
 'Another',
 'Room',
 'in',
 'the',
 'Castle',
 'ACT',
 'V',
 'Scene',
 'I.',
 'Cyprus.',
 'A',
 'Street',
 'Scene',
 'II.',
 'Cyprus.',
 'A',
 'Bedchamber',
 'in',
 'the',
 'castle',
 'Dramatis',
 'Personæ',
 'DUKE',
 'OF',
 'VENICE',
 'BRABANTIO,',
 'a',
 'Senator',
 'of',
 'Venice',
 'and',
 'Desdemona’s',
 'father',
 'Other',
 'Senators',
 'GRATIANO,',
 'Brother',
 'to',
 'Brabantio',
 'LODOVICO,',
 'Kinsman',
 'to',
 'Brabantio',
 'OTHELLO,',
 'a',
 'noble',
 'Moor',
 'in',
 'the',
 'service',
 'of',
 'Venice',
 'CASSIO,',
 'his',
 'Lieutenant',
 'IAGO,',
 'his',
 'Ancient',
 'MONTANO,',
 'Othello’s',
 'predecessor',
 'in',
 'the',
 'government',
 'of',
 'Cyprus',
 'RODERIGO,',
 'a',
 'Venetian',
 'Gentleman',
 'CLOWN,',
 'Servant',
 'to',
 'Othello',
 'DESDEMONA,',
 'Daughter',
 'to',
 'Brabantio',
 'and',
 'Wife',
 'to',
 'Othello',
 'EMILIA,',
 'Wife',
 'to',
 'Iago',
 'BIANCA,',
 'Mistress',
 'to',
 'Cassio',
 'Officers,',
 'Gentlemen,',
 'Messenger,',
 'Musicians,',
 'Herald,',
 'Sailor,',
 'Attendants,',
 '&c.',
 'SCENE:',
 'The',
 'First',
 'Act',
 'in',
 'Venice;',
 'during',
 'the',
 'rest',
 'of',
 'the',
 'Play',
 'at',
 'a',
 'Seaport',
 'in',
 'Cyprus.',
 'ACT',
 'I',
 'SCENE',
 'I.',
 'Venice.',
 'A',
 'street.',
 'Enter',
 'Roderigo',
 'and',
 'Iago.',
 'RODERIGO.',
 'Tush,',
 'never',
 'tell',
 'me,',
 'I',
 'take',
 'it',
 'much',
 'unkindly',
 'That',
 'thou,',
 'Iago,',
 'who',
 'hast',
 'had',
 'my',
 'purse,',
 'As',
 'if',
 'the',
 'strings',
 'were',
 'thine,',
 'shouldst',
 'know',
 'of',
 'this.',
 'IAGO.',
 '’Sblood,',
 'but',
 'you',
 'will',
 'not',
 'hear',
 'me.',
 'If',
 'ever',
 'I',
 'did',
 'dream',
 'of',
 'such',
 'a',
 'matter,',
 'Abhor',
 'me.',
 'RODERIGO.',
 'Thou',
 'told’st',
 'me,',
 'thou',
 'didst',
 'hold',
 'him',
 'in',
 'thy',
 'hate.',
 'IAGO.',
 'Despise',
 'me',
 'if',
 'I',
 'do',
 'not.',
 'Three',
 'great',
 'ones',
 'of',
 'the',
 'city,',
 'In',
 'personal',
 'suit',
 'to',
 'make',
 'me',
 'his',
 'lieutenant,',
 'Off-capp’d',
 'to',
 'him;',
 'and',
 'by',
 'the',
 'faith',
 'of',
 'man,',
 'I',
 'know',
 'my',
 'price,',
 'I',
 'am',
 'worth',
 'no',
 'worse',
 'a',
 'place.',
 'But',
 'he,',
 'as',
 'loving',
 'his',
 'own',
 'pride',
 'and',
 'purposes,',
 'Evades',
 'them,',
 'with',
 'a',
 'bombast',
 'circumstance,',
 'Horribly',
 'stuff’d',
 'with',
 'epithets',
 'of',
 'war:',
 'And',
 'in',
 'conclusion,',
 'Nonsuits',
 'my',
 'mediators:',
 'for',
 '“Certes,”',
 'says',
 'he,',
 '“I',
 'have',
 'already',
 'chose',
 'my',
 'officer.”',
 'And',
 'what',
 'was',
 'he?',
 'Forsooth,',
 'a',
 'great',
 'arithmetician,',
 'One',
 'Michael',
 'Cassio,',
 'a',
 'Florentine,',
 'A',
 'fellow',
 'almost',
 'damn’d',
 'in',
 'a',
 'fair',
 'wife,',
 'That',
 'never',
 'set',
 'a',
 'squadron',
 'in',
 'the',
 'field,',
 'Nor',
 'the',
 'division',
 'of',
 'a',
 'battle',
 'knows',
 'More',
 'than',
 'a',
 'spinster,',
 'unless',
 'the',
 'bookish',
 'theoric,',
 'Wherein',
 'the',
 'toged',
 'consuls',
 'can',
 'propose',
 'As',
 'masterly',
 'as',
 'he:',
 'mere',
 'prattle',
 'without',
 'practice',
 'Is',
 'all',
 'his',
 'soldiership.',
 'But',
 'he,',
 'sir,',
 'had',
 'the',
 'election,',
 'And',
 'I,',
 'of',
 'whom',
 'his',
 'eyes',
 'had',
 'seen',
 'the',
 'proof',
 'At',
 'Rhodes,',
 'at',
 'Cyprus,',
 'and',
 'on',
 'other',
 'grounds,',
 'Christian',
 'and',
 'heathen,',
 'must',
 'be',
 'belee’d',
 'and',
 'calm’d',
 'By',
 'debitor',
 'and',
 'creditor,',
 'this',
 'counter-caster,',
 'He,',
 'in',
 'good',
 'time,',
 'must',
 'his',
 'lieutenant',
 'be,',
 'And',
 'I,',
 'God',
 'bless',
 'the',
 'mark,',
 'his',
 'Moorship’s',
 'ancient.',
 'RODERIGO.',
 'By',
 'heaven,',
 'I',
 'rather',
 'would',
 'have',
 'been',
 'his',
 'hangman.',
 'IAGO.',
 'Why,',
 'there’s',
 'no',
 'remedy.',
 '’Tis',
 'the',
 'curse',
 'of',
 'service,',
 'Preferment',
 'goes',
 'by',
 'letter',
 'and',
 'affection,',
 'And',
 'not',
 'by',
 'old',
 'gradation,',
 'where',
 'each',
 'second',
 'Stood',
 'heir',
 'to',
 'the',
 'first.',
 'Now',
 'sir,',
 'be',
 'judge',
 'yourself',
 'Whether',
 'I',
 'in',
 'any',
 'just',
 'term',
 'am',
 'affin’d',
 'To',
 'love',
 'the',
 'Moor.',
 'RODERIGO.',
 'I',
 'would',
 'not',
 'follow',
 'him,',
 'then.',
 'IAGO.',
 'O,',
 'sir,',
 'content',
 'you.',
 'I',
 'follow',
 'him',
 'to',
 'serve',
 'my',
 'turn',
 'upon',
 'him:',
 'We',
 'cannot',
 'all',
 'be',
 'masters,',
 'nor',
 'all',
 'masters',
 'Cannot',
 'be',
 'truly',
 'follow’d.',
 'You',
 'shall',
 'mark',
 'Many',
 'a',
 'duteous',
 'and',
 'knee-crooking',
 'knave',
 'That,',
 'doting',
 'on',
 'his',
 'own',
 'obsequious',
 'bondage,',
 'Wears',
 'out',
 'his',
 'time,',
 'much',
 'like',
 'his',
 'master’s',
 'ass,',
 'For',
 'nought',
 'but',
 'provender,',
 'and',
 'when',
 'he’s',
 'old,',
 'cashier’d.',
 'Whip',
 'me',
 'such',
 'honest',
 'knaves.',
 'Others',
 'there',
 'are',
 'Who,',
 'trimm’d',
 'in',
 'forms,',
 'and',
 'visages',
 'of',
 'duty,',
 'Keep',
 'yet',
 'their',
 'hearts',
 'attending',
 'on',
 'themselves,',
 'And',
 'throwing',
 'but',
 'shows',
 'of',
 'service',
 'on',
 'their',
 'lords,',
 'Do',
 'well',
 'thrive',
 'by',
 'them,',
 'and',
 'when',
 'they',
 'have',
 'lin’d',
 'their',
 'coats,',
 'Do',
 'themselves',
 'homage.',
 'These',
 'fellows',
 'have',
 'some',
 'soul,',
 'And',
 'such',
 'a',
 'one',
 'do',
 'I',
 'profess',
 'myself.',
 'For,',
 'sir,',
 'It',
 'is',
 'as',
 'sure',
 'as',
 'you',
 'are',
 'Roderigo,',
 'Were',
 'I',
 'the',
 'Moor,',
 'I',
 'would',
 'not',
 'be',
 'Iago:',
 'In',
 'following',
 'him,',
 'I',
 'follow',
 'but',
 'myself.',
 'Heaven',
 'is',
 'my',
 'judge,',
 'not',
 'I',
 'for',
 'love',
 'and',
 'duty,',
 'But',
 'seeming',
 'so',
 'for',
 'my',
 'peculiar',
 'end.',
 'For',
 'when',
 'my',
 'outward',
 'action',
 'doth',
 'demonstrate',
 'The',
 'native',
 'act',
 'and',
 'figure',
 'of',
 'my',
 'heart',
 'In',
 'complement',
 'extern,',
 '’tis',
 'not',
 'long',
 'after',
 'But',
 'I',
 'will',
 'wear',
 'my',
 'heart',
 'upon',
 'my',
 'sleeve',
 'For',
 'daws',
 'to',
 'peck',
 'at:',
 'I',
 'am',
 'not',
 'what',
 'I',
 'am.',
 'RODERIGO.',
 'What',
 'a',
 'full',
 'fortune',
 'does',
 'the',
 'thick-lips',
 'owe,',
 'If',
 'he',
 'can',
 'carry’t',
 'thus!',
 'IAGO.',
 'Call',
 'up',
 'her',
 'father,',
 'Rouse',
 'him,',
 'make',
 'after',
 'him,',
 'poison',
 'his',
 'delight,',
 'Proclaim',
 'him',
 'in',
 'the',
 'streets;',
 'incense',
 'her',
 'kinsmen,',
 'And',
 'though',
 'he',
 'in',
 'a',
 'fertile',
 'climate',
 'dwell,',
 'Plague',
 'him',
 'with',
 'flies:',
 'though',
 'that',
 'his',
 'joy',
 'be',
 'joy,',
 'Yet',
 'throw',
 'such',
 'changes',
 'of',
 'vexation',
 'on’t,',
 'As',
 'it',
 'may',
 'lose',
 'some',
 'color.',
 'RODERIGO.',
 'Here',
 'is',
 'her',
 'father’s',
 'house,',
 'I’ll',
 'call',
 'aloud.',
 'IAGO.',
 'Do,',
 'with',
 'like',
 'timorous',
 'accent',
 'and',
 'dire',
 'yell',
 'As',
 'when,',
 'by',
 'night',
 'and',
 'negligence,',
 'the',
 'fire',
 'Is',
 'spied',
 'in',
 'populous',
 'cities.',
 'RODERIGO.',
 'What',
 'ho,',
 'Brabantio!',
 'Signior',
 'Brabantio,',
 'ho!',
 'IAGO.',
 'Awake!',
 'what',
 'ho,',
 'Brabantio!',
 'Thieves,',
 'thieves!',
 'Look',
 'to',
 ...]

# Cleaning up the tokens
unigrams = []

for token in tokenized_list:
    token = token.lower() # lowercase tokens
    token = token.replace('.', '') # remove periods
    token = token.replace('!', '') # remove exclamation points
    token = token.replace('?', '') # remove question marks
    unigrams.append(token)

# Preview the unigrams
list(unigrams)

['\ufeffthe',
 'project',
 'gutenberg',
 'ebook',
 'of',
 'othello,',
 'the',
 'moor',
 'of',
 'venice',
 'this',
 'ebook',
 'is',
 'for',
 'the',
 'use',
 'of',
 'anyone',
 'anywhere',
 'in',
 'the',
 'united',
 'states',
 'and',
 'most',
 'other',
 'parts',
 'of',
 'the',
 'world',
 'at',
 'no',
 'cost',
 'and',
 'with',
 'almost',
 'no',
 'restrictions',
 'whatsoever',
 'you',
 'may',
 'copy',
 'it,',
 'give',
 'it',
 'away',
 'or',
 're-use',
 'it',
 'under',
 'the',
 'terms',
 'of',
 'the',
 'project',
 'gutenberg',
 'license',
 'included',
 'with',
 'this',
 'ebook',
 'or',
 'online',
 'at',
 'wwwgutenbergorg',
 'if',
 'you',
 'are',
 'not',
 'located',
 'in',
 'the',
 'united',
 'states,',
 'you',
 'will',
 'have',
 'to',
 'check',
 'the',
 'laws',
 'of',
 'the',
 'country',
 'where',
 'you',
 'are',
 'located',
 'before',
 'using',
 'this',
 'ebook',
 'title:',
 'othello,',
 'the',
 'moor',
 'of',
 'venice',
 'author:',
 'william',
 'shakespeare',
 'release',
 'date:',
 'november',
 '1,',
 '1998',
 '[ebook',
 '#1531]',
 'most',
 'recently',
 'updated:',
 'december',
 '16,',
 '2023',
 'language:',
 'english',
 'credits:',
 'the',
 'pg',
 'shakespeare',
 'team,',
 'a',
 'team',
 'of',
 'about',
 'twenty',
 'project',
 'gutenberg',
 'volunteers',
 '***',
 'start',
 'of',
 'the',
 'project',
 'gutenberg',
 'ebook',
 'othello,',
 'the',
 'moor',
 'of',
 'venice',
 '***',
 'cover',
 'othello,',
 'the',
 'moor',
 'of',
 'venice',
 'by',
 'william',
 'shakespeare',
 'contents',
 'act',
 'i',
 'scene',
 'i',
 'venice',
 'a',
 'street',
 'scene',
 'ii',
 'venice',
 'another',
 'street',
 'scene',
 'iii',
 'venice',
 'a',
 'council',
 'chamber',
 'act',
 'ii',
 'scene',
 'i',
 'a',
 'seaport',
 'in',
 'cyprus',
 'a',
 'platform',
 'scene',
 'ii',
 'a',
 'street',
 'scene',
 'iii',
 'a',
 'hall',
 'in',
 'the',
 'castle',
 'act',
 'iii',
 'scene',
 'i',
 'cyprus',
 'before',
 'the',
 'castle',
 'scene',
 'ii',
 'cyprus',
 'a',
 'room',
 'in',
 'the',
 'castle',
 'scene',
 'iii',
 'cyprus',
 'the',
 'garden',
 'of',
 'the',
 'castle',
 'scene',
 'iv',
 'cyprus',
 'before',
 'the',
 'castle',
 'act',
 'iv',
 'scene',
 'i',
 'cyprus',
 'before',
 'the',
 'castle',
 'scene',
 'ii',
 'cyprus',
 'a',
 'room',
 'in',
 'the',
 'castle',
 'scene',
 'iii',
 'cyprus',
 'another',
 'room',
 'in',
 'the',
 'castle',
 'act',
 'v',
 'scene',
 'i',
 'cyprus',
 'a',
 'street',
 'scene',
 'ii',
 'cyprus',
 'a',
 'bedchamber',
 'in',
 'the',
 'castle',
 'dramatis',
 'personæ',
 'duke',
 'of',
 'venice',
 'brabantio,',
 'a',
 'senator',
 'of',
 'venice',
 'and',
 'desdemona’s',
 'father',
 'other',
 'senators',
 'gratiano,',
 'brother',
 'to',
 'brabantio',
 'lodovico,',
 'kinsman',
 'to',
 'brabantio',
 'othello,',
 'a',
 'noble',
 'moor',
 'in',
 'the',
 'service',
 'of',
 'venice',
 'cassio,',
 'his',
 'lieutenant',
 'iago,',
 'his',
 'ancient',
 'montano,',
 'othello’s',
 'predecessor',
 'in',
 'the',
 'government',
 'of',
 'cyprus',
 'roderigo,',
 'a',
 'venetian',
 'gentleman',
 'clown,',
 'servant',
 'to',
 'othello',
 'desdemona,',
 'daughter',
 'to',
 'brabantio',
 'and',
 'wife',
 'to',
 'othello',
 'emilia,',
 'wife',
 'to',
 'iago',
 'bianca,',
 'mistress',
 'to',
 'cassio',
 'officers,',
 'gentlemen,',
 'messenger,',
 'musicians,',
 'herald,',
 'sailor,',
 'attendants,',
 '&c',
 'scene:',
 'the',
 'first',
 'act',
 'in',
 'venice;',
 'during',
 'the',
 'rest',
 'of',
 'the',
 'play',
 'at',
 'a',
 'seaport',
 'in',
 'cyprus',
 'act',
 'i',
 'scene',
 'i',
 'venice',
 'a',
 'street',
 'enter',
 'roderigo',
 'and',
 'iago',
 'roderigo',
 'tush,',
 'never',
 'tell',
 'me,',
 'i',
 'take',
 'it',
 'much',
 'unkindly',
 'that',
 'thou,',
 'iago,',
 'who',
 'hast',
 'had',
 'my',
 'purse,',
 'as',
 'if',
 'the',
 'strings',
 'were',
 'thine,',
 'shouldst',
 'know',
 'of',
 'this',
 'iago',
 '’sblood,',
 'but',
 'you',
 'will',
 'not',
 'hear',
 'me',
 'if',
 'ever',
 'i',
 'did',
 'dream',
 'of',
 'such',
 'a',
 'matter,',
 'abhor',
 'me',
 'roderigo',
 'thou',
 'told’st',
 'me,',
 'thou',
 'didst',
 'hold',
 'him',
 'in',
 'thy',
 'hate',
 'iago',
 'despise',
 'me',
 'if',
 'i',
 'do',
 'not',
 'three',
 'great',
 'ones',
 'of',
 'the',
 'city,',
 'in',
 'personal',
 'suit',
 'to',
 'make',
 'me',
 'his',
 'lieutenant,',
 'off-capp’d',
 'to',
 'him;',
 'and',
 'by',
 'the',
 'faith',
 'of',
 'man,',
 'i',
 'know',
 'my',
 'price,',
 'i',
 'am',
 'worth',
 'no',
 'worse',
 'a',
 'place',
 'but',
 'he,',
 'as',
 'loving',
 'his',
 'own',
 'pride',
 'and',
 'purposes,',
 'evades',
 'them,',
 'with',
 'a',
 'bombast',
 'circumstance,',
 'horribly',
 'stuff’d',
 'with',
 'epithets',
 'of',
 'war:',
 'and',
 'in',
 'conclusion,',
 'nonsuits',
 'my',
 'mediators:',
 'for',
 '“certes,”',
 'says',
 'he,',
 '“i',
 'have',
 'already',
 'chose',
 'my',
 'officer”',
 'and',
 'what',
 'was',
 'he',
 'forsooth,',
 'a',
 'great',
 'arithmetician,',
 'one',
 'michael',
 'cassio,',
 'a',
 'florentine,',
 'a',
 'fellow',
 'almost',
 'damn’d',
 'in',
 'a',
 'fair',
 'wife,',
 'that',
 'never',
 'set',
 'a',
 'squadron',
 'in',
 'the',
 'field,',
 'nor',
 'the',
 'division',
 'of',
 'a',
 'battle',
 'knows',
 'more',
 'than',
 'a',
 'spinster,',
 'unless',
 'the',
 'bookish',
 'theoric,',
 'wherein',
 'the',
 'toged',
 'consuls',
 'can',
 'propose',
 'as',
 'masterly',
 'as',
 'he:',
 'mere',
 'prattle',
 'without',
 'practice',
 'is',
 'all',
 'his',
 'soldiership',
 'but',
 'he,',
 'sir,',
 'had',
 'the',
 'election,',
 'and',
 'i,',
 'of',
 'whom',
 'his',
 'eyes',
 'had',
 'seen',
 'the',
 'proof',
 'at',
 'rhodes,',
 'at',
 'cyprus,',
 'and',
 'on',
 'other',
 'grounds,',
 'christian',
 'and',
 'heathen,',
 'must',
 'be',
 'belee’d',
 'and',
 'calm’d',
 'by',
 'debitor',
 'and',
 'creditor,',
 'this',
 'counter-caster,',
 'he,',
 'in',
 'good',
 'time,',
 'must',
 'his',
 'lieutenant',
 'be,',
 'and',
 'i,',
 'god',
 'bless',
 'the',
 'mark,',
 'his',
 'moorship’s',
 'ancient',
 'roderigo',
 'by',
 'heaven,',
 'i',
 'rather',
 'would',
 'have',
 'been',
 'his',
 'hangman',
 'iago',
 'why,',
 'there’s',
 'no',
 'remedy',
 '’tis',
 'the',
 'curse',
 'of',
 'service,',
 'preferment',
 'goes',
 'by',
 'letter',
 'and',
 'affection,',
 'and',
 'not',
 'by',
 'old',
 'gradation,',
 'where',
 'each',
 'second',
 'stood',
 'heir',
 'to',
 'the',
 'first',
 'now',
 'sir,',
 'be',
 'judge',
 'yourself',
 'whether',
 'i',
 'in',
 'any',
 'just',
 'term',
 'am',
 'affin’d',
 'to',
 'love',
 'the',
 'moor',
 'roderigo',
 'i',
 'would',
 'not',
 'follow',
 'him,',
 'then',
 'iago',
 'o,',
 'sir,',
 'content',
 'you',
 'i',
 'follow',
 'him',
 'to',
 'serve',
 'my',
 'turn',
 'upon',
 'him:',
 'we',
 'cannot',
 'all',
 'be',
 'masters,',
 'nor',
 'all',
 'masters',
 'cannot',
 'be',
 'truly',
 'follow’d',
 'you',
 'shall',
 'mark',
 'many',
 'a',
 'duteous',
 'and',
 'knee-crooking',
 'knave',
 'that,',
 'doting',
 'on',
 'his',
 'own',
 'obsequious',
 'bondage,',
 'wears',
 'out',
 'his',
 'time,',
 'much',
 'like',
 'his',
 'master’s',
 'ass,',
 'for',
 'nought',
 'but',
 'provender,',
 'and',
 'when',
 'he’s',
 'old,',
 'cashier’d',
 'whip',
 'me',
 'such',
 'honest',
 'knaves',
 'others',
 'there',
 'are',
 'who,',
 'trimm’d',
 'in',
 'forms,',
 'and',
 'visages',
 'of',
 'duty,',
 'keep',
 'yet',
 'their',
 'hearts',
 'attending',
 'on',
 'themselves,',
 'and',
 'throwing',
 'but',
 'shows',
 'of',
 'service',
 'on',
 'their',
 'lords,',
 'do',
 'well',
 'thrive',
 'by',
 'them,',
 'and',
 'when',
 'they',
 'have',
 'lin’d',
 'their',
 'coats,',
 'do',
 'themselves',
 'homage',
 'these',
 'fellows',
 'have',
 'some',
 'soul,',
 'and',
 'such',
 'a',
 'one',
 'do',
 'i',
 'profess',
 'myself',
 'for,',
 'sir,',
 'it',
 'is',
 'as',
 'sure',
 'as',
 'you',
 'are',
 'roderigo,',
 'were',
 'i',
 'the',
 'moor,',
 'i',
 'would',
 'not',
 'be',
 'iago:',
 'in',
 'following',
 'him,',
 'i',
 'follow',
 'but',
 'myself',
 'heaven',
 'is',
 'my',
 'judge,',
 'not',
 'i',
 'for',
 'love',
 'and',
 'duty,',
 'but',
 'seeming',
 'so',
 'for',
 'my',
 'peculiar',
 'end',
 'for',
 'when',
 'my',
 'outward',
 'action',
 'doth',
 'demonstrate',
 'the',
 'native',
 'act',
 'and',
 'figure',
 'of',
 'my',
 'heart',
 'in',
 'complement',
 'extern,',
 '’tis',
 'not',
 'long',
 'after',
 'but',
 'i',
 'will',
 'wear',
 'my',
 'heart',
 'upon',
 'my',
 'sleeve',
 'for',
 'daws',
 'to',
 'peck',
 'at:',
 'i',
 'am',
 'not',
 'what',
 'i',
 'am',
 'roderigo',
 'what',
 'a',
 'full',
 'fortune',
 'does',
 'the',
 'thick-lips',
 'owe,',
 'if',
 'he',
 'can',
 'carry’t',
 'thus',
 'iago',
 'call',
 'up',
 'her',
 'father,',
 'rouse',
 'him,',
 'make',
 'after',
 'him,',
 'poison',
 'his',
 'delight,',
 'proclaim',
 'him',
 'in',
 'the',
 'streets;',
 'incense',
 'her',
 'kinsmen,',
 'and',
 'though',
 'he',
 'in',
 'a',
 'fertile',
 'climate',
 'dwell,',
 'plague',
 'him',
 'with',
 'flies:',
 'though',
 'that',
 'his',
 'joy',
 'be',
 'joy,',
 'yet',
 'throw',
 'such',
 'changes',
 'of',
 'vexation',
 'on’t,',
 'as',
 'it',
 'may',
 'lose',
 'some',
 'color',
 'roderigo',
 'here',
 'is',
 'her',
 'father’s',
 'house,',
 'i’ll',
 'call',
 'aloud',
 'iago',
 'do,',
 'with',
 'like',
 'timorous',
 'accent',
 'and',
 'dire',
 'yell',
 'as',
 'when,',
 'by',
 'night',
 'and',
 'negligence,',
 'the',
 'fire',
 'is',
 'spied',
 'in',
 'populous',
 'cities',
 'roderigo',
 'what',
 'ho,',
 'brabantio',
 'signior',
 'brabantio,',
 'ho',
 'iago',
 'awake',
 'what',
 'ho,',
 'brabantio',
 'thieves,',
 'thieves',
 'look',
 'to',
 ...]

# Count up the tokens using a Counter() object
from collections import Counter
word_counts = Counter(unigrams)
print(word_counts)

Counter({'the': 953, 'and': 852, 'i': 817, 'to': 659, 'of': 579, 'a': 513, 'you': 478, 'my': 426, 'in': 400, 'that': 372, 'not': 328, 'iago': 321, 'is': 306, 'othello': 302, 'it': 291, 'with': 267, 'for': 253, 'this': 248, 'me': 233, 'be': 233, 'do': 228, 'your': 216, 'but': 212, 'he': 211, 'have': 207, 'desdemona': 200, 'cassio': 198, 'her': 181, 'his': 170, 'as': 169, 'if': 160, 'or': 158, 'she': 154, 'will': 153, 'what': 153, 'him': 142, 'so': 138, 'thou': 136, 'by': 134, 'are': 129, 'emilia': 119, 'on': 107, 'all': 103, 'shall': 97, 'from': 92, 'am': 88, 'roderigo': 87, '’tis': 86, 'good': 85, 'project': 84, 'no': 84, 'how': 82, 'at': 81, 'thy': 80, 'would': 80, 'o': 75, 'was': 72, 'some': 72, 'let': 72, 'may': 71, 'they': 71, 'such': 69, 'did': 67, 'must': 67, 'more': 66, 'o,': 65, 'you,': 65, 'hath': 65, 'now': 64, 'enter': 63, 'most': 61, 'yet': 61, 'love': 60, 'know': 59, 'any': 59, 'we': 59, 'lord': 59, 'had': 58, 'here': 57, 'go': 57, 'an': 56, 'say': 56, 'make': 55, 'upon': 55, 'i’ll': 55, 'gutenberg™': 55, 'thee': 54, 'our': 54, 'out': 52, 'when': 52, 'which': 52, 'than': 51, 'well': 51, 'think': 51, 'work': 51, 'one': 50, 'come': 50, 'nor': 49, 'there': 48, 'their': 48, 'should': 47, 'give': 46, 'very': 46, 'speak': 45, 'then': 43, 'moor': 42, 'heaven': 42, 'see': 42, 'can': 41, 'where': 40, 'cyprus': 40, 'lodovico': 40, 'brabantio': 39, 'me,': 39, 'why,': 39, 'now,': 39, 'other': 38, 'never': 37, 'sir,': 37, 'us': 37, 'man': 37, 'cassio,': 36, 'honest': 36, 'even': 36, 'them': 36, 'him,': 35, 'it,': 34, 'were': 34, 'cannot': 34, 'duke': 33, 'these': 32, 'put': 32, 'much': 31, 'ay,': 31, 'scene': 30, 'wife': 30, 'who': 30, 'up': 30, 'come,': 30, 'own': 29, 'look': 29, 'works': 29, 'iago,': 28, 'take': 28, 'montano': 28, 'before': 27, 'first': 27, 'like': 27, 'full': 27, 'nay,': 27, 'no,': 27, 'lord,': 27, 'electronic': 27, 'gutenberg': 26, 'venice': 26, 'terms': 26, 'what,': 26, 'dost': 26, 'too': 26, 'her,': 26, 'again': 26, 'though': 25, 'great': 24, 'thus': 24, 'comes': 24, 'general': 24, 'that’s': 24, 'away': 23, 'pray': 23, 'well,': 23, 'gratiano': 23, 'othello,': 22, 'hear': 22, 'ever': 22, 'set': 22, 'been': 22, 'night': 22, 'ho': 22, 'soul': 22, 'indeed': 22, 'found': 22, 'bianca': 22, 'about': 21, 'act': 21, 'noble': 21, 'tell': 21, 'mine': 21, 'could': 21, 'handkerchief': 21, 'place': 20, 'heart': 20, 'being': 20, 'find': 20, 'so,': 20, '[_exit_]': 20, 'men': 20, 'into': 20, 'nothing': 20, 'world': 19, 'hast': 19, 'without': 19, 'myself': 19, 'art': 19, 'made': 19, 'against': 19, 'little': 19, 'faith,': 19, 'why': 19, 'alas,': 19, 'sweet': 19, 'copyright': 19, 'use': 18, 'castle': 18, 'fair': 18, 'heaven,': 18, 'he’s': 18, 'keep': 18, 'lost': 18, 'leave': 18, 'what’s': 18, 'free': 18, 'tonight': 18, 'foul': 18, 'poor': 18, 'husband': 18, 'not,': 18, 'gentleman': 17, 'hold': 17, 'after': 17, 'does': 17, '’t': 17, 'done': 17, '[_exit': 17, 'true': 17, 'time': 17, 'help': 17, 'gave': 17, 'money': 17, 'is’t': 17, 'lieutenant': 16, 'desdemona,': 16, 'sure': 16, 'moor,': 16, 'doth': 16, 'call': 16, 'matter': 16, 'thee,': 16, 'light': 16, 'stand': 16, 'love,': 16, 'thought': 16, 'therefore': 16, 'bring': 16, 'fear': 16, 'hand': 16, 'clown': 16, 'united': 15, 'states': 15, 'another': 15, 'there’s': 15, 'many': 15, 'devil': 15, 'those': 15, 'state': 15, 'every': 15, 'might': 15, 'cause': 15, 'bear': 15, 'lady': 15, 'cry': 15, 'donations': 15, 'license': 14, 'seen': 14, 'second': 14, 'better': 14, 'wrong': 14, 'meet': 14, 'whose': 14, 'false': 14, 'way': 14, 'dear': 14, 'foundation': 14, 'yourself': 13, 'that,': 13, 'else': 13, 'villain': 13, 'beseech': 13, 'this,': 13, 'life': 13, 'best': 13, 'makes': 13, 'lay': 13, 'but,': 13, 'bed': 13, 'literary': 13, 'archive': 13, 'ii': 12, 'othello’s': 12, 'content': 12, 'within': 12, 'sense': 12, 'say,': 12, 'none': 12, 'business': 12, '’twas': 12, 'said': 12, 'get': 12, 'till': 12, 'then,': 12, 'friend': 12, 'has': 12, 'lies': 12, 'think,': 12, 'mean': 12, 'kill': 12, 'forth': 12, 'kill’d': 12, 'agreement': 12, 'senator': 11, 'daughter': 11, 'he,': 11, 'rather': 11, 'reason': 11, 'heard': 11, 'watch': 11, 'gone': 11, 'thing': 11, 'on,': 11, '[_exeunt_]': 11, 'things': 11, 'charge': 11, 'worthy': 11, 'pardon': 11, 'dead': 11, '[_exeunt': 11, 'live': 11, 'die': 11, 'to,': 11, 'let’s': 11, 'thoughts': 11, 'loves': 11, 'here,': 11, 'drunk': 11, 'access': 11, 'paragraph': 11, 'ebook': 10, 'almost': 10, 'laws': 10, 'iii': 10, 'roderigo,': 10, 'whom': 10, 'time,': 10, 'sir': 10, 'answer': 10, 'known': 10, 'farewell': 10, 'law': 10, 'something': 10, 'course': 10, '[_to': 10, 'nature': 10, 'confess': 10, 'i’': 10, 'means': 10, 'eye': 10, 'and,': 10, 'virtue': 10, 'death': 10, 'thine': 10, 'cassio’s': 10, 'ne’er': 10, 'part': 10, 'woman': 10, 'jealous': 10, 'trademark': 10, 'street': 9, 'emilia,': 9, 'mistress': 9, 'matter,': 9, 'already': 9, 'michael': 9, 'old': 9, 'long': 9, 'fortune': 9, 'name': 9, 'two': 9, 'hell': 9, 'please': 9, 'gentle': 9, 'draw': 9, 'both': 9, 'valiant': 9, 'still': 9, 'bloody': 9, 'thank': 9, 'hither': 9, 'fall': 9, 'young': 9, 'came': 9, 'days': 9, 'bound': 9, 'glad': 9, 'mind': 9, 'either': 9, 'prithee,': 9, 'told': 9, 'fool': 9, 'she’s': 9, 'ha': 9, 'lie': 9, 'willow,': 9, 'including': 9, 'agree': 9, 'refund': 9, 'copy': 8, 'country': 8, 'father': 8, 'didst': 8, 'suit': 8, 'lieutenant,': 8, 'them,': 8, 'fellow': 8, 'knows': 8, 'eyes': 8, 'each': 8, 'knave': 8, 'soul,': 8, 'following': 8, 'bid': 8, 'night,': 8, 'believe': 8, 'again,': 8, 'wit,': 8, 'fortunes': 8, 'present': 8, 'blood': 8, 'call’d': 8, 'prove': 8, 'down': 8, 'true,': 8, 'indeed,': 8, '[_within_]': 8, 'change': 8, 'sorry': 8, 'send': 8, 'once': 8, 'done,': 8, 'here’s': 8, 'heavy': 8, 'purse': 8, 'all,': 8, 'same': 8, 'hand,': 8, 'emilia_]': 8, 'marry,': 8, 'foolish': 8, 'dare': 8, 'right': 8, 'out,': 8, 'help,': 8, 'return': 8, 'madam,': 8, 'prithee': 8, 'honour': 8, 'mistress,': 8, 'work,': 8, 'murder': 8, 'fee': 8, 'under': 7, 'located': 7, 'chamber': 7, 'gentlemen,': 7, 'play': 7, 'three': 7, 'man,': 7, 'unless': 7, 'i,': 7, 'follow': 7, 'truly': 7, 'hearts': 7, 'action': 7, 'house,': 7, 'signior,': 7, 'ask': 7, 'half': 7, 'voice': 7, '(as': 7, 'gross': 7, 'given': 7, 'straight': 7, 'strike': 7, 'stay': 7, 'show': 7, 'is,': 7, 'yes,': 7, 'fetch': 7, 'sent': 7, 'word': 7, 'seek': 7, 'officer': 7, 'enough': 7, 'itself': 7, 'grace': 7, 'head': 7, 'lov’d': 7, 'next': 7, 'new': 7, 'himself': 7, 'words': 7, 'comply': 7, 'honesty': 7, 'permission': 7, 'revenge': 7, 'provide': 7, 'monstrous': 7, 'gentlemen': 7, 'soldier': 7, 'speech': 7, 'heart,': 7, 'certain': 7, 'hope': 7, 'shake': 7, 'roderigo_]': 7, 'hurt': 7, 'reputation': 7, 'received': 7, 'sword': 7, 'freely': 7, 'between': 7, 'kind': 7, 'ha,': 7, 'passion': 7, 'whore': 7, 'copies': 7, 'section': 7, 'information': 7, 'check': 6, 'using': 6, 'volunteers': 6, 'room': 6, 'brabantio,': 6, 'service': 6, 'says': 6, 'be,': 6, 'god': 6, 'turn': 6, 'mark': 6, 'father,': 6, 'do,': 6, 'signior': 6, 'black': 6, 'needs': 6, 'patience,': 6, 'you’ll': 6, 'you;': 6, 'anything': 6, 'o’': 6, 'state,': 6, 'lead': 6, 'yet,': 6, 'officers': 6, 'attendants': 6, 'times': 6, 'know,': 6, 'look,': 6, 'general,': 6, 'ancient,': 6, 'marry': 6, 'sense,': 6, 'world,': 6, 'delicate': 6, 'fit': 6, 'oft': 6, 'turkish': 6, 'messenger': 6, 'ourselves': 6, 'turk': 6, 'thus,': 6, 'town': 6, 'neither': 6, 'aught': 6, 'bed,': 6, 'me;': 6, 'humbly': 6, 'affairs': 6, 'o’er': 6, 'bade': 6, 'touch': 6, 'teach': 6, 'blame': 6, 'patience': 6, 'strong': 6, 'saw': 6, 'left': 6, 'souls': 6, 'hour': 6, 'damn': 6, 'seem': 6, 'sail': 6, 'wind': 6, 'high': 6, 'noise': 6, 'truth': 6, 'lips': 6, 'praise': 6, 'lady,': 6, 'madam': 6, 'she’ll': 6, '[_aside_]': 6, 'further': 6, 'suspect': 6, 'face': 6, 'tonight,': 6, '[_sings_]': 6, 'will,': 6, 'while': 6, 'swear': 6, 'honest,': 6, 'heavenly': 6, 'musician': 6, 'day': 6, 'works,': 6, 'talk': 6, 'monster': 6, 'damned': 6, 'kiss': 6, 'villain,': 6, 'angry': 6, 'sing': 6, 'committed': 6, 'strumpet': 6, 'distribute': 6, 'distributing': 6, 'ebooks': 6, 'distribution': 6, 'associated': 6, 'agreement,': 6, 'paid': 6, 'tax': 6, 'foundation,': 6, 'anyone': 5, 'parts': 5, 'montano,': 5, 'venetian': 5, 'hate': 5, 'worse': 5, 'wife,': 5, 'wherein': 5, 'just': 5, 'masters,': 5, 'duty,': 5, 'plague': 5, 'lose': 5, 'father’s': 5, 'zounds,': 5, 'shame': 5, 'you:': 5, 'quiet': 5, 'power': 5, 'bold': 5, 'people': 5, 'light,': 5, 'seems': 5, 'cast': 5, 'life,': 5, 'hence': 5, 'trust': 5, 'youth': 5, 'command': 5, 'sometimes': 5, 'spoke': 5, 'news': 5, 'understand': 5, 'obey': 5, 'gives': 5, 'possible': 5, 'main': 5, 'due': 5, 'isle': 5, 'duty': 5, 'grace,': 5, 'place,': 5, 'grief': 5, 'proper': 5, 'man’s': 5, 'phrase': 5, 'us’d': 5, 'judgement': 5, 'blood,': 5, 'office': 5, 'often': 5, 'pity': 5, 'perceive': 5, 'favour': 5, 'comfort': 5, 'through': 5, 'wars': 5, 'support': 5, 'desdemona_]': 5, 'sleep': 5, 'knew': 5, 'lives': 5, 'friend,': 5, 'go,': 5, 'sport': 5, 'purpose': 5, 'abuse': 5, 'person': 5, 'third': 5, 'in,': 5, 'courtesy': 5, 'least': 5, 'mortal': 5, 'hark': 5, 'tongue': 5, 'fie': 5, 'wouldst': 5, 'small': 5, 'speaks': 5, 'excellent': 5, 'fate': 5, 'directly': 5, 'loved': 5, 'fresh': 5, 'form': 5, 'salt': 5, 'near': 5, 'warrant': 5, 'he’ll': 5, 'jealousy': 5, 'wish': 5, 'door': 5, 'offence': 5, 'dog': 5, 'song': 5, 'hold,': 5, 'strange': 5, 'off': 5, 'cassio_]': 5, 'steal': 5, 'slave': 5, 'i’d': 5, 'more,': 5, 'mad': 5, 'weep,': 5, 'there,': 5, 'alas': 5, 'home': 5, 'mercy': 5, 'deed': 5, 'protected': 5, '“project': 5, 'compliance': 5, '1e1': 5, 'replacement': 5, 'limited': 5, 'cost': 4, 'online': 4, 'wwwgutenbergorg': 4, 'states,': 4, '***': 4, 'iv': 4, 'desdemona’s': 4, 'senators': 4, 'lodovico,': 4, 'ancient': 4, 'him;': 4, 'worth': 4, 'damn’d': 4, 'mere': 4, 'rhodes,': 4, 'cyprus,': 4, 'bless': 4, 'goes': 4, 'masters': 4, 'who,': 4, 'shows': 4, 'for,': 4, 'seeming': 4, 'wear': 4, 'throw': 4, 'fire': 4, 'wherefore': 4, 'you’re': 4, 'arise,': 4, 'welcome': 4, 'supper': 4, 'spirit': 4, 'house': 4, 'grave': 4, 'wretch': 4, 'one,': 4, 'making': 4, 'shalt': 4, 'pleasure,': 4, 'wise': 4, 'dull': 4, 'loose': 4, 'justice': 4, 'torches': 4, 'unhappy': 4, 'past': 4, 'special': 4, 'slain': 4, 'nine': 4, 'married': 4, 'condition': 4, 'weapons': 4, 'bad': 4, '[_they': 4, 'fair,': 4, 'subdue': 4, 'hands,': 4, 'hundred': 4, 'seven': 4, 'secure': 4, 'approve': 4, 'report': 4, 'question': 4, 'warlike': 4, 'fleet': 4, 'sail,': 4, 'write': 4, 'welcome,': 4, 'counsel': 4, 'care': 4, 'read': 4, 'brought': 4, 'nothing,': 4, 'ta’en': 4, 'speech,': 4, 'since': 4, 'speak,': 4, 'tale': 4, 'whole': 4, 'nature,': 4, 'years,': 4, 'cunning': 4, 'hell,': 4, 'vouch': 4, 'only': 4, 'away,': 4, 'sentence': 4, 'attendants_]': 4, 'th’': 4, 'thence,': 4, 'grow': 4, 'ear': 4, 'took': 4, 'win': 4, 'company': 4, 'mother': 4, 'hang': 4, 'lend': 4, 'trumpet': 4, 'defend': 4, 'base': 4, 'brave': 4, 'attend': 4, 'drown': 4, 'villainous': 4, 'ere': 4, 'natures': 4, 'lust': 4, 'thyself': 4, 'canst': 4, 'her;': 4, 'cuckold': 4, 'tomorrow': 4, 'hear,': 4, 'sheets': 4, 'nose': 4, 'sea': 4, 'methinks': 4, 'sea,': 4, 'news,': 4, 'on’t': 4, 'looks': 4, 'parted': 4, 'heavens': 4, '[_a': 4, 'happy': 4, 'having': 4, 'within_]': 4, 'her_]': 4, 'brains': 4, 'fond': 4, 'fools': 4, 'worst': 4, 'went': 4, 'liberal': 4, 'receive': 4, 'blow': 4, 'forbid': 4, 'knave,': 4, 'together': 4, 'desires': 4, 'too,': 4, 'trash': 4, 'venice,': 4, 'peace': 4, 'addition': 4, 'creature': 4, 'turn’d': 4, 'side': 4, 'god,': 4, 'wine,': 4, 'lieutenant;': 4, 'beat': 4, 'who’s': 4, 'forgot': 4, 'close': 4, 'vile': 4, 'used': 4, 'vice': 4, 'entreat': 4, 'good,': 4, 'wit': 4, 'iago_]': 4, 'alone': 4, 'last': 4, 'doubt': 4, 'back': 4, 'fault': 4, 'deny': 4, 'farewell,': 4, 'harm': 4, 'woman,': 4, 'well;': 4, 'eyes,': 4, 'husbands': 4, 'mov’d': 4, 'repent': 4, '’twill': 4, 'drop': 4, 'born': 4, 'deeds': 4, 'satisfied': 4, 'see,': 4, 'laid': 4, 'over': 4, 'keeps': 4, 'concerning': 4, 'save': 4, 'naked': 4, 'chaste': 4, 'tears': 4, 'public': 4, 'us,': 4, 'murder,': 4, 'dead,': 4, 'villains': 4, 'ay': 4, 'confess’d': 4, 'villany': 4, 'creating': 4, 'except': 4, 'mission': 4, '1e8': 4, 'gutenberg”': 4, 'collection': 4, 'individual': 4, 'format': 4, 'status': 4, 'posted': 4, 'providing': 4, 'copy,': 4, 'website': 4, 'provided': 4, '•': 4, 'anywhere': 3, 'included': 3, 'shakespeare': 3, 'twenty': 3, 'start': 3, 'council': 3, 'seaport': 3, 'brother': 3, 'government': 3, 'servant': 3, 'bianca,': 3, 'thou,': 3, 'shouldst': 3, 'dream': 3, 'abhor': 3, 'ones': 3, 'city,': 3, 'loving': 3, 'practice': 3, 'proof': 3, 'curse': 3, 'service,': 3, 'letter': 3, 'stood': 3, 'whether': 3, 'serve': 3, 'whip': 3, 'others': 3, 'end': 3, 'poison': 3, 'joy': 3, 'changes': 3, 'on’t,': 3, 'negligence,': 3, 'thieves': 3, 'daughter,': 3, 'wits': 3, 'reverend': 3, 'pure': 3, 'profane': 3, 'beast': 3, 'guard,': 3, 'common': 3, '(if': 3, 'pains,': 3, 'evil': 3, 'naught': 3, 'minds': 3, 'property': 3, 'way,': 3, 'pains': 3, 'war': 3, 'men,': 3, 'conscience': 3, 'have,': 3, 'hard': 3, 'fast': 3, 'double': 3, 'which,': 3, 'goodness': 3, 'friends': 3, 'greet': 3, 'instant': 3, 'galleys': 3, 'messengers': 3, 'rais’d': 3, 'lodging': 3, 'senate': 3, 'spend': 3, 'land': 3, 'forever': 3, 'maid': 3, 'run': 3, 'bosom': 3, 'fear,': 3, 'charms,': 3, 'abus’d': 3, 'motion': 3, 'have’t': 3, 'on;': 3, 'thinking': 3, 'side,': 3, 'feel': 3, '’twere': 3, 'free,': 3, 'credit': 3, 'letters': 3, 'forty': 3, 'article': 3, 'sailor': 3, 'first,': 3, 'attempt': 3, 'course,': 3, 'dispatch': 3, 'enemy': 3, 'yours': 3, 'particular': 3, 'stol’n': 3, 'witchcraft': 3, 'part,': 3, 'approv’d': 3, 'soft': 3, 'speaking': 3, 'round': 3, 'deliver': 3, '(for': 3, 'she,': 3, 'conduct': 3, 'justly': 3, 'story': 3, 'flood': 3, 'taken': 3, 'whereof': 3, 'heard,': 3, 'beguile': 3, 'tears,': 3, 'head,': 3, 'hither,': 3, 'learn': 3, 'respect': 3, 'sake,': 3, 'hopes': 3, 'steals': 3, 'bears': 3, 'proceed': 3, 'therefore,': 3, 'thoughts,': 3, 'violence': 3, 'peace,': 3, 'absence': 3, 'wanton': 3, 'going': 3, 'speed': 3, 'morning': 3, 'commission': 3, 'beauty': 3, 'wills': 3, 'deserving': 3, 'violent': 3, 'shortly': 3, 'wilt': 3, 'vow': 3, 'less': 3, 'adieu': 3, 'profit': 3, '’twixt': 3, 'suspicion': 3, 'kind,': 3, 'holds': 3, 'how,': 3, 'led': 3, 'world’s': 3, 'water': 3, 'burning': 3, 'impossible': 3, 'desperate': 3, 'tempest': 3, 'ship': 3, 'so;': 3, 'cure': 3, 'iago;': 3, 'breath,': 3, 'behold,': 3, 'behind': 3, 'puts': 3, 'devils': 3, 'rise': 3, 'am,': 3, 'wise,': 3, 'ignorance': 3, 'merit': 3, 'malice': 3, 'gold': 3, 'said,': 3, 'displeasure': 3, 'wisdom': 3, 'takes': 3, 'web': 3, 'wonder': 3, 'die,': 3, 'amen': 3, 'stops': 3, 'e’er': 3, 'sweet,': 3, 'met': 3, 'be’st': 3, 'court': 3, 'this:': 3, 'finger': 3, 'defective': 3, 'granted': 3, 'civil': 3, 'advantage': 3, 'besides,': 3, 'green': 3, 'blessed': 3, 'wine': 3, 'occasion': 3, 'endure': 3, 'gnaw': 3, 'or,': 3, 'perdition': 3, 'pleasure': 3, 'michael,': 3, 'guard': 3, 'honourable': 3, 'to’t': 3, 'happiness': 3, 'drink': 3, 'cup': 3, 'elements': 3, 'offend': 3, '’fore': 3, 'clink,': 3, 'god’s': 3, 'saved': 3, 'sins': 3, 'whence': 3, 'mouths': 3, 'opinion': 3, 'sin': 3, 'private': 3, 'office,': 3, 'myself,': 3, 'fell': 3, 'back,': 3, 'surgeon': 3, 'reputation,': 3, 'sue': 3, 'discourse': 3, 'again;': 3, 'fool,': 3, 'general’s': 3, 'virtuous': 3, 'easy': 3, 'weak': 3, 'awhile': 3, 'move': 3, 'apart,': 3, 'instruments': 3, 'instrument': 3, 'music': 3, 'devise': 3, 'talking': 3, 'doubt,': 3, 'know’t': 3, 'breed': 3, 'coming': 3, 'obedient': 3, 'satisfaction': 3, 'thought,': 3, 'hadst': 3, 'shut': 3, 'horrible': 3, 'thou’rt': 3, 'just,': 3, 'as,': 3, 'immediate': 3, 'mock': 3, 'observe': 3, 'point': 3, 'smell': 3, 'match': 3, 'busy': 3, 'spirit,': 3, 'gone,': 3, 'pain': 3, 'give’t': 3, 'air': 3, 'proofs': 3, 'kisses': 3, 'slander': 3, 'earth': 3, 'wretched': 3, 'name,': 3, 'cried': 3, 'wife’s': 3, 'hers,': 3, 'thousand': 3, 'up,': 3, 'never,': 3, 'current': 3, 'withdraw': 3, 'handkerchief,': 3, 'sun': 3, 'rash': 3, 'pray,': 3, 'former': 3, 'devil,': 3, 'beshrew': 3, 'unkindness': 3, 'cause,': 3, 'walk': 3, 'eight': 3, 'score': 3, 'token': 3, 'troth,': 3, 'copied': 3, 'lip': 3, 'anon': 3, 'quite': 3, 'intend': 3, 'falls': 3, 'yours,': 3, 'nobody': 3, 'sight': 3, 'turn,': 3, 'remove': 3, 'wives': 3, 'weep': 3, 'strumpet,': 3, 'despite': 3, 'slave,': 3, 'grows': 3, 'dismiss': 3, 'willow': 3, 'dark': 3, '[_iago': 3, 'chair,': 3, 'easily': 3, 'chair': 3, 'cruel': 3, 'solicit': 3, 'murder’d': 3, 'villany,': 3, 'weapon,': 3, 'demand': 3, 'editions': 3, 'paying': 3, 'royalties': 3, 'license,': 3, 'trademark,': 3, 'complying': 3, 'derivative': 3, '(or': 3, 'obtain': 3, 'entity': 3, 'below': 3, 'future': 3, 'performing,': 3, 'its': 3, 'links': 3, 'notice': 3, 'distributed': 3, 'fees': 3, 'requirements': 3, 'paragraphs': 3, '1e7': 3, '1e9': 3, 'additional': 3, 'official': 3, 'royalty': 3, 'applicable': 3, 'payments': 3, 'writing': 3, 'medium': 3, '1f3,': 3, 'defect': 3, 'contact': 3, '3': 3, 'equipment': 3, 'disclaimer': 3, 'damages': 3, '-': 3, 'written': 3, 'warranties': 3, 'limitation': 3, 'foundation’s': 3, 'number': 3, 'restrictions': 2, 'whatsoever': 2, 're-use': 2, 'william': 2, 'english': 2, 'pg': 2, 'platform': 2, 'hall': 2, 'garden': 2, 'v': 2, 'bedchamber': 2, 'gratiano,': 2, 'officers,': 2, 'told’st': 2, 'despise': 2, 'personal': 2, 'faith': 2, 'pride': 2, 'circumstance,': 2, 'chose': 2, 'field,': 2, 'division': 2, 'prattle': 2, 'christian': 2, 'mark,': 2, 'heir': 2, 'judge': 2, 'him:': 2, 'old,': 2, 'cashier’d': 2, 'knaves': 2, 'forms,': 2, 'attending': 2, 'themselves,': 2, 'throwing': 2, 'lords,': 2, 'thrive': 2, 'themselves': 2, 'fellows': 2, 'profess': 2, 'peculiar': 2, 'demonstrate': 2, 'native': 2, 'figure': 2, 'rouse': 2, 'joy,': 2, 'aloud': 2, 'when,': 2, 'populous': 2, 'ho,': 2, 'awake': 2, 'thieves,': 2, 'appears': 2, 'above': 2, 'robb’d,': 2, 'soul;': 2, 'white': 2, 'bell,': 2, 'worser': 2, 'haunt': 2, 'thee;': 2, 'bitter': 2, 'simple': 2, 'because': 2, 'barbary': 2, 'consent,': 2, 'partly': 2, 'moor:': 2, 'rebuke': 2, 'reverence': 2, 'revolt,': 2, 'beauty,': 2, 'stranger': 2, 'accident': 2, 'dream,': 2, 'wholesome': 2, 'gall': 2, 'safety': 2, 'necessity': 2, 'sign': 2, 'surely': 2, 'raised': 2, 'servants': 2, 'despised': 2, '(o,': 2, 'raise': 2, 'got': 2, 'abused': 2, 'read,': 2, 'apprehend': 2, 'discover': 2, 'along': 2, 'lack': 2, 'ten': 2, 'ribs': 2, 'scurvy': 2, 'honour,': 2, 'assur’d': 2, 'effect': 2, 'restraint': 2, 'enforce': 2, 'royal': 2, 'confine': 2, 'lights': 2, 'yond': 2, 'perfect': 2, 'requires': 2, 'appearance': 2, 'divine': 2, 'heat': 2, 'duke’s': 2, 'several': 2, 'search': 2, 'lawful': 2, 'captain,': 2, 'swords,': 2, 'years': 2, 'magic': 2, 'happy,': 2, 'opposite': 2, 'marriage,': 2, 'incur': 2, 'delight': 2, 'peril': 2, 'inclining': 2, 'direct': 2, 'session': 2, 'satisfied,': 2, 'away;': 2, 'idle': 2, 'passage': 2, 'jump': 2, 'reports,': 2, 'fleet,': 2, 'bearing': 2, 'fearful': 2, 'preparation': 2, 'consider': 2, 'concerns': 2, 'stands': 2, 'abilities': 2, 'rhodes': 2, 'dress’d': 2, 'danger': 2, 'toward': 2, 'many,': 2, 'frank': 2, 'purposes': 2, 'prays': 2, 'certain,': 2, 'brabantio_]': 2, 'lack’d': 2, 'sorrows,': 2, 'abused,': 2, 'corrupted': 2, 'lame': 2, 'beguil’d': 2, 'herself,': 2, 'letter,': 2, 'yea,': 2, 'true;': 2, 'front': 2, 'rude': 2, 'gracious': 2, 'mighty': 2, 'spite': 2, 'country,': 2, 'maim’d': 2, 'perfection': 2, 'rules': 2, 'powerful': 2, 'conjur’d': 2, 'wrought': 2, 'prefer': 2, 'courses': 2, 'request,': 2, 'trust,': 2, 'lady’s': 2, 'year': 2, 'ran': 2, 'moment': 2, 'spake': 2, 'moving': 2, 'accidents': 2, 'sold': 2, 'rocks,': 2, 'hills': 2, 'heads': 2, 'hint': 2, 'beneath': 2, 'hour,': 2, 'prayer': 2, 'earnest': 2, 'stroke': 2, 'pitiful': 2, 'wish’d': 2, 'man:': 2, 'dangers': 2, 'witness': 2, 'mangled': 2, 'broken': 2, 'bare': 2, 'hands': 2, 'education': 2, 'challenge': 2, 'child': 2, 'already,': 2, 'yourself,': 2, 'sentence,': 2, 'remedies': 2, 'past,': 2, 'seeing': 2, 'late': 2, 'mischief': 2, 'injury': 2, 'robb’d': 2, 'robs': 2, 'sorrow': 2, 'pay': 2, 'grief,': 2, 'safer': 2, 'senators,': 2, 'couch': 2, 'undertake': 2, 'ottomites': 2, 'disposition': 2, 'breeding': 2, 'please,': 2, 'duke,': 2, 'ear,': 2, 'quality': 2, 'mind,': 2, 'honours': 2, 'behind,': 2, 'war,': 2, 'interim': 2, 'appetite,': 2, 'satisfaction,': 2, 'bounteous': 2, 'scant': 2, 'corrupt': 2, 'taint': 2, 'housewives': 2, 'affair': 2, 'cries': 2, 'we’ll': 2, 'import': 2, 'delighted': 2, 'far': 2, 'deceiv’d': 2, 'matters,': 2, 'live,': 2, 'betwixt': 2, 'gender': 2, 'authority': 2, 'poise': 2, 'baseness': 2, 'raging': 2, 'defeat': 2, 'body,': 2, 'error': 2, 'choice': 2, 'thyself,': 2, 'drowning': 2, 'frail': 2, 'erring': 2, 'tribe': 2, 'enjoy': 2, 'hanged': 2, 'compassing': 2, 'issue': 2, 'betimes': 2, 'expend': 2, 'familiar': 2, 'smooth': 2, 'fram’d': 2, 'women': 2, 'oak,': 2, 'quench': 2, 'drown’d': 2, 'lads': 2, 'turks': 2, 'governor': 2, 'vessel': 2, 'isle,': 2, 'dangerous': 2, 'bark': 2, 'expert': 2, 'hopes,': 2, 'brow': 2, 'ranks': 2, 'shot': 2, 'forth,': 2, 'creation': 2, 'winds,': 2, 'guiltless': 2, 'bay': 2, 'love’s': 2, 'quick': 2, 'spirits,': 2, 'riches': 2, 'shore': 2, 'ye': 2, 'before,': 2, 'tidings': 2, 'arrived,': 2, 'citadel': 2, '[_kissing': 2, 'list': 2, 'beds': 2, 'critical': 2, 'harbour': 2, 'merry,': 2, 'invention': 2, 'one’s': 2, 'black,': 2, 'folly': 2, 'laugh': 2, 'pranks': 2, 'bestow': 2, 'loud,': 2, 'fled': 2, 'wish,': 2, 'wight': 2, 'home,': 2, 'palm': 2, 'whisper': 2, 'smile': 2, 'tricks': 2, 'fingers': 2, 'oft,': 2, 'apt': 2, 'good;': 2, '[_trumpets': 2, 'lo,': 2, 'warrior': 2, 'low': 2, 'absolute': 2, 'unknown': 2, 'comforts': 2, 'powers': 2, 'music,': 2, 'friends,': 2, 'master': 2, 'presently': 2, 'sport,': 2, 'manners,': 2, 'want': 2, 'required': 2, 'begin': 2, 'instruct': 2, 'putting': 2, 'seeming,': 2, 'affection': 2, 'subtle': 2, 'drinks': 2, 'prologue': 2, 'conclusion': 2, 'pish': 2, 'command,': 2, 'sudden': 2, 'haply': 2, 'may,': 2, 'opportunity': 2, 'apt,': 2, '(though': 2, 'madness': 2, 'herald': 2, 'revels': 2, 'besides': 2, 'bell': 2, 'discretion': 2, 'fruits': 2, 'exquisite': 2, 'gallants': 2, 'fain': 2, 'health': 2, 'drinking': 2, 'entertainment': 2, 'unfortunate': 2, 'infirmity,': 2, 'desire': 2, 'mistress’': 2, 'followed': 2, 'cannikin': 2, 'soldier’s': 2, 'learned': 2, 'pulls': 2, 'down,': 2, 'it’s': 2, 'quality,': 2, 'forgive': 2, 'vice,': 2, 'island': 2, 'evermore': 2, 'perhaps': 2, 'sees': 2, 'prizes': 2, '[_aside': 2, 'rogue,': 2, 'rogue': 2, '[_striking': 2, 'goodly': 2, 'bleed': 2, 'stirs': 2, 'rage': 2, 'dies': 2, 'silence': 2, 'breast,': 2, 'beginning': 2, 'peevish': 2, 'glorious': 2, 'wont': 2, 'rich': 2, 'offends': 2, 'amiss': 2, 'begins': 2, 'lift': 2, 'offence,': 2, 'quarrel,': 2, 'truth,': 2, 'cut': 2, 'mouth': 2, 'persuade': 2, 'crying': 2, 'entreats': 2, 'pause': 2, 'lest': 2, 'swift': 2, 'return’d': 2, 'together,': 2, 'best,': 2, 'receiv’d': 2, 'pass': 2, 'all’s': 2, 'off_]': 2, 'balmy': 2, 'wak’d': 2, 'hurt,': 2, 'immortal': 2, 'remains': 2, 'ways': 2, 'recover': 2, 'mood,': 2, 'policy': 2, 'deceive': 2, 'mass': 2, 'things,': 2, 'wrath': 2, 'mend': 2, 'stop': 2, 'importune': 2, 'protest,': 2, 'were’t': 2, 'repair': 2, 'fortune,': 2, 'strongly': 2, 'pour': 2, 'fills': 2, 'know’st': 2, 'depends': 2, 'cassio;': 2, 'hours': 2, 'morrow,': 2, 'hangs': 2, 'such,': 2, 'piece': 2, 'thee:': 2, 'stirring,': 2, 'bold,': 2, 'for’t': 2, 'suitor': 2, 'fit,': 2, 'do’t': 2, 'long,': 2, 'feed': 2, 'forget': 2, 'assure': 2, 'rest,': 2, 'patience;': 2, 'ill': 2, 'lord;': 2, 'sure,': 2, 'errs': 2, 'suffer': 2, 'shall’t': 2, 'tuesday': 2, 'will;': 2, 'gloves,': 2, 'grant': 2, 'lord,—': 2, 'woo’d': 2, 'did,': 2, 'contract': 2, 'brain': 2, 'disloyal': 2, 'false:': 2, 'where’s': 2, 'think’st': 2, 'wrong’d': 2, 'mak’st': 2, 'confess,': 2, 'faults': 2, 'build': 2, 'trouble': 2, 'honesty,': 2, 'nothing;': 2, 'whilst': 2, 'meat': 2, 'feeds': 2, 'tells': 2, 'fears': 2, 'moon': 2, 'blown': 2, 'jealous,': 2, 'proof,': 2, 'spirits': 2, 'strain': 2, 'matches,': 2, 'foh': 2, 'unnatural': 2, '[_going_]': 2, 'awhile,': 2, 'am)': 2, 'off,': 2, 'creatures': 2, 'quicken': 2, 'mocks': 2, 'faintly': 2, 'bind': 2, 'hard,': 2, 'it_]': 2, 'remembrance': 2, 'token,': 2, 'chide': 2, 'wench,': 2, 'scarce': 2, 'burn': 2, 'yesterday': 2, 'avaunt': 2, 'pride,': 2, 'eternal': 2, 'damnation': 2, 'greater': 2, 'note,': 2, 'safe': 2, 'sith': 2, 'fire,': 2, 'behold': 2, 'tedious': 2, '“o': 2, 'pluck’d': 2, 'lips,': 2, 'leg': 2, 'spotted': 2, 'gift': 2, 'that:': 2, '(i': 2, 'hollow': 2, 'bosom,': 2, 'tongues': 2, '[_kneels_]': 2, 'witness,': 2, 'vain': 2, 'alive': 2, 'lodges': 2, 'lodging,': 2, 'throat': 2, 'compass': 2, 'doing': 2, 'felt': 2, 'hot,': 2, 'promise': 2, 'entirely': 2, 'heed': 2, 'precious': 2, 'fury': 2, 'trick': 2, 'sufficient': 2, '’t,': 2, 'humour': 2, 'patient': 2, 'arm': 2, 'object': 2, 'much,': 2, 'falsely': 2, 'conception': 2, 'day,': 2, 'suit,': 2, 'ladyship': 2, 'hours,': 2, 'soon': 2, 'handkerchief—': 2, 'choose': 2, 'hath,': 2, 'belie': 2, 'labour': 2, 'herself': 2, 'ears,': 2, 'nightly': 2, 'notable': 2, 'gesture': 2, 'kills': 2, 'quickly': 2, 'caitiff': 2, 'laughs': 2, 'persuaded': 2, 'thither': 2, 'neck': 2, 'imports': 2, 'weeps': 2, 'fine': 2, 'sup': 2, 'chance': 2, 'tasks': 2, 'poison,': 2, 'body': 2, 'attendant': 2, 'lives,': 2, 'fall’n': 2, 'paper': 2, 'obedient,': 2, 'commanded': 2, 'censure': 2, 'breath': 2, 'other,': 2, 'kneel': 2, 'seize': 2, 'utmost': 2, 'scorn': 2, 'well:': 2, 'grim': 2, 'ignorant': 2, 'paper,': 2, 'preserve': 2, 'unlawful': 2, 'fie,': 2, 'notorious': 2, 'without,': 2, 'form,': 2, 'hark,': 2, 'performances': 2, 'jewels': 2, 'solicitation': 2, 'checks,': 2, 'unpin': 2, 'forsake': 2, 'nether': 2, '_sing': 2, 'willow_': 2, 'mo': 2, 'huge': 2, 'break': 2, 'ills': 2, 'quick,': 2, 'fix': 2, 'diest': 2, 'groan': 2, 'undone': 2, 'gratiano_]': 2, 'murderous': 2, '[_stabs': 2, 'party': 2, 'bianca_]': 2, 'guiltiness': 2, 'supp’d': 2, 'fatal': 2, 'forfend': 2, 'killing': 2, 'hope,': 2, 'warranty': 2, 'stopp’d': 2, 'moon,': 2, 'murders': 2, '[_she': 2, 'dies_]': 2, 'angel': 2, 'filthy': 2, 'pernicious': 2, 'lie;': 2, 'charm': 2, 'wife_]': 2, 'uncle,': 2, 'north': 2, 'devils,': 2, 'offers': 2, 'weapon': 2, 'cold,': 2, 'possession': 2, 'desdemon': 2, 'prisoner': 2, 'pocket': 2, 'dog,': 2, 'owns': 2, 'copying': 2, 'protect': 2, 'concept': 2, 'registered': 2, 'ebook,': 2, 'nearly': 2, 'research': 2, 'printed': 2, 'redistribution': 2, 'promoting': 2, 'available': 2, 'redistributing': 2, 'intellectual': 2, 'destroy': 2, 'obtaining': 2, '1c': 2, '1e': 2, 'foundation”': 2, 'domain': 2, 'copying,': 2, 'displaying': 2, 'based': 2, 'references': 2, 'removed': 2, 'keeping': 2, 'also': 2, 'outside': 2, 'displaying,': 2, 'active': 2, 'prominently': 2, 'contain': 2, 'holder': 2, 'marked': 2, '“plain': 2, 'vanilla': 2, 'ascii”': 2, 'specified': 2, 'owner': 2, 'donate': 2, 'date': 2, 'user': 2, 'receipt': 2, 'physical': 2, 'accordance': 2, '90': 2, 'considerable': 2, 'medium,': 2, 'computer': 2, 'damage': 2, 'costs': 2, 'expenses,': 2, 'legal': 2, 'liability,': 2, 'breach': 2, '1f3': 2, 'owner,': 2, 'explanation': 2, 'lieu': 2, 'permitted': 2, 'widest': 2, 'computers': 2, 'efforts': 2, 'generations': 2, 'created': 2, '4': 2, 'page': 2, 'exempt': 2, 'federal': 2, 'contributions': 2, 'email': 2, 'wwwgutenbergorg/donate': 2, '\ufeffthe': 1, 'title:': 1, 'author:': 1, 'release': 1, 'date:': 1, 'november': 1, '1,': 1, '1998': 1, '[ebook': 1, '#1531]': 1, 'recently': 1, 'updated:': 1, 'december': 1, '16,': 1, '2023': 1, 'language:': 1, 'credits:': 1, 'team,': 1, 'team': 1, 'cover': 1, 'contents': 1, 'dramatis': 1, 'personæ': 1, 'kinsman': 1, 'predecessor': 1, 'clown,': 1, 'messenger,': 1, 'musicians,': 1, 'herald,': 1, 'sailor,': 1, 'attendants,': 1, '&c': 1, 'scene:': 1, 'venice;': 1, 'during': 1, 'rest': 1, 'tush,': 1, 'unkindly': 1, 'purse,': 1, 'strings': 1, 'thine,': 1, '’sblood,': 1, 'off-capp’d': 1, 'price,': 1, 'purposes,': 1, 'evades': 1, 'bombast': 1, 'horribly': 1, 'stuff’d': 1, 'epithets': 1, 'war:': 1, 'conclusion,': 1, 'nonsuits': 1, 'mediators:': 1, '“certes,”': 1, '“i': 1, 'officer”': 1, 'forsooth,': 1, 'arithmetician,': 1, 'florentine,': 1, 'squadron': 1, 'battle': 1, 'spinster,': 1, 'bookish': 1, 'theoric,': 1, 'toged': 1, 'consuls': 1, 'propose': 1, 'masterly': 1, 'he:': 1, 'soldiership': 1, 'election,': 1, 'grounds,': 1, 'heathen,': 1, 'belee’d': 1, 'calm’d': 1, 'debitor': 1, 'creditor,': 1, 'counter-caster,': 1, 'moorship’s': 1, 'hangman': 1, 'remedy': 1, 'preferment': 1, 'affection,': 1, 'gradation,': 1, 'term': 1, 'affin’d': 1, 'follow’d': 1, 'duteous': 1, 'knee-crooking': 1, 'doting': 1, 'obsequious': 1, 'bondage,': 1, 'wears': 1, 'master’s': 1, 'ass,': 1, 'nought': 1, 'provender,': 1, 'trimm’d': 1, 'visages': 1, 'lin’d': 1, 'coats,': 1, 'homage': 1, 'iago:': 1, 'judge,': 1, 'outward': 1, 'complement': 1, 'extern,': 1, 'sleeve': 1, 'daws': 1, 'peck': 1, 'at:': 1, 'thick-lips': 1, 'owe,': 1, 'carry’t': 1, 'delight,': 1, 'proclaim': 1, 'streets;': 1, 'incense': 1, 'kinsmen,': 1, 'fertile': 1, 'climate': 1, 'dwell,': 1, 'flies:': 1, 'vexation': 1, 'color': 1, 'timorous': 1, 'accent': 1, 'dire': 1, 'yell': 1, 'spied': 1, 'cities': 1, 'bags': 1, 'window': 1, 'terrible': 1, 'summons': 1, 'family': 1, 'doors': 1, 'locked': 1, 'gown,': 1, 'burst,': 1, 'ram': 1, 'tupping': 1, 'ewe': 1, 'snorting': 1, 'citizens': 1, 'grandsire': 1, 'charg’d': 1, 'doors;': 1, 'plainness': 1, 'madness,': 1, 'distempering': 1, 'draughts,': 1, 'malicious': 1, 'bravery,': 1, 'sir,—': 1, 'tell’st': 1, 'robbing': 1, 'grange': 1, 'ruffians,': 1, 'cover’d': 1, 'horse;': 1, 'nephews': 1, 'neigh': 1, 'coursers': 1, 'cousins': 1, 'gennets': 1, 'germans': 1, 'backs': 1, 'is)': 1, 'odd-even': 1, 'transported': 1, 'hire,': 1, 'gondolier,': 1, 'clasps': 1, 'lascivious': 1, 'allowance,': 1, 'saucy': 1, 'wrongs': 1, 'manners': 1, 'civility,': 1, 'trifle': 1, 'leave)': 1, 'tying': 1, 'extravagant': 1, 'wheeling': 1, 'everywhere': 1, 'satisfy': 1, 'yourself:': 1, 'deluding': 1, 'tinder,': 1, 'taper': 1, 'unlike': 1, 'belief': 1, 'oppresses': 1, 'above_]': 1, 'farewell;': 1, 'produc’d,': 1, 'shall,': 1, 'however': 1, 'check,': 1, 'embark’d': 1, 'loud': 1, 'wars,': 1, 'act,': 1, 'souls,': 1, 'fathom': 1, 'regard,': 1, 'flag': 1, 'sagittary': 1, 'search,': 1, 'bitterness': 1, '(o': 1, 'girl)': 1, 'say’st': 1, '(who': 1, 'father)': 1, 'deceives': 1, 'thought)': 1, 'tapers,': 1, 'kindred': 1, 'married,': 1, 'treason': 1, 'fathers,': 1, 'daughters’': 1, 'charms': 1, 'maidhood': 1, 'call,': 1, 'weapons,': 1, 'deserve': 1, 'trade': 1, 'stuff': 1, 'contriv’d': 1, 'murder;': 1, 'iniquity': 1, 'service:': 1, 'yerk’d': 1, 'prated,': 1, 'provoking': 1, 'godliness': 1, 'forbear': 1, 'magnifico': 1, 'belov’d': 1, 'potential': 1, 'duke’s;': 1, 'divorce': 1, 'grievance': 1, '(with': 1, 'on)': 1, 'cable': 1, 'spite;': 1, 'services,': 1, 'signiory,': 1, 'out-tongue': 1, 'complaints': 1, 'know,—': 1, 'boasting': 1, 'promulgate,—i': 1, 'siege': 1, 'demerits': 1, 'unbonneted': 1, 'proud': 1, 'reach’d': 1, 'unhoused': 1, 'circumscription': 1, 'sea’s': 1, 'friends:': 1, 'i;': 1, 'parts,': 1, 'title,': 1, 'manifest': 1, 'rightly': 1, 'janus,': 1, 'haste-post-haste': 1, 'dozen': 1, 'sequent': 1, 'another’s': 1, 'heels;': 1, 'consuls,': 1, 'met,': 1, 'hotly': 1, 'found,': 1, 'quests': 1, 'boarded': 1, 'carrack:': 1, 'prize,': 1, 'to—come,': 1, 'troop': 1, 'advis’d,': 1, 'intent': 1, 'holla,': 1, 'thief': 1, 'sides_]': 1, 'bright': 1, 'dew': 1, 'rust': 1, 'thief,': 1, 'stow’d': 1, 'art,': 1, 'enchanted': 1, 'refer': 1, 'chains': 1, 'bound)': 1, 'tender,': 1, 'shunn’d': 1, 'wealthy': 1, 'curled': 1, 'darlings': 1, 'nation,': 1, 'mock,': 1, 'guardage': 1, 'sooty': 1, 'thou—to': 1, 'practis’d': 1, 'drugs': 1, 'minerals': 1, 'weakens': 1, 'disputed': 1, 'probable,': 1, 'palpable': 1, 'attach': 1, 'abuser': 1, 'practiser': 1, 'arts': 1, 'inhibited': 1, 'warrant—': 1, 'resist,': 1, 'rest:': 1, 'cue': 1, 'fight,': 1, 'prompter': 1, 'prison,': 1, 'therewith': 1, 'council,': 1, 'self,': 1, 'mine’s': 1, 'himself,': 1, 'brothers': 1, 'actions': 1, 'bond-slaves': 1, 'pagans': 1, 'statesmen': 1, 'sitting': 1, 'table;': 1, 'composition': 1, 'disproportion’d;': 1, 'hundred:': 1, 'account,': 1, 'cases,': 1, 'aim': 1, 'difference,)': 1, 'confirm': 1, 'judgement:': 1, 'error,': 1, 'now,—what’s': 1, 'angelo': 1, 'assay': 1, 'pageant': 1, 'gaze': 1, 'importancy': 1, 'turk;': 1, 'facile': 1, 'brace,': 1, 'altogether': 1, 'lacks': 1, 'unskilful': 1, 'latest': 1, 'neglecting': 1, 'ease': 1, 'gain,': 1, 'wake': 1, 'wage': 1, 'profitless': 1, 'confidence,': 1, 'ottomites,': 1, 'gracious,': 1, 'steering': 1, 'injointed': 1, 'guess': 1, 'thirty': 1, 're-stem': 1, 'backward': 1, 'trusty': 1, 'servitor,': 1, 'recommends': 1, 'marcus': 1, 'luccicos,': 1, 'florence': 1, 'post-post-haste': 1, 'employ': 1, 'ottoman': 1, 'flood-gate': 1, 'o’erbearing': 1, 'engluts': 1, 'swallows': 1, 'spells': 1, 'medicines': 1, 'bought': 1, 'mountebanks;': 1, 'preposterously': 1, 'err,': 1, 'deficient,': 1, 'blind,': 1, 'sans': 1, 'whoe’er': 1, 'proceeding,': 1, 'book': 1, 'son': 1, 'mandate': 1, 'othello_]': 1, 'potent,': 1, 'grave,': 1, 'signiors,': 1, 'masters:': 1, 'offending': 1, 'extent,': 1, 'bless’d': 1, 'peace;': 1, 'arms': 1, 'years’': 1, 'pith,': 1, 'moons': 1, 'wasted,': 1, 'dearest': 1, 'tented': 1, 'pertains': 1, 'feats': 1, 'broil': 1, 'battle,': 1, 'unvarnish’d': 1, 'love:': 1, 'drugs,': 1, 'conjuration,': 1, 'magic,': 1, 'proceeding': 1, 'charged': 1, 'withal)': 1, 'won': 1, 'maiden': 1, 'bold:': 1, 'blush’d': 1, 'herself;': 1, 'credit,': 1, 'everything,': 1, 'fear’d': 1, 'imperfect': 1, 'err': 1, 'driven': 1, 'practices': 1, 'mixtures': 1, 'dram': 1, 'effect,': 1, 'proof;': 1, 'wider': 1, 'overt': 1, 'test': 1, 'thin': 1, 'habits': 1, 'likelihoods': 1, 'modern': 1, 'speak:': 1, 'indirect': 1, 'forced': 1, 'maid’s': 1, 'affections': 1, 'affordeth': 1, 'sagittary,': 1, 'report,': 1, 'vices': 1, 'ears': 1, 'invited': 1, 'question’d': 1, 'year—the': 1, 'battles,': 1, 'sieges,': 1, 'fortunes,': 1, 'pass’d': 1, 'through,': 1, 'boyish': 1, 'disastrous': 1, 'chances,': 1, 'field;': 1, 'hair-breadth': 1, 'scapes': 1, 'imminent': 1, 'deadly': 1, 'breach;': 1, 'insolent': 1, 'foe,': 1, 'slavery,': 1, 'redemption': 1, 'portance': 1, 'traveler’s': 1, 'history,': 1, 'antres': 1, 'vast': 1, 'deserts': 1, 'idle,': 1, 'rough': 1, 'quarries,': 1, 'speak,—such': 1, 'process;': 1, 'cannibals': 1, 'eat,': 1, 'anthropophagi,': 1, 'shoulders': 1, 'seriously': 1, 'incline': 1, 'haste': 1, 'dispatch,': 1, 'she’d': 1, 'greedy': 1, 'devour': 1, 'discourse;': 1, 'observing,': 1, 'pliant': 1, 'pilgrimage': 1, 'dilate,': 1, 'parcels': 1, 'intentively': 1, 'distressful': 1, 'suffer’d': 1, 'sighs': 1, 'swore,': 1, 'strange,': 1, 'passing': 1, 'strange;': 1, 'pitiful,': 1, 'wondrous': 1, 'thank’d': 1, 'story,': 1, 'woo': 1, 'spake:': 1, 'pass’d,': 1, 'wooer,': 1, 'destruction': 1, 'man—come': 1, 'mistress:': 1, 'owe': 1, 'obedience': 1, 'divided': 1, 'duty:': 1, 'hitherto': 1, 'daughter:': 1, 'show’d': 1, 'preferring': 1, 'adopt': 1, 'it—': 1, 'thee—for': 1, 'jewel,': 1, 'child,': 1, 'escape': 1, 'tyranny,': 1, 'clogs': 1, 'them—i': 1, 'grise': 1, 'step': 1, 'lovers': 1, 'griefs': 1, 'ended': 1, 'worst,': 1, 'depended': 1, 'mourn': 1, 'preserved': 1, 'takes,': 1, 'mockery': 1, 'smiles': 1, 'thief;': 1, 'spends': 1, 'bootless': 1, 'beguile,': 1, 'smile;': 1, 'thence': 1, 'hears;': 1, 'borrow': 1, 'sentences': 1, 'sugar': 1, 'gall,': 1, 'sides,': 1, 'equivocal:': 1, 'words;': 1, 'bruis’d': 1, 'pierced': 1, 'fortitude': 1, 'substitute': 1, 'allowed': 1, 'sufficiency,': 1, 'opinion,': 1, 'sovereign': 1, 'effects,': 1, 'throws': 1, 'slubber': 1, 'gloss': 1, 'stubborn': 1, 'boisterous': 1, 'expedition': 1, 'tyrant': 1, 'custom,': 1, 'flinty': 1, 'steel': 1, 'thrice-driven': 1, 'down:': 1, 'agnize': 1, 'natural': 1, 'prompt': 1, 'alacrity': 1, 'hardness,': 1, 'humbly,': 1, 'bending': 1, 'crave': 1, 'reference': 1, 'exhibition,': 1, 'accommodation': 1, 'besort': 1, 'levels': 1, 'be’t': 1, 'reside,': 1, 'impatient': 1, 'unfolding': 1, 'prosperous': 1, 'charter': 1, 't’': 1, 'assist': 1, 'simpleness': 1, 'downright': 1, 'storm': 1, 'world:': 1, 'heart’s': 1, 'subdued': 1, 'visage': 1, 'consecrate': 1, 'moth': 1, 'rites': 1, 'bereft': 1, 'beg': 1, 'palate': 1, 'heat,': 1, 'affects': 1, 'defunct,': 1, 'serious': 1, 'light-wing’d': 1, 'toys': 1, 'feather’d': 1, 'cupid': 1, 'seel': 1, 'dullness': 1, 'speculative': 1, 'offic’d': 1, 'instruments,': 1, 'disports': 1, 'business,': 1, 'skillet': 1, 'helm,': 1, 'indign': 1, 'adversities': 1, 'estimation': 1, 'privately': 1, 'determine,': 1, 'haste,': 1, 'conveyance': 1, 'assign': 1, 'needful': 1, 'everyone': 1, 'lack,': 1, 'son-in-law': 1, 'adieu,': 1, 'see:': 1, '&c_]': 1, 'advantage—': 1, 'worldly': 1, 'direction,': 1, 'iago—': 1, 'sayst': 1, 'thinkest': 1, 'incontinently': 1, 'dost,': 1, 'silly': 1, 'silliness': 1, 'torment;': 1, 'prescription': 1, 'physician': 1, 'looked': 1, 'four': 1, 'distinguish': 1, 'benefit': 1, 'injury,': 1, 'guinea-hen,': 1, 'humanity': 1, 'baboon': 1, 'fond,': 1, 'amend': 1, 'fig': 1, 'bodies': 1, 'gardens,': 1, 'gardeners': 1, 'plant': 1, 'nettles': 1, 'sow': 1, 'lettuce,': 1, 'hyssop': 1, 'weed': 1, 'thyme,': 1, 'supply': 1, 'herbs': 1, 'distract': 1, 'sterile': 1, 'idleness': 1, 'manured': 1, 'industry,': 1, 'corrigible': 1, 'balance': 1, 'scale': 1, 'sensuality,': 1, 'preposterous': 1, 'conclusions': 1, 'cool': 1, 'motions,': 1, 'carnal': 1, 'stings,': 1, 'unbitted': 1, 'lusts;': 1, 'sect,': 1, 'scion': 1, 'merely': 1, 'cats': 1, 'blind': 1, 'puppies': 1, 'professed': 1, 'knit': 1, 'cables': 1, 'perdurable': 1, 'toughness;': 1, 'stead': 1, 'purse;': 1, 'wars;': 1, 'usurped': 1, 'beard;': 1, 'continue': 1, 'moor,—put': 1, 'purse,—nor': 1, 'commencement,': 1, 'answerable': 1, 'sequestration—put': 1, 'moors': 1, 'changeable': 1, 'fill': 1, 'food': 1, 'luscious': 1, 'locusts': 1, 'acerb': 1, 'coloquintida': 1, 'sated': 1, 'change,': 1, 'sanctimony': 1, 'barbarian': 1, 'supersubtle': 1, 'pox': 1, 'clean': 1, 'way:': 1, 'drowned': 1, 'depend': 1, 'often,': 1, 'retell': 1, 'hearted;': 1, 'conjunctive': 1, 'events': 1, 'womb': 1, 'delivered': 1, 'traverse,': 1, 'drowning,': 1, 'changed': 1, 'sell': 1, 'gain’d': 1, 'knowledge': 1, 'snipe': 1, 'abroad': 1, 'surety': 1, 'plume': 1, 'knavery': 1, 'dispose,': 1, 'suspected,': 1, 'open': 1, 'thinks': 1, 'tenderly': 1, 'asses': 1, 'engender’d': 1, 'birth': 1, 'cape': 1, 'discern': 1, 'high-wrought': 1, 'descry': 1, 'fuller': 1, 'blast': 1, 'shook': 1, 'battlements': 1, 'ruffian’d': 1, 'mountains': 1, 'melt': 1, 'mortise': 1, 'segregation': 1, 'foaming': 1, 'shore,': 1, 'chidden': 1, 'billow': 1, 'pelt': 1, 'clouds,': 1, 'wind-shak’d': 1, 'surge,': 1, 'main,': 1, 'bear,': 1, 'guards': 1, 'ever-fixed': 1, 'pole;': 1, 'molestation': 1, 'view': 1, 'enchafed': 1, 'enshelter’d,': 1, 'embay’d,': 1, 'bang’d': 1, 'designment': 1, 'halts': 1, 'grievous': 1, 'wreck': 1, 'sufferance': 1, 'veronessa;': 1, 'shore;': 1, 'touching': 1, 'loss,': 1, 'sadly,': 1, 'safe;': 1, 'be;': 1, 'serv’d': 1, 'commands': 1, 'sea-side,': 1, 'aerial': 1, 'blue': 1, 'indistinct': 1, 'regard': 1, 'minute': 1, 'expectancy': 1, 'arrivance': 1, 'thanks': 1, 'defence': 1, 'elements,': 1, 'shipp’d': 1, 'stoutly': 1, 'timber’d,': 1, 'pilot': 1, 'allowance;': 1, 'surfeited': 1, 'death,': 1, 'empty;': 1, 'people,': 1, '“a': 1, 'sail”': 1, 'shape': 1, 'shot_]': 1, 'discharge': 1, 'arriv’d': 1, 'wiv’d': 1, 'fortunately:': 1, 'achiev’d': 1, 'paragons': 1, 'description': 1, 'wild': 1, 'fame,': 1, 'excels': 1, 'quirks': 1, 'blazoning': 1, 'pens,': 1, 'essential': 1, 'vesture': 1, 'tire': 1, 'ingener': 1, 'favourable': 1, 'speed:': 1, 'tempests': 1, 'seas,': 1, 'howling': 1, 'gutter’d': 1, 'congregated': 1, 'sands,': 1, 'traitors': 1, 'ensteep’d': 1, 'clog': 1, 'keel,': 1, 'omit': 1, 'natures,': 1, 'letting': 1, 'safely': 1, 'of,': 1, 'captain’s': 1, 'footing': 1, 'anticipates': 1, 'se’nnight’s': 1, 'jove,': 1, 'swell': 1, 'tall': 1, 'ship,': 1, 'pants': 1, 'arms,': 1, 'renew’d': 1, 'extincted': 1, 'knees': 1, 'hail': 1, 'enwheel': 1, 'fear—how': 1, 'contention': 1, 'skies': 1, 'fellowship': 1, '[_guns': 1, 'greeting': 1, 'likewise': 1, 'gentleman_]': 1, 'extend': 1, 'manners;': 1, 'bestows': 1, 'ladyship,': 1, 'grant,': 1, 'chides': 1, 'pictures': 1, 'doors,': 1, 'bells': 1, 'parlours,': 1, 'wild-cats': 1, 'kitchens,': 1, 'saints': 1, 'injuries,': 1, 'offended,': 1, 'players': 1, 'housewifery,': 1, 'slanderer': 1, 'play,': 1, 'to’t,': 1, 'assay—there’s': 1, 'otherwise—': 1, 'pate': 1, 'birdlime': 1, 'frieze,': 1, 'plucks': 1, 'all:': 1, 'muse': 1, 'labours,': 1, 'deliver’d': 1, 'fairness': 1, 'use,': 1, 'useth': 1, 'prais’d': 1, 'witty': 1, 'thereto': 1, 'blackness': 1, 'help’d': 1, 'paradoxes': 1, 'alehouse': 1, 'miserable': 1, 'thereunto,': 1, 'praisest': 1, 'couldst': 1, 'proud,': 1, 'gay,': 1, '“now': 1, 'may”;': 1, 'anger’d,': 1, 'nigh,': 1, 'fly;': 1, 'cod’s': 1, 'salmon’s': 1, 'tail;': 1, 'disclose': 1, 'suitors': 1, 'behind;': 1, 'wight,': 1, 'were—': 1, 'suckle': 1, 'chronicle': 1, 'beer': 1, 'impotent': 1, 'conclusion—do': 1, 'husband—how': 1, 'counsellor': 1, 'relish': 1, 'scholar': 1, 'ensnare': 1, 'fly': 1, 'gyve': 1, 'courtship': 1, 'strip': 1, 'lieutenantry,': 1, 'kissed': 1, 'kissed,': 1, 'clyster-pipes': 1, 'sake': 1, 'soul’s': 1, 'calms,': 1, 'winds': 1, 'waken’d': 1, 'labouring': 1, 'climb': 1, 'seas': 1, 'olympus-high,': 1, 'duck': 1, 'hell’s': 1, 'succeeds': 1, 'increase': 1, 'here;': 1, 'joy:': 1, 'greatest': 1, 'discords': 1, 'kiss_]': 1, 'tun’d': 1, 'pegs': 1, 'castle—': 1, 'acquaintance': 1, 'honey,': 1, 'desir’d': 1, 'cyprus;': 1, 'amongst': 1, 'fashion,': 1, 'dote': 1, 'comforts—i': 1, 'disembark': 1, 'coffers': 1, 'citadel;': 1, 'worthiness': 1, 'respect—come,': 1, 'valiant—as,': 1, 'nobility': 1, 'them—list': 1, 'watches': 1, 'guard:': 1, 'instructed': 1, 'bragging,': 1, 'telling': 1, 'fantastical': 1, 'prating': 1, 'discreet': 1, 'fed': 1, 'inflame': 1, 'satiety': 1, 'loveliness': 1, 'favour,': 1, 'sympathy': 1, 'beauties;': 1, 'in:': 1, 'conveniences,': 1, 'tenderness': 1, 'heave': 1, 'gorge,': 1, 'disrelish': 1, 'compel': 1, 'pregnant': 1, 'unforced': 1, 'position)': 1, 'eminently': 1, 'degree': 1, 'voluble;': 1, 'conscionable': 1, 'humane': 1, 'hidden': 1, 'none,': 1, 'slipper': 1, 'finder': 1, 'occasions;': 1, 'stamp': 1, 'counterfeit': 1, 'advantages,': 1, 'itself:': 1, 'devilish': 1, 'handsome,': 1, 'young,': 1, 'requisites': 1, 'pestilent': 1, 'complete': 1, 'blest': 1, 'fig’s': 1, 'grapes:': 1, 'blessed,': 1, 'pudding': 1, 'paddle': 1, 'lechery,': 1, 'index': 1, 'obscure': 1, 'history': 1, 'breaths': 1, 'embrac’d': 1, 'mutualities': 1, 'marshal': 1, 'exercise,': 1, 'incorporate': 1, 'ruled': 1, 'lay’t': 1, 'anger': 1, 'tainting': 1, 'discipline,': 1, 'favourably': 1, 'minister': 1, 'rash,': 1, 'choler,': 1, 'truncheon': 1, 'provoke': 1, 'mutiny,': 1, 'qualification': 1, 'taste': 1, 'displanting': 1, 'shorter': 1, 'journey': 1, 'impediment': 1, 'profitably': 1, 'removed,': 1, 'expectation': 1, 'prosperity': 1, 'citadel:': 1, 'necessaries': 1, 'ashore': 1, 'it;': 1, 'credit:': 1, 'howbeit': 1, 'constant,': 1, 'loving,': 1, 'nature;': 1, 'peradventure': 1, 'accountant': 1, 'sin)': 1, 'diet': 1, 'revenge,': 1, 'lusty': 1, 'leap’d': 1, 'seat': 1, 'doth,': 1, 'poisonous': 1, 'mineral,': 1, 'inwards,': 1, 'even’d': 1, 'failing': 1, 'hunting,': 1, 'hip,': 1, 'rank': 1, 'garb': 1, 'night-cap': 1, 'too)': 1, 'reward': 1, 'egregiously': 1, 'ass': 1, 'practicing': 1, 'confus’d': 1, 'knavery’s': 1, 'plain': 1, 'proclamation': 1, 'importing': 1, 'triumph:': 1, 'dance,': 1, 'bonfires,': 1, 'leads': 1, 'beneficial': 1, 'celebration': 1, 'nuptial': 1, 'proclaimed': 1, 'offices': 1, 'open,': 1, 'liberty': 1, 'feasting': 1, 'five': 1, 'eleven': 1, 'stop,': 1, 'outsport': 1, 'direction': 1, 'notwithstanding': 1, 'earliest': 1, 'purchase': 1, 'made,': 1, 'ensue;': 1, 'profit’s': 1, '’tween': 1, 'you—': 1, 'clock': 1, 'early': 1, 'desdemona;': 1, 'blame:': 1, 'jove': 1, 'game': 1, 'sounds': 1, 'parley': 1, 'provocation': 1, 'inviting': 1, 'eye,': 1, 'modest': 1, 'speaks,': 1, 'alarm': 1, 'stoup': 1, 'wine;': 1, 'brace': 1, 'measure': 1, 'invent': 1, 'custom': 1, 'friends;': 1, 'cup:': 1, 'craftily': 1, 'qualified': 1, 'innovation': 1, 'here:': 1, 'task': 1, 'weakness': 1, 'do’t;': 1, 'dislikes': 1, 'fasten': 1, 'quarrel': 1, 'sick': 1, 'carous’d': 1, 'potations': 1, 'pottle-deep;': 1, 'watch:': 1, 'swelling': 1, 'wary': 1, 'distance,': 1, 'fluster’d': 1, 'flowing': 1, 'cups,': 1, '’mongst': 1, 'flock': 1, 'drunkards,': 1, 'come:': 1, 'consequence': 1, 'boat': 1, 'sails': 1, 'freely,': 1, 'stream': 1, 'gentlemen;': 1, 'one;': 1, 'pint,': 1, '_and': 1, 'clink:': 1, 'life’s': 1, 'span,': 1, 'drink_': 1, 'boys': 1, 'england,': 1, 'potent': 1, 'potting:': 1, 'dane,': 1, 'german,': 1, 'swag-bellied': 1, 'hollander,—drink,': 1, 'ho—are': 1, 'englishman': 1, 'facility,': 1, 'dane': 1, 'drunk;': 1, 'sweats': 1, 'overthrow': 1, 'almain;': 1, 'hollander': 1, 'vomit': 1, 'pottle': 1, 'filled': 1, 'england': 1, '_king': 1, 'stephen': 1, 'peer,': 1, 'breeches': 1, 'crown;': 1, 'held': 1, 'sixpence': 1, 'dear,': 1, 'tailor': 1, 'lown': 1, 'renown,': 1, 'degree:': 1, 'auld': 1, 'cloak': 1, 'thee_': 1, 'unworthy': 1, 'saved,': 1, 'leave,': 1, 'this;': 1, 'enough,': 1, 'platform,': 1, 'cæsar': 1, 'direction:': 1, 'equinox,': 1, 'odd': 1, 'sleep:': 1, 'horologe': 1, 'rock': 1, 'cradle': 1, 'evils:': 1, 'him_]': 1, 'hazard': 1, 'ingraft': 1, 'infirmity:': 1, '[_cry': 1, 'within_:': 1, '“help': 1, 'help”]': 1, 'driving': 1, 'rascal': 1, 'twiggen': 1, 'bottle': 1, 'prate,': 1, 'knock': 1, 'mazard': 1, 'fight_]': 1, 'mutiny': 1, 'ho—lieutenant,—sir,—montano,—sir:—': 1, 'rings_]': 1, 'rings': 1, 'bell—diablo,': 1, 'sham’d': 1, 'still,': 1, 'lieutenant,—sir,—montano,—gentlemen,—': 1, 'ariseth': 1, 'turks,': 1, 'shame,': 1, 'barbarous': 1, 'brawl:': 1, 'carve': 1, 'light;': 1, 'dreadful': 1, 'frights': 1, 'propriety': 1, 'grieving,': 1, 'began': 1, 'quarter,': 1, 'bride': 1, 'groom': 1, 'devesting': 1, 'bed;': 1, 'planet': 1, 'unwitted': 1, 'swords': 1, 'tilting': 1, 'other’s': 1, 'opposition': 1, 'odds;': 1, 'legs': 1, 'gravity': 1, 'stillness': 1, 'noted,': 1, 'wisest': 1, 'censure:': 1, 'unlace': 1, 'night-brawler': 1, 'officer,': 1, 'inform': 1, 'spare': 1, 'know;': 1, 'self-charity': 1, 'assails': 1, 'guides': 1, 'rule,': 1, 'passion,': 1, 'collied,': 1, 'assays': 1, 'stir,': 1, 'arm,': 1, 'sink': 1, 'rout': 1, 'began,': 1, 'twinn’d': 1, 'birth,': 1, 'wild,': 1, 'people’s': 1, 'brimful': 1, 'manage': 1, 'domestic': 1, 'began’t': 1, 'partially': 1, 'affin’d,': 1, 'leagu’d': 1, 'general:': 1, 'determin’d': 1, 'sword,': 1, 'execute': 1, 'steps': 1, 'pursue,': 1, 'clamour': 1, 'out)': 1, 'fright:': 1, 'foot,': 1, 'outran': 1, 'purpose:': 1, 'clink': 1, 'oath,': 1, 'brief)': 1, 'thrust,': 1, 'men;': 1, 'forget;': 1, 'believe,': 1, 'indignity,': 1, 'mince': 1, 'attended': 1, 'example': 1, 'sweeting;': 1, 'hurts,': 1, '[_montano': 1, 'town,': 1, 'brawl': 1, 'distracted': 1, 'desdemona:': 1, 'soldiers’': 1, 'slumbers': 1, 'strife': 1, 'surgery': 1, 'bestial': 1, 'bodily': 1, 'wound;': 1, 'imposition,': 1, 'repute': 1, 'loser': 1, 'again:': 1, 'punishment': 1, 'malice,': 1, 'offenceless': 1, 'affright': 1, 'imperious': 1, 'lion:': 1, 'commander': 1, 'slight,': 1, 'drunken,': 1, 'indiscreet': 1, 'parrot': 1, 'squabble': 1, 'swagger': 1, 'fustian': 1, 'shadow': 1, 'invisible': 1, 'by,': 1, 'remember': 1, 'distinctly;': 1, 'pleasance,': 1, 'revel,': 1, 'applause,': 1, 'transform': 1, 'beasts': 1, 'enough:': 1, 'recovered': 1, 'pleased': 1, 'drunkenness': 1, 'unperfectness': 1, 'another,': 1, 'frankly': 1, 'severe': 1, 'moraler': 1, 'stands,': 1, 'heartily': 1, 'befallen;': 1, 'drunkard': 1, 'hydra,': 1, 'sensible': 1, 'inordinate': 1, 'unbless’d,': 1, 'ingredient': 1, 'creature,': 1, 'exclaim': 1, 'approved': 1, 'sir—i': 1, 'living,': 1, 'general;': 1, 'respect,': 1, 'devoted': 1, 'contemplation,': 1, 'denotement': 1, 'graces': 1, 'disposition,': 1, 'requested': 1, 'joint': 1, 'splinter,': 1, 'naming,': 1, 'crack': 1, 'stronger': 1, 'advise': 1, 'sincerity': 1, 'kindness': 1, 'freely;': 1, 'advice': 1, 'probal': 1, 'thinking,': 1, 'fruitful': 1, 'renounce': 1, 'baptism,': 1, 'seals': 1, 'symbols': 1, 'redeemed': 1, 'sin,': 1, 'enfetter’d': 1, 'make,': 1, 'unmake,': 1, 'list,': 1, 'appetite': 1, 'function': 1, 'parallel': 1, 'divinity': 1, 'blackest': 1, 'suggest': 1, 'shows,': 1, 'now:': 1, 'whiles': 1, 'plies': 1, 'pleads': 1, 'pestilence': 1, 'repeals': 1, 'body’s': 1, 'lust;': 1, 'strives': 1, 'undo': 1, 'pitch,': 1, 'net': 1, 'enmesh': 1, 'chase,': 1, 'hound': 1, 'hunts,': 1, 'spent,': 1, 'exceedingly': 1, 'cudgelled;': 1, 'experience': 1, 'wound': 1, 'heal': 1, 'degrees': 1, 'witchcraft,': 1, 'dilatory': 1, 'does’t': 1, 'beaten': 1, 'sun,': 1, 'blossom': 1, 'ripe': 1, 'mass,': 1, 'morning;': 1, 'short': 1, 'retire': 1, 'billeted': 1, 'hereafter': 1, 'soliciting': 1, 'device': 1, 'coldness': 1, 'delay': 1, 'musicians': 1, 'brief;': 1, '“good': 1, 'general”': 1, '[_music_]': 1, 'naples,': 1, 'these,': 1, 'they,': 1, 'thereby': 1, 'tail': 1, 'whereby': 1, 'tale,': 1, 'likes': 1, 'greatly': 1, 'pipes': 1, 'bag,': 1, 'vanish': 1, 'air,': 1, 'musicians_]': 1, 'quillets': 1, 'gentlewoman': 1, 'attends': 1, 'sir;': 1, 'stir': 1, 'notify': 1, 'unto': 1, 'clown_]': 1, 'a-bed,': 1, 'broke': 1, 'procure': 1, 'presently,': 1, 'converse': 1, 'florentine': 1, 'displeasure,': 1, 'stoutly:': 1, 'replies': 1, 'fame': 1, 'affinity,': 1, 'refuse': 1, 'protests': 1, 'likings': 1, 'safest': 1, 'brief': 1, 'give,': 1, 'pilot,': 1, 'duties': 1, 'walking': 1, 'fortification,': 1, 'see’t': 1, 'wait': 1, 'lordship': 1, 'assured,': 1, 'behalf': 1, 'grieves': 1, 'friendly': 1, 'whatever': 1, 'become': 1, 'long;': 1, 'strangeness': 1, 'farther': 1, 'politic': 1, 'distance': 1, 'nice': 1, 'waterish': 1, 'diet,': 1, 'absent,': 1, 'supplied,': 1, 'friendship,': 1, 'perform': 1, 'tame,': 1, 'school,': 1, 'board': 1, 'shrift;': 1, 'intermingle': 1, 'everything': 1, 'solicitor': 1, 'stay,': 1, 'ease,': 1, 'unfit': 1, 'if—i': 1, 'guilty-like,': 1, 'languishes': 1, 'reconciliation': 1, 'take;': 1, 'cunning,': 1, 'sooth;': 1, 'humbled': 1, 'desdemon,': 1, 'sooner,': 1, 'dinner': 1, 'dine': 1, 'home;': 1, 'captains': 1, 'morn,': 1, 'noon,': 1, 'night;': 1, 'wednesday': 1, 'morn': 1, 'exceed': 1, 'penitent;': 1, 'trespass,': 1, 'reason,': 1, '(save': 1, 'examples': 1, 'best)': 1, 'othello:': 1, 'deny,': 1, 'mammering': 1, 'a-wooing': 1, 'dispraisingly,': 1, 'boon;': 1, 'nourishing': 1, 'dishes,': 1, 'warm,': 1, 'person:': 1, 'difficult': 1, 'weight,': 1, 'whereon,': 1, 'fancies': 1, 'whate’er': 1, 'catch': 1, 'chaos': 1, 'acquainted': 1, 'discern’st': 1, 'echoes': 1, 'hideous': 1, 'shown': 1, 'lik’st': 1, 'wooing,': 1, 'criedst,': 1, '“indeed”': 1, 'conceit:': 1, 'dost;': 1, 'weigh’st': 1, 'giv’st': 1, 'fright': 1, 'more:': 1, 'custom;': 1, 'they’re': 1, 'dilations,': 1, 'working': 1, 'rule': 1, 'sworn': 1, 'seem;': 1, 'thinkings,': 1, 'ruminate,': 1, 'slaves': 1, 'utter': 1, 'palace': 1, 'whereinto': 1, 'intrude': 1, 'breast': 1, 'uncleanly': 1, 'apprehensions': 1, 'leets': 1, 'law-days,': 1, 'sit': 1, 'meditations': 1, 'conspire': 1, 'perchance': 1, 'vicious': 1, 'guess,': 1, 'nature’s': 1, 'spy': 1, 'abuses,': 1, 'shapes': 1, 'not,—that': 1, 'imperfectly': 1, 'conceits,': 1, 'notice;': 1, 'scattering': 1, 'unsure': 1, 'observance': 1, 'manhood,': 1, 'wisdom,': 1, 'jewel': 1, 'something,': 1, 'mine,': 1, 'his,': 1, 'thousands': 1, 'filches': 1, 'enriches': 1, 'cannot,': 1, 'custody': 1, 'beware,': 1, 'jealousy;': 1, 'green-ey’d': 1, 'bliss': 1, 'fate,': 1, 'wronger;': 1, 'minutes': 1, 'dotes,': 1, 'doubts,': 1, 'suspects,': 1, 'misery': 1, 'rich,': 1, 'enough;': 1, 'fineless': 1, 'winter': 1, 'jealousy,': 1, 'suspicions': 1, 'resolv’d:': 1, 'exchange': 1, 'goat': 1, 'exsufflicate': 1, 'surmises,': 1, 'matching': 1, 'inference': 1, 'company,': 1, 'sings,': 1, 'plays,': 1, 'dances': 1, 'virtuous:': 1, 'merits': 1, 'smallest': 1, 'doubt;': 1, 'prove;': 1, 'franker': 1, 'spirit:': 1, 'bound,': 1, 'wife;': 1, 'self-bounty,': 1, 'undone,': 1, 'marrying': 1, 'seem’d': 1, 'looks,': 1, 'seal': 1, 'dash’d': 1, 'jot,': 1, 'jot': 1, 'grosser': 1, 'issues': 1, 'larger': 1, 'reach': 1, 'success': 1, 'aim’d': 1, 'itself—': 1, 'affect': 1, 'proposed': 1, 'clime,': 1, 'complexion,': 1, 'degree,': 1, 'whereto': 1, 'tends;': 1, 'rank,': 1, 'disproportion,': 1, 'me:': 1, 'position': 1, 'distinctly': 1, 'recoiling': 1, 'judgement,': 1, 'happily': 1, 'farewell:': 1, 'perceive,': 1, 'more;': 1, 'doubtless': 1, 'unfolds': 1, '[_returning_]': 1, 'scan': 1, 'time:': 1, 'ability,': 1, 'note': 1, 'vehement': 1, 'importunity,': 1, 'meantime,': 1, 'fellow’s': 1, 'exceeding': 1, 'qualities,': 1, 'human': 1, 'dealings': 1, 'haggard,': 1, 'jesses': 1, 'heartstrings,': 1, 'whistle': 1, 'prey': 1, 'haply,': 1, 'conversation': 1, 'chamberers': 1, 'declin’d': 1, 'vale': 1, 'years,—yet': 1, 'much—': 1, 'abus’d,': 1, 'relief': 1, 'loathe': 1, 'ours,': 1, 'appetites': 1, 'toad,': 1, 'vapour': 1, 'dungeon,': 1, 'corner': 1, 'others’': 1, 'uses': 1, 'ones,': 1, 'prerogativ’d': 1, 'base,': 1, 'destiny': 1, 'unshunnable,': 1, 'death:': 1, 'forked': 1, 'fated': 1, 'false,': 1, 'believe’t': 1, 'dinner,': 1, 'generous': 1, 'islanders': 1, 'invited,': 1, 'presence': 1, 'forehead': 1, 'watching,': 1, 'napkin': 1, 'little;': 1, '[_he': 1, 'drops': 1, 'napkin;': 1, 'wayward': 1, 'reserves': 1, 'knows,': 1, 'fantasy': 1, 'thing—': 1, 'advantage,': 1, 'with’t,': 1, 'filch': 1, '[_snatching': 1, 'import,': 1, 'acknown': 1, 'napkin,': 1, 'trifles': 1, 'confirmations': 1, 'holy': 1, 'writ': 1, 'poison:': 1, 'conceits': 1, 'poisons,': 1, 'distaste,': 1, 'mines': 1, 'sulphur': 1, 'poppy,': 1, 'mandragora,': 1, 'drowsy': 1, 'syrups': 1, 'medicine': 1, 'ow’dst': 1, 'rack': 1, 'saw’t': 1, 'harm’d': 1, 'slept': 1, 'merry;': 1, 'wanting': 1, 'stol’n,': 1, 'know’t,': 1, 'camp,': 1, 'pioners': 1, 'tasted': 1, 'tranquil': 1, 'plumed': 1, 'troops': 1, 'big': 1, 'ambition': 1, 'neighing': 1, 'steed': 1, 'shrill': 1, 'trump,': 1, 'spirit-stirring': 1, 'drum,': 1, 'ear-piercing': 1, 'fife,': 1, 'banner,': 1, 'pomp,': 1, 'circumstance': 1, 'engines,': 1, 'throats': 1, 'jove’s': 1, 'dread': 1, 'clamours': 1, 'counterfeit,': 1, 'occupation’s': 1, 'possible,': 1, 'whore;': 1, 'ocular': 1, 'see’t,': 1, 'probation': 1, 'hinge': 1, 'loop': 1, 'woe': 1, 'torture': 1, 'abandon': 1, 'remorse;': 1, 'horror’s': 1, 'horrors': 1, 'accumulate;': 1, 'amaz’d;': 1, 'add': 1, 'wi’': 1, 'office—o': 1, 'liv’st': 1, 'profit,': 1, 'breeds': 1, 'wise;': 1, 'honesty’s': 1, 'loses': 1, 'proof:': 1, 'dian’s': 1, 'visage,': 1, 'begrim’d': 1, 'cords': 1, 'knives,': 1, 'suffocating': 1, 'streams,': 1, 'eaten': 1, 'may;': 1, 'supervisor,': 1, 'grossly': 1, 'gape': 1, 'topp’d': 1, 'difficulty,': 1, 'prospect': 1, 'bolster': 1, 'prime': 1, 'goats,': 1, 'hot': 1, 'monkeys,': 1, 'wolves': 1, 'imputation': 1, 'circumstances,': 1, 'living': 1, 'enter’d': 1, 'far,': 1, 'prick’d': 1, 'lately,': 1, 'troubled': 1, 'tooth,': 1, 'sleeps': 1, 'mutter': 1, 'cassio:': 1, '“sweet': 1, 'wary,': 1, 'hide': 1, 'loves;”': 1, 'gripe': 1, 'wring': 1, 'creature”': 1, 'roots,': 1, 'grew': 1, 'thigh,': 1, 'sigh’d': 1, 'kiss’d,': 1, '“cursed': 1, 'moor”': 1, 'denoted': 1, 'foregone': 1, 'shrewd': 1, 'thicken': 1, 'thinly': 1, 'tear': 1, 'pieces': 1, 'strawberries': 1, 'wife’s)': 1, 'today': 1, 'wipe': 1, 'beard': 1, 'that,—': 1, 'poor,': 1, 'vengeance,': 1, 'yield': 1, 'crown': 1, 'hearted': 1, 'throne': 1, 'tyrannous': 1, 'swell,': 1, 'fraught,': 1, 'aspics’': 1, 'pontic': 1, 'icy': 1, 'compulsive': 1, 'feels': 1, 'retiring': 1, 'ebb,': 1, 'propontic': 1, 'hellespont;': 1, 'pace': 1, 'ebb': 1, 'humble': 1, 'capable': 1, 'wide': 1, 'swallow': 1, 'marble': 1, 'sacred': 1, 'engage': 1, 'ever-burning': 1, 'above,': 1, 'clip': 1, 'about,': 1, 'execution': 1, 'remorse,': 1, 'rise_]': 1, 'thanks,': 1, 'acceptance': 1, 'bounteous,': 1, 'request': 1, 'lewd': 1, 'minx': 1, 'furnish': 1, 'sirrah,': 1, 'soldier;': 1, 'stabbing': 1, 'lodges;': 1, 'inquire': 1, 'edified': 1, 'catechize': 1, 'questions': 1, 'moved': 1, 'behalf,': 1, 'crusadoes': 1, 'are,': 1, 'drew': 1, 'humours': 1, 'hardness': 1, 'dissemble': 1, 'moist,': 1, 'age': 1, 'argues': 1, 'fruitfulness': 1, 'moist': 1, 'sequester': 1, 'liberty,': 1, 'fasting': 1, 'prayer,': 1, 'castigation,': 1, 'exercise': 1, 'devout;': 1, 'sweating': 1, 'commonly': 1, 'rebels': 1, 'heraldry': 1, 'promise,': 1, 'chuck': 1, 'rheum': 1, 'egyptian': 1, 'charmer,': 1, 'kept': 1, '’twould': 1, 'amiable': 1, 'loathed,': 1, 'hunt': 1, 'fancies:': 1, 'dying,': 1, 'wive,': 1, 'darling': 1, 'lose’t': 1, 'sibyl,': 1, 'number’d': 1, 'compasses,': 1, 'prophetic': 1, 'sew’d': 1, 'work;': 1, 'worms': 1, 'hallow’d': 1, 'silk,': 1, 'dyed': 1, 'mummy,': 1, 'skillful': 1, 'conserv’d': 1, 'maiden’s': 1, 'veritable,': 1, 'startingly': 1, 'lost,': 1, 'fetch’t,': 1, 'can,': 1, 'misgives': 1, 'founded': 1, 'shar’d': 1, 'you,—': 1, 'sooth,': 1, 'loss': 1, 'stomachs': 1, 'food;': 1, 'eat': 1, 'hungerly,': 1, 'full,': 1, 'belch': 1, 'way;': 1, 'suit:': 1, 'exist,': 1, 'member': 1, 'delay’d': 1, 'purpos’d': 1, 'futurity,': 1, 'ransom': 1, 'benefit;': 1, 'clothe': 1, 'forc’d': 1, 'content,': 1, 'fortune’s': 1, 'alms': 1, 'thrice-gentle': 1, 'advocation': 1, 'tune;': 1, 'alter’d': 1, 'sanctified,': 1, 'spoken': 1, 'blank': 1, 'suffice': 1, 'certainly': 1, 'unquietness': 1, 'cannon,': 1, 'puff’d': 1, 'brother,': 1, 'in’t': 1, 'unhatch’d': 1, 'demonstrable': 1, 'puddled': 1, 'clear': 1, 'cases': 1, 'men’s': 1, 'wrangle': 1, 'inferior': 1, 'ache,': 1, 'indues': 1, 'healthful': 1, 'members': 1, 'gods,': 1, 'observancy': 1, 'fits': 1, 'bridal': 1, '(unhandsome': 1, 'arraigning': 1, 'suborn’d': 1, 'indicted': 1, 'toy': 1, 'answer’d': 1, 'jealous:': 1, 'begot': 1, 'itself,': 1, 'hereabout:': 1, 'uttermost': 1, 'week': 1, 'nights': 1, 'lovers’': 1, 'absent': 1, 'dial': 1, 'weary': 1, 'reckoning': 1, 'leaden': 1, 'press’d,': 1, 'continuate': 1, '[_giving': 1, 'handkerchief_]': 1, 'newer': 1, 'guesses': 1, 'devil’s': 1, 'teeth,': 1, 'demanded,': 1, 'addition,': 1, 'woman’d': 1, 'little,': 1, 'circumstanc’d': 1, 'unauthoriz’d': 1, 'meaning': 1, 'hypocrisy': 1, 'devil:': 1, 'virtuously': 1, 'tempts,': 1, 'tempt': 1, 'venial': 1, 'slip': 1, 'bestow’t': 1, 'protectress': 1, 'essence': 1, 'seen;': 1, 'not:': 1, 'gladly': 1, 'said’st': 1, 'memory,': 1, 'raven': 1, 'infected': 1, 'boding': 1, 'all)': 1, 'abroad,': 1, 'having,': 1, 'importunate': 1, 'voluntary': 1, 'dotage': 1, 'convinced': 1, 'supplied': 1, 'blab)': 1, 'assur’d,': 1, 'unswear': 1, 'did—i': 1, 'her—we': 1, 'her—lie': 1, 'fulsome': 1, 'handkerchief—confessions—handkerchief': 1, 'hanged,': 1, 'tremble': 1, 'invest': 1, 'shadowing': 1, 'instruction': 1, 'noses,': 1, 'possible—confess—handkerchief—o': 1, 'devil—': 1, '[_falls': 1, 'trance_]': 1, 'medicine,': 1, 'credulous': 1, 'caught,': 1, 'dames': 1, 'guiltless,': 1, 'reproach': 1, 'fallen': 1, 'epilepsy': 1, 'rub': 1, 'temples': 1, 'forbear;': 1, 'lethargy': 1, 'foams': 1, 'mouth,': 1, 'breaks': 1, 'savage': 1, 'stirs:': 1, 'while,': 1, 'horned': 1, 'beast,': 1, 'bearded': 1, 'yok’d': 1, 'millions': 1, 'unproper': 1, 'peculiar:': 1, 'case': 1, 'fiend’s': 1, 'arch-mock,': 1, 'couch,': 1, 'suppose': 1, 'knowing': 1, 'o’erwhelmed': 1, '(a': 1, 'unsuiting': 1, 'man)': 1, 'shifted': 1, '’scuse': 1, 'ecstasy,': 1, 'return,': 1, 'promis’d': 1, 'encave': 1, 'fleers,': 1, 'gibes,': 1, 'scorns,': 1, 'dwell': 1, 'region': 1, 'face;': 1, 'anew,': 1, 'where,': 1, 'ago,': 1, 'cope': 1, 'wife:': 1, 'spleen,': 1, 'but,—dost': 1, 'hear—most': 1, '[_othello': 1, 'withdraws_]': 1, 'housewife': 1, 'selling': 1, 'buys': 1, 'bread': 1, 'clothes:': 1, 'dotes': 1, 'strumpet’s': 1, 'one)': 1, 'hears': 1, 'refrain': 1, 'excess': 1, 'laughter': 1, 'mad,': 1, 'unbookish': 1, 'construe': 1, 'smiles,': 1, 'gestures,': 1, 'behaviour': 1, 'ply': 1, '[_speaking': 1, 'lower_]': 1, 'bianca’s': 1, 'power,': 1, 'denies': 1, 'importunes': 1, 'triumph,': 1, 'roman': 1, 'triumph': 1, 'customer': 1, 'charity': 1, 'unwholesome': 1, 'wins': 1, 'scored': 1, 'monkey’s': 1, 'giving': 1, 'flattery,': 1, 'beckons': 1, 'haunts': 1, 'sea-bank': 1, 'venetians,': 1, 'bauble,': 1, 'crying,': 1, 'cassio”': 1, 'were:': 1, 'hangs,': 1, 'lolls,': 1, 'hales': 1, 'plucked': 1, 'fitchew': 1, 'perfum’d': 1, 'haunting': 1, 'dam': 1, 'likely': 1, 'minx’s': 1, 'hobby-horse': 1, 'wheresoever': 1, 'prepared': 1, 'must;': 1, 'rail': 1, 'to;': 1, '[_coming': 1, 'forward_]': 1, 'laughed': 1, 'hand:': 1, 'a-killing': 1, 'rot,': 1, 'perish,': 1, 'turned': 1, 'stone;': 1, 'hurts': 1, 'sweeter': 1, 'emperor’s': 1, 'needle,': 1, 'admirable': 1, 'savageness': 1, 'plenteous': 1, 'thousand,': 1, 'times:': 1, 'iniquity,': 1, 'patent': 1, 'offend,': 1, 'chop': 1, 'messes': 1, 'fouler': 1, 'expostulate': 1, 'unprovide': 1, 'strangle': 1, 'contaminated': 1, 'pleases': 1, 'undertaker': 1, 'midnight': 1, '[_gives': 1, 'packet_]': 1, 'pleasures': 1, '[_opens': 1, 'packet': 1, 'reads_]': 1, 'cousin': 1, 'cousin,': 1, 'unkind': 1, 'breach,': 1, '[_reads_]': 1, '“this': 1, 'fail': 1, 'will—”': 1, 'call;': 1, 'atone': 1, 'brimstone': 1, 'deputing': 1, 'deserv’d': 1, 'believ’d': 1, 'saw’t:': 1, 'amends': 1, 'teem': 1, 'woman’s': 1, 'crocodile': 1, 'truly,': 1, 'lordship,': 1, 'weep;': 1, 'sir,—o': 1, 'well-painted': 1, 'home—get': 1, 'anon—sir,': 1, 'mandate,': 1, 'venice—hence,': 1, 'goats': 1, 'monkeys': 1, 'solid': 1, 'dart': 1, 'graze': 1, 'pierce': 1, 'chang’d': 1, 'breathe': 1, 'new-create': 1, 'denote': 1, 'speech:': 1, 'after,': 1, 'continues': 1, 'harm,': 1, 'syllable': 1, 'fan,': 1, 'mask,': 1, 'durst,': 1, 'wager': 1, 'stake:': 1, 'requite': 1, 'serpent’s': 1, 'curse,': 1, 'chaste,': 1, 'purest': 1, 'bawd': 1, 'whore,': 1, 'closet': 1, 'lock': 1, 'key': 1, 'secrets': 1, 'chuck,': 1, 'fancy’s': 1, 'function,': 1, 'procreants': 1, 'alone,': 1, 'cough,': 1, 'hem,': 1, 'anybody': 1, 'mystery,': 1, 'mystery': 1, 'knees,': 1, 'words,': 1, 'loyal': 1, 'lest,': 1, 'double-damn’d': 1, 'whom,': 1, 'motive': 1, 'calling': 1, 'pleas’d': 1, 'try': 1, 'affliction,': 1, 'rain’d': 1, 'kinds': 1, 'sores': 1, 'shames': 1, 'steep’d': 1, 'poverty': 1, 'captivity': 1, 'fixed': 1, 'slow': 1, 'unmoving': 1, 'garner’d': 1, 'fountain': 1, 'runs,': 1, 'dries': 1, 'discarded': 1, 'cistern': 1, 'toads': 1, 'knot': 1, 'in—turn': 1, 'complexion': 1, 'rose-lipp’d': 1, 'cherubin,': 1, 'esteems': 1, 'summer': 1, 'flies': 1, 'shambles,': 1, 'blowing': 1, 'weed,': 1, 'lovely': 1, 'smell’st': 1, 'aches': 1, 'book,': 1, '“whore”': 1, 'commoner': 1, 'forges': 1, 'cheeks,': 1, 'cinders': 1, 'modesty,': 1, 'winks;': 1, 'bawdy': 1, 'wind,': 1, 'meets,': 1, 'hush’d': 1, 'earth,': 1, 'impudent': 1, 'christian:': 1, 'sav’d': 1, 'othello—you,': 1, 'saint': 1, 'peter,': 1, 'gate': 1, 'course;': 1, 'key,': 1, 'conceive': 1, 'asleep': 1, 'wedding': 1, 'sheets,': 1, 'remember,': 1, 'behav’d,': 1, 'stick': 1, 'small’st': 1, 'misuse': 1, 'babes': 1, 'chid': 1, 'chiding': 1, 'bewhor’d': 1, 'thrown': 1, 'whore:': 1, 'beggar': 1, 'callet': 1, 'weep:': 1, 'forsook': 1, 'hang’d,': 1, 'insinuating': 1, 'cogging,': 1, 'cozening': 1, 'devis’d': 1, 'hang’d': 1, 'halter': 1, 'bones': 1, 'likelihood': 1, 'moor’s': 1, 'companions': 1, 'thou’dst': 1, 'unfold,': 1, 'lash': 1, 'rascals': 1, 'east': 1, 'west': 1, 'squire': 1, 'seamy': 1, 'trespass': 1, '’gainst': 1, 'actual': 1, 'deed,': 1, 'beggarly': 1, 'divorcement)': 1, 'dearly,': 1, 'forswear': 1, 'much;': 1, '“whore,”': 1, 'word;': 1, 'earn': 1, 'vanity': 1, 'other,—': 1, 'summon': 1, 'dealest': 1, 'contrary': 1, 'daffest': 1, 'device,': 1, 'rather,': 1, 'keepest': 1, 'conveniency': 1, 'suppliest': 1, 'longer': 1, 'foolishly': 1, 'suffered': 1, 'kin': 1, 'unjustly': 1, 'wasted': 1, 'votarist:': 1, 'returned': 1, 'expectations': 1, 'acquaintance,': 1, 'scurvy,': 1, 'fopped': 1, 'jewels,': 1, 'protest': 1, 'intendment': 1, 'mettle': 1, 'exception,': 1, 'dealt': 1, 'appeared': 1, 'appeared,': 1, 'ever,—i': 1, 'purpose,': 1, 'courage,': 1, 'valour,—this': 1, 'treachery': 1, 'engines': 1, 'especial': 1, 'depute': 1, 'no;': 1, 'mauritania,': 1, 'abode': 1, 'lingered': 1, 'accident:': 1, 'determinate': 1, 'removing': 1, '“removing”': 1, 'uncapable': 1, 'place:': 1, 'knocking': 1, 'sups': 1, 'harlotry,': 1, 'fashion': 1, 'twelve': 1, 'pleasure:': 1, 'attempt,': 1, 'amazed': 1, 'supper-time,': 1, 'waste': 1, 'walk,': 1, 'sir—': 1, 'desdemona,—': 1, 'instant,': 1, 'forthwith': 1, 'gentler': 1, 'incontinent,': 1, 'bidding': 1, 'wearing,': 1, 'displease': 1, 'stubbornness,': 1, 'frowns,—': 1, 'me,—have': 1, 'shroud': 1, 'barbary,': 1, 'prov’d': 1, '“willow”,': 1, '’twas,': 1, 'express’d': 1, 'died': 1, 'singing': 1, 'night-gown': 1, 'handsome': 1, 'walked': 1, 'barefoot': 1, 'palestine': 1, '[_singing_]': 1, '_the': 1, 'sat': 1, 'sighing': 1, 'sycamore': 1, 'tree,': 1, 'knee,': 1, 'streams': 1, 'murmur’d': 1, 'moans,': 1, 'willow;': 1, 'soften’d': 1, 'stones;—_': 1, 'these:—': 1, 'hie': 1, 'garland': 1, 'approve,—_': 1, 'knocks': 1, '_i': 1, 'love;': 1, 'willow:': 1, 'women,': 1, 'men_': 1, 'gone;': 1, 'itch;': 1, 'bode': 1, 'weeping': 1, 'think,—tell': 1, 'emilia,—': 1, 'price': 1, 'should,': 1, 'undo’t': 1, 'joint-ring,': 1, 'measures': 1, 'lawn,': 1, 'gowns,': 1, 'petticoats,': 1, 'caps,': 1, 'petty': 1, 'exhibition;': 1, 'world—why,': 1, 'monarch': 1, 'venture': 1, 'purgatory': 1, 'world;': 1, 'labour,': 1, 'dozen;': 1, 'vantage': 1, 'store': 1, 'played': 1, 'husbands’': 1, 'fall:': 1, 'slack': 1, 'duties,': 1, 'treasures': 1, 'foreign': 1, 'laps;': 1, 'jealousies,': 1, 'galls;': 1, 'them:': 1, 'palates': 1, 'sour,': 1, 'frailty': 1, 'affections,': 1, 'frailty,': 1, 'usage': 1, 'send,': 1, 'pick': 1, 'bad,': 1, 'bulk': 1, 'rapier': 1, 'bare,': 1, 'elbow': 1, 'mars': 1, 'firm': 1, 'resolution': 1, 'miscarry': 1, '[_retires': 1, 'distance_]': 1, 'devotion': 1, 'deed;': 1, 'satisfying': 1, 'reasons': 1, 'sword;': 1, '[_goes': 1, 'stand_]': 1, 'rubb’d': 1, 'quat': 1, 'gain': 1, 'calls': 1, 'restitution': 1, 'large': 1, 'bobb’d': 1, 'gifts': 1, 'remain,': 1, 'daily': 1, 'ugly': 1, 'unfold': 1, 'gait;': 1, '[_rushes': 1, 'thrust': 1, 'coat': 1, '[_draws,': 1, 'wounds': 1, 'rushes': 1, 'post,': 1, 'cuts': 1, 'leg,': 1, 'exit_]': 1, '[_falls_]': 1, 'friend’s': 1, 'teachest': 1, 'me,—minion,': 1, 'unbless’d': 1, 'hies': 1, 'blotted;': 1, 'lust-stain’d,': 1, 'lust’s': 1, 'mischance;': 1, 'direful': 1, 'counterfeits': 1, 'think’t': 1, 'unsafe': 1, 'shirt,': 1, 'heaven’s': 1, 'grievously': 1, 'spoil’d,': 1, 'hereabout,': 1, 'treacherous': 1, 'inhuman': 1, 'silent': 1, 'is’t,': 1, 'shirt': 1, 'thus;': 1, 'garter': 1, 'so—o,': 1, 'faints': 1, 'come;': 1, 'countryman': 1, 'sure;': 1, 'excuse': 1, 'neglected': 1, 'in_]': 1, 'said;': 1, 'carefully': 1, 'hence,': 1, 'pale—o,': 1, '[_cassio': 1, 'borne': 1, 'gentlemen—look': 1, 'pale,': 1, 'gastness': 1, 'stare,': 1, '’las,': 1, '’scap’d': 1, 'slain,': 1, 'fruit': 1, 'whoring': 1, 'tell’s': 1, 'citadel,': 1, 'happ’d': 1, 'afore': 1, 'fordoes': 1, 'asleep;': 1, 'stars': 1, 'shed': 1, 'scar': 1, 'whiter': 1, 'skin': 1, 'hers': 1, 'snow,': 1, 'monumental': 1, 'alabaster': 1, 'betray': 1, 'light:': 1, 'flaming': 1, 'minister,': 1, 'restore,': 1, 'cunning’st': 1, 'pattern': 1, 'excelling': 1, 'promethean': 1, 'relume': 1, 'rose,': 1, 'vital': 1, 'growth': 1, 'wither': 1, 'tree': 1, 'sorrow’s': 1, 'heavenly,': 1, 'strikes': 1, 'wakes': 1, 'pray’d': 1, 'bethink': 1, 'crime': 1, 'unreconcil’d': 1, 'alack,': 1, 'brief,': 1, 'unprepared': 1, 'amen,': 1, 'hum': 1, 'roll': 1, 'so:': 1, 'death’s': 1, 'shakes': 1, 'frame': 1, 'portents;': 1, 'gav’st': 1, 'heed,': 1, 'perjury,': 1, 'death-bed': 1, 'presently:': 1, 'oath': 1, 'choke': 1, 'withal': 1, '’s': 1, 'perjur’d': 1, 'stone': 1, 'sacrifice': 1, 'unlawfully': 1, 'order': 1, 'interprets': 1, 'hairs': 1, 'stomach': 1, 'betray’d,': 1, 'weep’st': 1, 'banish': 1, 'tomorrow,': 1, 'strive,—': 1, '[_smothers': 1, 'merciful,': 1, 'linger': 1, 'yes': 1, 'death;': 1, 'high—ha': 1, 'insupportable': 1, 'eclipse': 1, 'affrighted': 1, 'globe': 1, 'yawn': 1, 'alteration': 1, 'soft,': 1, 'by;': 1, 'curtains': 1, '[_unlocks': 1, 'door_]': 1, 'yonder’s': 1, 'nearer': 1, 'murder’s': 1, 'tune,': 1, 'harsh': 1, 'falsely,': 1, 'nobody;': 1, 'commend': 1, 'liar,': 1, 'blacker': 1, 'folly,': 1, 'top': 1, 'depth': 1, 'grounds': 1, 'extremity': 1, 'wedlock': 1, 'entire': 1, 'chrysolite,': 1, 'hates': 1, 'slime': 1, 'sticks': 1, 'iterance,': 1, 'villainy': 1, 'woman;': 1, 'husband:': 1, 'husband,': 1, 'rot': 1, 'grain': 1, 'bargain': 1, 'worst:': 1, 'wast': 1, 'gull': 1, 'dolt': 1, 'dirt': 1, 'sword)': 1, 'known,': 1, 'disprove': 1, 'lie,': 1, 'odious,': 1, 'wicked': 1, 'tongue;': 1, 'reports': 1, 'stare': 1, 'upon’t,': 1, 'smell’t;': 1, 'perchance,': 1, '[_hanging': 1, 'roar;': 1, 'sweetest': 1, 'innocent': 1, '[_rising_]': 1, 'niece,': 1, 'newly': 1, 'thread': 1, 'twain:': 1, 'reprobance': 1, 'committed;': 1, 'gratify': 1, 'amorous': 1, 'recognizance': 1, 'pledge': 1, 'antique': 1, 'stab': 1, 'speak’st': 1, 'husband;': 1, 'solemn': 1, 'earnestness,': 1, 'belong’d': 1, 'trifle,': 1, 'begg’d': 1, 'villanous': 1, 'filth,': 1, 'liest': 1, 'coxcomb': 1, 'stones': 1, 'thunder': 1, 'stabs': 1, 'runs': 1, 'out_]': 1, 'recover’d': 1, 'pass,': 1, 'neither,': 1, 'puny': 1, 'whipster': 1, 'gets': 1, 'outlive': 1, 'bode,': 1, 'swan,': 1, '_willow,': 1, 'bliss,': 1, 'chamber,': 1, 'spain,': 1, 'ice-brook’s': 1, 'temper': 1, 'dear;': 1, 'perforce': 1, 'assault': 1, 'sustain': 1, 'thigh:': 1, 'impediments': 1, 'boast': 1, 'control': 1, 'afraid,': 1, 'weapon’d': 1, 'journey’s': 1, 'end,': 1, 'butt,': 1, 'sea-mark': 1, 'dismay’d': 1, 'rush': 1, 'retires': 1, 'ill-starr’d': 1, 'pale': 1, 'smock,': 1, 'compt,': 1, 'hurl': 1, 'fiends': 1, 'snatch': 1, 'girl': 1, 'chastity': 1, 'cursed,': 1, 'cursed': 1, 'roast': 1, 'sulphur,': 1, 'wash': 1, 'steep-down': 1, 'gulfs': 1, 'liquid': 1, 'oh,': 1, 'oh': 1, 'carried': 1, 'viper': 1, 'towards': 1, 'feet;': 1, 'fable': 1, '[_wounds': 1, 'wrench': 1, 'bleed,': 1, 'wert': 1, 'anything;': 1, 'murderer,': 1, 'hate,': 1, 'consent': 1, 'demi-devil': 1, 'ensnar’d': 1, 'torments': 1, 'ope': 1, 'befall’n,': 1, 'undertook': 1, 'heathenish': 1, 'discontented': 1, 'too;': 1, 'seems,': 1, 'meant': 1, 'belike,': 1, 'dropp’d': 1, 'roderigo’s': 1, 'upbraids': 1, 'watch,': 1, 'whereon': 1, 'spake,': 1, 'room,': 1, 'cruelty': 1, 'torment': 1, 'letters,': 1, 'unlucky': 1, 'relate,': 1, 'extenuate,': 1, 'wisely,': 1, 'wrought,': 1, 'perplex’d': 1, 'extreme;': 1, 'judean,': 1, 'threw': 1, 'pearl': 1, 'richer': 1, 'tribe;': 1, 'subdu’d': 1, 'albeit': 1, 'unused': 1, 'melting': 1, 'arabian': 1, 'trees': 1, 'medicinal': 1, 'gum': 1, 'aleppo': 1, 'once,': 1, 'malignant': 1, 'turban’d': 1, 'traduc’d': 1, 'circumcised': 1, 'smote': 1, 'himself_]': 1, 'period': 1, 'marr’d': 1, 'kiss’d': 1, '[_falling': 1, 'spartan': 1, 'anguish,': 1, 'hunger,': 1, 'tragic': 1, 'loading': 1, 'poisons': 1, 'sight,': 1, 'hid': 1, 'succeed': 1, 'governor,': 1, 'hellish': 1, 'torture,': 1, 'aboard,': 1, 'relate': 1, 'updated': 1, 'replace': 1, 'previous': 1, 'one—the': 1, 'renamed': 1, 'print': 1, '(and': 1, 'you)': 1, 'rules,': 1, 'apply': 1, 'modified': 1, 'away—you': 1, 'practically': 1, 'subject': 1, 'especially': 1, 'commercial': 1, 'start:': 1, 'gutenberg”),': 1, 'file': 1, 'wwwgutenbergorg/license': 1, '1': 1, '1a': 1, 'reading': 1, 'indicate': 1, 'understand,': 1, 'accept': 1, '(trademark/copyright)': 1, 'abide': 1, 'cease': 1, '1b': 1, 'few': 1, 'lot': 1, '(“the': 1, 'pglaf),': 1, 'compilation': 1, 'unprotected': 1, 'claim': 1, 'prevent': 1, 'distributing,': 1, 'sharing': 1, 'attached': 1, 'share': 1, '1d': 1, 'govern': 1, 'countries': 1, 'constant': 1, 'downloading,': 1, 'representations': 1, 'gutenberg:': 1, 'appear': 1, 'whenever': 1, '(any': 1, 'appears,': 1, 'associated)': 1, 'accessed,': 1, 'displayed,': 1, 'performed,': 1, 'viewed,': 1, 'distributed:': 1, '1e2': 1, 'derived': 1, 'texts': 1, '(does': 1, 'indicating': 1, 'holder),': 1, 'charges': 1, 'appearing': 1, '1e3': 1, 'holder,': 1, 'imposed': 1, 'linked': 1, '1e4': 1, 'unlink': 1, 'detach': 1, 'files': 1, 'containing': 1, '1e5': 1, 'display,': 1, 'perform,': 1, 'redistribute': 1, '1e6': 1, 'convert': 1, 'binary,': 1, 'compressed,': 1, 'nonproprietary': 1, 'proprietary': 1, 'processing': 1, 'hypertext': 1, 'however,': 1, 'version': 1, '(wwwgutenbergorg),': 1, 'must,': 1, 'cost,': 1, 'expense': 1, 'user,': 1, 'exporting': 1, 'original': 1, 'alternate': 1, 'include': 1, 'viewing,': 1, 'reasonable': 1, '20%': 1, 'profits': 1, 'derive': 1, 'calculated': 1, 'method': 1, 'calculate': 1, 'taxes': 1, 'owed': 1, 'agreed': 1, '60': 1, 'prepare': 1, 'legally': 1, 'prepare)': 1, 'periodic': 1, 'returns': 1, 'clearly': 1, 'address': 1, '4,': 1, '“information': 1, 'notifies': 1, 'e-mail)': 1, '30': 1, 's/he': 1, 'require': 1, 'possessed': 1, 'discontinue': 1, 'provide,': 1, 'discovered': 1, 'reported': 1, 'group': 1, 'different': 1, 'manager': 1, '1f': 1, '1f1': 1, 'employees': 1, 'effort': 1, 'identify,': 1, 'transcribe': 1, 'proofread': 1, 'efforts,': 1, 'stored,': 1, '“defects,”': 1, 'incomplete,': 1, 'inaccurate': 1, 'data,': 1, 'transcription': 1, 'errors,': 1, 'infringement,': 1, 'damaged': 1, 'disk': 1, 'virus,': 1, 'codes': 1, '1f2': 1, 'warranty,': 1, '“right': 1, 'refund”': 1, 'described': 1, 'disclaim': 1, 'liability': 1, 'damages,': 1, 'strict': 1, 'distributor': 1, 'liable': 1, 'actual,': 1, 'direct,': 1, 'indirect,': 1, 'consequential,': 1, 'punitive': 1, 'incidental': 1, 'possibility': 1, 'receiving': 1, 'any)': 1, 'sending': 1, 'elect': 1, 'electronically,': 1, 'electronically': 1, 'defective,': 1, 'opportunities': 1, 'problem': 1, '1f4': 1, '‘as-is’,': 1, 'express': 1, 'implied,': 1, 'merchantability': 1, 'fitness': 1, '1f5': 1, 'allow': 1, 'disclaimers': 1, 'implied': 1, 'exclusion': 1, 'types': 1, 'violates': 1, 'interpreted': 1, 'maximum': 1, 'invalidity': 1, 'unenforceability': 1, 'provision': 1, 'void': 1, 'remaining': 1, 'provisions': 1, '1f6': 1, 'indemnity': 1, 'indemnify': 1, 'agent': 1, 'employee': 1, 'production,': 1, 'promotion': 1, 'harmless': 1, 'fees,': 1, 'arise': 1, 'indirectly': 1, 'occur:': 1, '(a)': 1, '(b)': 1, 'alteration,': 1, 'modification,': 1, 'additions': 1, 'deletions': 1, '(c)': 1, '2': 1, 'synonymous': 1, 'formats': 1, 'readable': 1, 'variety': 1, 'obsolete,': 1, 'middle-aged': 1, 'exists': 1, 'hundreds': 1, 'walks': 1, 'financial': 1, 'assistance': 1, 'need': 1, 'reaching': 1, 'gutenberg™’s': 1, 'goals': 1, 'ensuring': 1, 'remain': 1, '2001,': 1, 'permanent': 1, 'sections': 1, 'non-profit': 1, '501(c)(3)': 1, 'educational': 1, 'corporation': 1, 'organized': 1, 'mississippi': 1, 'internal': 1, 'revenue': 1, 'ein': 1, 'identification': 1, '64-6221541': 1, 'deductible': 1, 'extent': 1, 'state’s': 1, '809': 1, '1500': 1, 'west,': 1, 'lake': 1, 'ut': 1, '84116,': 1, '(801)': 1, '596-1887': 1, 'wwwgutenbergorg/contact': 1, 'survive': 1, 'widespread': 1, 'carry': 1, 'increasing': 1, 'licensed': 1, 'machine-readable': 1, 'accessible': 1, 'array': 1, 'outdated': 1, '($1': 1, '$5,000)': 1, 'particularly': 1, 'important': 1, 'maintaining': 1, 'irs': 1, 'regulating': 1, 'charities': 1, 'charitable': 1, '50': 1, 'uniform': 1, 'effort,': 1, 'paperwork': 1, 'locations': 1, 'confirmation': 1, 'determine': 1, 'visit': 1, 'requirements,': 1, 'prohibition': 1, 'accepting': 1, 'unsolicited': 1, 'donors': 1, 'approach': 1, 'international': 1, 'gratefully': 1, 'accepted,': 1, 'statements': 1, 'treatment': 1, 'swamp': 1, 'staff': 1, 'pages': 1, 'donation': 1, 'methods': 1, 'addresses': 1, 'accepted': 1, 'card': 1, 'donate,': 1, 'visit:': 1, '5': 1, 'professor': 1, 's': 1, 'hart': 1, 'originator': 1, 'library': 1, 'shared': 1, 'produced': 1, 'network': 1, 'volunteer': 1, 'editions,': 1, 'confirmed': 1, 'necessarily': 1, 'edition': 1, 'facility:': 1, 'includes': 1, 'gutenberg™,': 1, 'produce': 1, 'ebooks,': 1, 'subscribe': 1, 'newsletter': 1})

NLTK

While writing your own tokenizer may allow you to create highly customized results, it is easier and more often more effective to use existing tokenizers offered in packages such as the Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK) and spaCy. Ultimately, whatever tokenizer you use, it is helpful to understand Python string manipulations and regular expressions in case you wish to adapt a particular tokenizer to your texts.

The NLTK library has multiple tokenizers available.

Word Punctuation

The word punctuation tokenizer splits on white spaces and splits out punctuation into separate tokens.

Penn Treebank

The Tree Bank tokenizer is the default tokenizer for NLTK. It features a variety of regular expressions for addressing punctuation such as contractions, quotes, parentheses, brackets, and dashes.

Tweet

The Twitter tokenizer is designed to work with Twitter and social media text. It uses regular expressions for addressing emoticons, phone numbers, URLs, Twitter usernames, and email addresses.

Multi-Word Expression

The MWETokenizer takes a “string which has already been divided into tokens and retokenizes it, merging multi-word expressions into single tokens, using a lexicon of MWEs.” The lexicon of Multi-Word Entities is constructed by the user. It can be constructed ad-hoc depended on the user’s research interest or discovered through the use of techniques like part of speech tagging, collocation, and named entity recognition.

# Import a variety of tokenizers
import nltk
nltk.download('punkt', download_dir='../data/nltk_data')
nltk.download('averaged_perceptron_tagger', download_dir='../data/nltk_data')
from nltk.tokenize import (TreebankWordTokenizer,
                          word_tokenize,
                          wordpunct_tokenize,
                          TweetTokenizer,
                          MWETokenizer)

[nltk_data] Downloading package punkt to ../data/nltk_data...
[nltk_data]   Package punkt is already up-to-date!
[nltk_data] Downloading package averaged_perceptron_tagger to
[nltk_data]     ../data/nltk_data...
[nltk_data]   Package averaged_perceptron_tagger is already up-to-
[nltk_data]       date!

string = "Nathan Kelber is helping us tokenize with the Constellate platform. http://constellate.org #NLP"

# Python .split() tokenization
split_tokens = string.split()
print('Python .split()')
print(split_tokens, '\n')

# Punctuation-based tokenization
punct_tokens = wordpunct_tokenize(string)
print('Wordpunct tokenizer')
print(punct_tokens, '\n')

# Treebank Tokenizer
treebank_tokens = TreebankWordTokenizer().tokenize(string)
print('Treebank Tokenizer')
print(treebank_tokens, '\n')

# TweetTokenizer
tweet_tokens = TweetTokenizer().tokenize(string)
print('Tweet Tokenizer')
print(tweet_tokens, '\n')

# Multi-Word Expression Tokenizer
tokenizer = MWETokenizer([('Nathan', 'Kelber')])
MWE_tokens = tokenizer.tokenize(word_tokenize(string))
print('MWE Tokenizer')
print(MWE_tokens)

Python .split()
['Nathan', 'Kelber', 'is', 'helping', 'us', 'tokenize', 'with', 'the', 'Constellate', 'platform.', 'http://constellate.org', '#NLP'] 

Wordpunct tokenizer
['Nathan', 'Kelber', 'is', 'helping', 'us', 'tokenize', 'with', 'the', 'Constellate', 'platform', '.', 'http', '://', 'constellate', '.', 'org', '#', 'NLP'] 

Treebank Tokenizer
['Nathan', 'Kelber', 'is', 'helping', 'us', 'tokenize', 'with', 'the', 'Constellate', 'platform.', 'http', ':', '//constellate.org', '#', 'NLP'] 

Tweet Tokenizer
['Nathan', 'Kelber', 'is', 'helping', 'us', 'tokenize', 'with', 'the', 'Constellate', 'platform', '.', 'http://constellate.org', '#NLP'] 

MWE Tokenizer
['Nathan_Kelber', 'is', 'helping', 'us', 'tokenize', 'with', 'the', 'Constellate', 'platform', '.', 'http', ':', '//constellate.org', '#', 'NLP']

The tokenizer will generate a list of unigrams, but we still need to generate our bigrams and trigrams. We can simply pass the tokens into NLTK’s bigrams and trigrams methods then store the results in a list.

# Creating our bigrams and trigrams
bigrams = list(nltk.bigrams(treebank_tokens))
trigrams = list(nltk.trigrams(treebank_tokens))

print('Bigrams: \n ', bigrams, '\n')
    
print('Trigrams: \n,', trigrams)

Bigrams: 
  [('Nathan', 'Kelber'), ('Kelber', 'is'), ('is', 'helping'), ('helping', 'us'), ('us', 'tokenize'), ('tokenize', 'with'), ('with', 'the'), ('the', 'Constellate'), ('Constellate', 'platform.'), ('platform.', 'http'), ('http', ':'), (':', '//constellate.org'), ('//constellate.org', '#'), ('#', 'NLP')] 

Trigrams: 
, [('Nathan', 'Kelber', 'is'), ('Kelber', 'is', 'helping'), ('is', 'helping', 'us'), ('helping', 'us', 'tokenize'), ('us', 'tokenize', 'with'), ('tokenize', 'with', 'the'), ('with', 'the', 'Constellate'), ('the', 'Constellate', 'platform.'), ('Constellate', 'platform.', 'http'), ('platform.', 'http', ':'), ('http', ':', '//constellate.org'), (':', '//constellate.org', '#'), ('//constellate.org', '#', 'NLP')]

The NLTK bigrams and trigrams method creates a list of bigrams that are tuples. If we want them to be strings, then we would need to access each index of the tuple and create a string out of it.

# Function definitions for Converting NLTK tuples into strings

from collections import Counter

def convert_tuple_bigrams(tuples_to_convert):
    """Converts NLTK tuples into bigram strings"""
    string_grams = []
    for tuple_grams in tuples_to_convert:
        first_word = tuple_grams[0]
        second_word = tuple_grams[1]
        gram_string = f'{first_word} {second_word}'
        string_grams.append(gram_string)
    return string_grams

def convert_tuple_trigrams(tuples_to_convert):
    """Converts NLTK tuples into trigram strings"""
    string_grams = []
    for tuple_grams in tuples_to_convert:
        first_word = tuple_grams[0]
        second_word = tuple_grams[1]
        third_word = tuple_grams[2]
        gram_string = f'{first_word} {second_word} {third_word}'
        string_grams.append(gram_string)
    return string_grams

def convert_strings_to_counts(string_grams):
    """Converts a Counter of n-grams into a dictionary"""
    counter_of_grams = Counter(string_grams)
    dict_of_grams = dict(counter_of_grams)
    return dict_of_grams

# Converting the tuples
string_bigrams = convert_tuple_bigrams(bigrams)
bigramCount = convert_strings_to_counts(string_bigrams)

print('Bigrams as a dictionary of counts')
print(bigramCount, '\n')

string_trigrams = convert_tuple_trigrams(trigrams)
trigramCount = convert_strings_to_counts(string_trigrams)

print('Trigrams as a dictionary of counts')
print(trigramCount)

Bigrams as a dictionary of counts
{'Nathan Kelber': 1, 'Kelber is': 1, 'is helping': 1, 'helping us': 1, 'us tokenize': 1, 'tokenize with': 1, 'with the': 1, 'the Constellate': 1, 'Constellate platform.': 1, 'platform. http': 1, 'http :': 1, ': //constellate.org': 1, '//constellate.org #': 1, '# NLP': 1} 

Trigrams as a dictionary of counts
{'Nathan Kelber is': 1, 'Kelber is helping': 1, 'is helping us': 1, 'helping us tokenize': 1, 'us tokenize with': 1, 'tokenize with the': 1, 'with the Constellate': 1, 'the Constellate platform.': 1, 'Constellate platform. http': 1, 'platform. http :': 1, 'http : //constellate.org': 1, ': //constellate.org #': 1, '//constellate.org # NLP': 1}

Depending on the analysis we are doing, we may want to group similar words together. For example, we may want to group plural words together and verb tenses.

• ducks -> duck

• flown -> fly

To accomplish this, we could use a stemmer, such as the Snowball stemmer. A stemmer removes the last part of particular words to get a base form. It is a quick method which is useful for very large datasets and/or working with limited computing power.

In an ideal world, a lemmatizer will do a better job. It does not simply strip off letters but looks up verb tenses and takes into account the part of speech of each word.

# Snowball stemmer
from nltk.stem.snowball import SnowballStemmer
stemmer = SnowballStemmer('english')
unstemmed_token = 'running'
#unstemmed_token = 'flown'

stemmed_token = stemmer.stem(unstemmed_token)

print(stemmed_token)

run

Part of Speech tagging allows us to see the parts of speech of various tokens.

# Part of Speech Tagging
pos_list = nltk.pos_tag(nltk.word_tokenize(string))
print(pos_list)

spaCy

spaCy takes a different approach from NLTK, creating a document model of a text. It is more sophisticated, but uses a different syntax for NLP tasks.

# Install the spaCy Program
%pip install spacy
%pip install -U pip setuptools wheel
%pip install -U spacy
!python -m spacy download en_core_web_sm

Requirement already satisfied: spacy in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (3.8.7)
Requirement already satisfied: spacy-legacy<3.1.0,>=3.0.11 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (3.0.12)
Requirement already satisfied: spacy-loggers<2.0.0,>=1.0.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (1.0.5)
Requirement already satisfied: murmurhash<1.1.0,>=0.28.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (1.0.13)
Requirement already satisfied: cymem<2.1.0,>=2.0.2 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (2.0.11)
Requirement already satisfied: preshed<3.1.0,>=3.0.2 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (3.0.10)
Requirement already satisfied: thinc<8.4.0,>=8.3.4 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (8.3.6)
Requirement already satisfied: wasabi<1.2.0,>=0.9.1 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (1.1.3)
Requirement already satisfied: srsly<3.0.0,>=2.4.3 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (2.5.1)
Requirement already satisfied: catalogue<2.1.0,>=2.0.6 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (2.0.10)
Requirement already satisfied: weasel<0.5.0,>=0.1.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (0.4.1)
Requirement already satisfied: typer<1.0.0,>=0.3.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (0.16.0)
Requirement already satisfied: tqdm<5.0.0,>=4.38.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (4.67.1)
Requirement already satisfied: numpy>=1.19.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (2.1.3)
Requirement already satisfied: requests<3.0.0,>=2.13.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (2.32.4)
Requirement already satisfied: pydantic!=1.8,!=1.8.1,<3.0.0,>=1.7.4 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (2.11.7)
Requirement already satisfied: jinja2 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (3.1.6)
Requirement already satisfied: setuptools in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (80.9.0)
Requirement already satisfied: packaging>=20.0 in /Users/mearacox/Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages (from spacy) (25.0)
Requirement already satisfied: langcodes<4.0.0,>=3.2.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (3.5.0)
Requirement already satisfied: language-data>=1.2 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from langcodes<4.0.0,>=3.2.0->spacy) (1.3.0)
Requirement already satisfied: annotated-types>=0.6.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from pydantic!=1.8,!=1.8.1,<3.0.0,>=1.7.4->spacy) (0.7.0)
Requirement already satisfied: pydantic-core==2.33.2 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from pydantic!=1.8,!=1.8.1,<3.0.0,>=1.7.4->spacy) (2.33.2)
Requirement already satisfied: typing-extensions>=4.12.2 in /Users/mearacox/Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages (from pydantic!=1.8,!=1.8.1,<3.0.0,>=1.7.4->spacy) (4.14.0)
Requirement already satisfied: typing-inspection>=0.4.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from pydantic!=1.8,!=1.8.1,<3.0.0,>=1.7.4->spacy) (0.4.1)
Requirement already satisfied: charset_normalizer<4,>=2 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from requests<3.0.0,>=2.13.0->spacy) (3.4.2)
Requirement already satisfied: idna<4,>=2.5 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from requests<3.0.0,>=2.13.0->spacy) (3.10)
Requirement already satisfied: urllib3<3,>=1.21.1 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from requests<3.0.0,>=2.13.0->spacy) (2.5.0)
Requirement already satisfied: certifi>=2017.4.17 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from requests<3.0.0,>=2.13.0->spacy) (2025.7.9)
Requirement already satisfied: blis<1.4.0,>=1.3.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from thinc<8.4.0,>=8.3.4->spacy) (1.3.0)
Requirement already satisfied: confection<1.0.0,>=0.0.1 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from thinc<8.4.0,>=8.3.4->spacy) (0.1.5)
Requirement already satisfied: click>=8.0.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from typer<1.0.0,>=0.3.0->spacy) (8.2.1)
Requirement already satisfied: shellingham>=1.3.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from typer<1.0.0,>=0.3.0->spacy) (1.5.4)
Requirement already satisfied: rich>=10.11.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from typer<1.0.0,>=0.3.0->spacy) (14.0.0)
Requirement already satisfied: cloudpathlib<1.0.0,>=0.7.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from weasel<0.5.0,>=0.1.0->spacy) (0.21.1)
Requirement already satisfied: smart-open<8.0.0,>=5.2.1 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from weasel<0.5.0,>=0.1.0->spacy) (7.3.0.post1)
Requirement already satisfied: wrapt in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from smart-open<8.0.0,>=5.2.1->weasel<0.5.0,>=0.1.0->spacy) (1.17.2)
Requirement already satisfied: marisa-trie>=1.1.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from language-data>=1.2->langcodes<4.0.0,>=3.2.0->spacy) (1.2.1)
Requirement already satisfied: markdown-it-py>=2.2.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from rich>=10.11.0->typer<1.0.0,>=0.3.0->spacy) (3.0.0)
Requirement already satisfied: pygments<3.0.0,>=2.13.0 in /Users/mearacox/Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages (from rich>=10.11.0->typer<1.0.0,>=0.3.0->spacy) (2.19.1)
Requirement already satisfied: mdurl~=0.1 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from markdown-it-py>=2.2.0->rich>=10.11.0->typer<1.0.0,>=0.3.0->spacy) (0.1.2)
Requirement already satisfied: MarkupSafe>=2.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from jinja2->spacy) (3.0.2)
Note: you may need to restart the kernel to use updated packages.
Requirement already satisfied: pip in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (25.1.1)
Requirement already satisfied: setuptools in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (80.9.0)
Requirement already satisfied: wheel in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (0.45.1)
Note: you may need to restart the kernel to use updated packages.
Requirement already satisfied: spacy in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (3.8.7)
Requirement already satisfied: spacy-legacy<3.1.0,>=3.0.11 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (3.0.12)
Requirement already satisfied: spacy-loggers<2.0.0,>=1.0.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (1.0.5)
Requirement already satisfied: murmurhash<1.1.0,>=0.28.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (1.0.13)
Requirement already satisfied: cymem<2.1.0,>=2.0.2 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (2.0.11)
Requirement already satisfied: preshed<3.1.0,>=3.0.2 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (3.0.10)
Requirement already satisfied: thinc<8.4.0,>=8.3.4 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (8.3.6)
Requirement already satisfied: wasabi<1.2.0,>=0.9.1 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (1.1.3)
Requirement already satisfied: srsly<3.0.0,>=2.4.3 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (2.5.1)
Requirement already satisfied: catalogue<2.1.0,>=2.0.6 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (2.0.10)
Requirement already satisfied: weasel<0.5.0,>=0.1.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (0.4.1)
Requirement already satisfied: typer<1.0.0,>=0.3.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (0.16.0)
Requirement already satisfied: tqdm<5.0.0,>=4.38.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (4.67.1)
Requirement already satisfied: numpy>=1.19.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (2.1.3)
Requirement already satisfied: requests<3.0.0,>=2.13.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (2.32.4)
Requirement already satisfied: pydantic!=1.8,!=1.8.1,<3.0.0,>=1.7.4 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (2.11.7)
Requirement already satisfied: jinja2 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (3.1.6)
Requirement already satisfied: setuptools in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (80.9.0)
Requirement already satisfied: packaging>=20.0 in /Users/mearacox/Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages (from spacy) (25.0)
Requirement already satisfied: langcodes<4.0.0,>=3.2.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from spacy) (3.5.0)
Requirement already satisfied: language-data>=1.2 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from langcodes<4.0.0,>=3.2.0->spacy) (1.3.0)
Requirement already satisfied: annotated-types>=0.6.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from pydantic!=1.8,!=1.8.1,<3.0.0,>=1.7.4->spacy) (0.7.0)
Requirement already satisfied: pydantic-core==2.33.2 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from pydantic!=1.8,!=1.8.1,<3.0.0,>=1.7.4->spacy) (2.33.2)
Requirement already satisfied: typing-extensions>=4.12.2 in /Users/mearacox/Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages (from pydantic!=1.8,!=1.8.1,<3.0.0,>=1.7.4->spacy) (4.14.0)
Requirement already satisfied: typing-inspection>=0.4.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from pydantic!=1.8,!=1.8.1,<3.0.0,>=1.7.4->spacy) (0.4.1)
Requirement already satisfied: charset_normalizer<4,>=2 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from requests<3.0.0,>=2.13.0->spacy) (3.4.2)
Requirement already satisfied: idna<4,>=2.5 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from requests<3.0.0,>=2.13.0->spacy) (3.10)
Requirement already satisfied: urllib3<3,>=1.21.1 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from requests<3.0.0,>=2.13.0->spacy) (2.5.0)
Requirement already satisfied: certifi>=2017.4.17 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from requests<3.0.0,>=2.13.0->spacy) (2025.7.9)
Requirement already satisfied: blis<1.4.0,>=1.3.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from thinc<8.4.0,>=8.3.4->spacy) (1.3.0)
Requirement already satisfied: confection<1.0.0,>=0.0.1 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from thinc<8.4.0,>=8.3.4->spacy) (0.1.5)
Requirement already satisfied: click>=8.0.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from typer<1.0.0,>=0.3.0->spacy) (8.2.1)
Requirement already satisfied: shellingham>=1.3.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from typer<1.0.0,>=0.3.0->spacy) (1.5.4)
Requirement already satisfied: rich>=10.11.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from typer<1.0.0,>=0.3.0->spacy) (14.0.0)
Requirement already satisfied: cloudpathlib<1.0.0,>=0.7.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from weasel<0.5.0,>=0.1.0->spacy) (0.21.1)
Requirement already satisfied: smart-open<8.0.0,>=5.2.1 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from weasel<0.5.0,>=0.1.0->spacy) (7.3.0.post1)
Requirement already satisfied: wrapt in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from smart-open<8.0.0,>=5.2.1->weasel<0.5.0,>=0.1.0->spacy) (1.17.2)
Requirement already satisfied: marisa-trie>=1.1.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from language-data>=1.2->langcodes<4.0.0,>=3.2.0->spacy) (1.2.1)
Requirement already satisfied: markdown-it-py>=2.2.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from rich>=10.11.0->typer<1.0.0,>=0.3.0->spacy) (3.0.0)
Requirement already satisfied: pygments<3.0.0,>=2.13.0 in /Users/mearacox/Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages (from rich>=10.11.0->typer<1.0.0,>=0.3.0->spacy) (2.19.1)
Requirement already satisfied: mdurl~=0.1 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from markdown-it-py>=2.2.0->rich>=10.11.0->typer<1.0.0,>=0.3.0->spacy) (0.1.2)
Requirement already satisfied: MarkupSafe>=2.0 in /opt/homebrew/lib/python3.11/site-packages (from jinja2->spacy) (3.0.2)
Note: you may need to restart the kernel to use updated packages.
The TensorFlow library was compiled to use AVX instructions, but these aren't available on your machine.

from spacy.lang.en import English

nlp = English()

string = "Nathan Kelber is helping us tokenize with the Constellate platform. http://constellate.org #NLP"

my_doc = nlp(string)

tokens = []
for token in my_doc:
    tokens.append(token.text)

print(tokens)

['Nathan', 'Kelber', 'is', 'helping', 'us', 'tokenize', 'with', 'the', 'Constellate', 'platform', '.', 'http://constellate.org', '#', 'NLP']

In order to change tokenization with spaCy, you can add rules. spaCy also supports Parts of Speech tagging and lemmatization.

import spacy
nlp = spacy.load('en_core_web_sm')
my_doc = nlp(string)

print('Parts of Speech')
for token in my_doc:
    print(token, token.pos_,)

print('\nLemmatizations')
for token in my_doc:
    print(token, token.lemma_)

Parts of Speech
Nathan PROPN
Kelber PROPN
is AUX
helping VERB
us PRON
tokenize VERB
with ADP
the DET
Constellate PROPN
platform NOUN
. PUNCT
http://constellate.org X
# SYM
NLP PROPN

Lemmatizations
Nathan Nathan
Kelber Kelber
is be
helping help
us we
tokenize tokenize
with with
the the
Constellate Constellate
platform platform
. .
http://constellate.org http://constellate.org
# #
NLP NLP

We can gather our n-grams by defining a function that accepts our tokens and an argument n for the “n” in “n-gram.” So, a bigram would be n = 2.

# A function for gathering n-grams with spaCy
def n_grams(tokens, n):
    n_grams = []
    for i in range(len(tokens)-n+1):
        n_grams.append(tokens[i:i+n])
    return(n_grams)
    # return[tokens[i:i+n] for i in range(len(tokens)-n+1)] # Written as a list comprehension

bigrams = n_grams(tokens, 2)
trigrams = n_grams(tokens, 3)
print(bigrams)
print(trigrams)

[['Nathan', 'Kelber'], ['Kelber', 'is'], ['is', 'helping'], ['helping', 'us'], ['us', 'tokenize'], ['tokenize', 'with'], ['with', 'the'], ['the', 'Constellate'], ['Constellate', 'platform'], ['platform', '.'], ['.', 'http://constellate.org'], ['http://constellate.org', '#'], ['#', 'NLP']]
[['Nathan', 'Kelber', 'is'], ['Kelber', 'is', 'helping'], ['is', 'helping', 'us'], ['helping', 'us', 'tokenize'], ['us', 'tokenize', 'with'], ['tokenize', 'with', 'the'], ['with', 'the', 'Constellate'], ['the', 'Constellate', 'platform'], ['Constellate', 'platform', '.'], ['platform', '.', 'http://constellate.org'], ['.', 'http://constellate.org', '#'], ['http://constellate.org', '#', 'NLP']]

While NLTK and spaCy tokenizers are the most prominent, there are also tokenizers available for packages such as:

• Gensim

• Keras

• Stanford NLP