Web Scraping with BeautifulSoup#
What is Web Scraping?#
Web scraping is the process of extracting data from websites using code.
Example use cases:
Extracting weather data
Scraping product prices from e-commerce sites
Collecting research article titles from journals
Basic Structure of a Web Page#
Web pages are written in HTML, which consists of tags like <html>, <body>, <div>, <a>, <p>, etc.
More about html tags can be found here
Step 1: Install required libraries#
This step should be done one time. If you have installed libraries first time, you can skip this step if running the notebook again.
!pip install requests beautifulsoup4
Requirement already satisfied: requests in c:\users\vandana\appdata\local\anaconda3\lib\site-packages (2.32.2)
Requirement already satisfied: beautifulsoup4 in c:\users\vandana\appdata\local\anaconda3\lib\site-packages (4.12.3)
Requirement already satisfied: charset-normalizer<4,>=2 in c:\users\vandana\appdata\local\anaconda3\lib\site-packages (from requests) (2.0.4)
Requirement already satisfied: idna<4,>=2.5 in c:\users\vandana\appdata\local\anaconda3\lib\site-packages (from requests) (3.7)
Requirement already satisfied: urllib3<3,>=1.21.1 in c:\users\vandana\appdata\local\anaconda3\lib\site-packages (from requests) (2.2.2)
Requirement already satisfied: certifi>=2017.4.17 in c:\users\vandana\appdata\local\anaconda3\lib\site-packages (from requests) (2025.4.26)
Requirement already satisfied: soupsieve>1.2 in c:\users\vandana\appdata\local\anaconda3\lib\site-packages (from beautifulsoup4) (2.5)
Step 2: Import libraries#
import requests # to establish connection with the website
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import time
import csv
Step 3: Fetch and arse a webpage (for example, wikipedia page on python programming)#
# URL is the address of the web page which is being scraped
url = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)"
response = requests.get(url)
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, "html.parser")
print(soup.prettify())
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Python (programming language) - Wikipedia
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History
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Design philosophy and features
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3
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Syntax and semantics
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3.1
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3.3
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3.4
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3.5
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3.6
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Arithmetic operations
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3.7
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Function syntax
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4
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Code examples
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5
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Libraries
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Development environments
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Implementations
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7.1
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Reference implementation
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Unsupported implementations
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Language Development
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9
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API documentation generators
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Naming
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11
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Popularity
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Types of Use
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13
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Languages influenced by Python
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See also
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References
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16.1
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Sources
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<h1 class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" id="firstHeading">
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Python (programming language)
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116 languages
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<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" data-title="Python (programmeertaal)" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programmeertaal)" hreflang="af" lang="af" title="Python (programmeertaal) – Afrikaans">
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Afrikaans
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<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" data-title="Python (Programmiersprache)" href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(Programmiersprache)" hreflang="gsw" lang="gsw" title="Python (Programmiersprache) – Alemannic">
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Alemannisch
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<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" data-title="بايثون (لغة برمجة)" href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%86_(%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A9)" hreflang="ar" lang="ar" title="بايثون (لغة برمجة) – Arabic">
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العربية
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Aragonés
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<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" data-title="পাইথন" href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%A8" hreflang="as" lang="as" title="পাইথন – Assamese">
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অসমীয়া
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<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" data-title="Python" href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="ast" lang="ast" title="Python – Asturian">
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Asturianu
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<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" data-title="Python (proqramlaşdırma dili)" href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(proqramla%C5%9Fd%C4%B1rma_dili)" hreflang="az" lang="az" title="Python (proqramlaşdırma dili) – Azerbaijani">
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Azərbaycanca
</span>
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<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" data-title="پایتون" href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" hreflang="azb" lang="azb" title="پایتون – South Azerbaijani">
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تۆرکجه
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<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" data-title="Python" href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="ban" lang="ban" title="Python – Balinese">
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Basa Bali
</span>
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<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" data-title="পাইথন (প্রোগ্রামিং ভাষা)" href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%A8_(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE)" hreflang="bn" lang="bn" title="পাইথন (প্রোগ্রামিং ভাষা) – Bangla">
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বাংলা
</span>
</a>
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<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" data-title="Python" href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="nan" lang="nan" title="Python – Minnan">
<span>
閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" data-title="Python (мова праграмавання)" href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F)" hreflang="be" lang="be" title="Python (мова праграмавання) – Belarusian">
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Беларуская
</span>
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</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" data-title="Python" href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="be-tarask" lang="be-tarask" title="Python – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)">
<span>
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" data-title="पाइथन" href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8" hreflang="bh" lang="bh" title="पाइथन – Bhojpuri">
<span>
भोजपुरी
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" data-title="Python" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="bg" lang="bg" title="Python – Bulgarian">
<span>
Български
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" data-title="Python (programski jezik)" href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programski_jezik)" hreflang="bs" lang="bs" title="Python (programski jezik) – Bosnian">
<span>
Bosanski
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" data-title="Python (lavar programmiñ)" href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(lavar_programmi%C3%B1)" hreflang="br" lang="br" title="Python (lavar programmiñ) – Breton">
<span>
Brezhoneg
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" data-title="Python" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="ca" lang="ca" title="Python – Catalan">
<span>
Català
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" data-title="Python (programming language)" href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" hreflang="ceb" lang="ceb" title="Python (programming language) – Cebuano">
<span>
Cebuano
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" data-title="Python" href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="cs" lang="cs" title="Python – Czech">
<span>
Čeština
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" data-title="Python (iaith raglennu)" href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(iaith_raglennu)" hreflang="cy" lang="cy" title="Python (iaith raglennu) – Welsh">
<span>
Cymraeg
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" data-title="Python (programmeringssprog)" href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programmeringssprog)" hreflang="da" lang="da" title="Python (programmeringssprog) – Danish">
<span>
Dansk
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" data-title="Python (Programmiersprache)" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(Programmiersprache)" hreflang="de" lang="de" title="Python (Programmiersprache) – German">
<span>
Deutsch
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" data-title="Python (programmeerimiskeel)" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programmeerimiskeel)" hreflang="et" lang="et" title="Python (programmeerimiskeel) – Estonian">
<span>
Eesti
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" data-title="Python" href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="el" lang="el" title="Python – Greek">
<span>
Ελληνικά
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" data-title="Python" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="es" lang="es" title="Python – Spanish">
<span>
Español
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" data-title="Python (programlingvo)" href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programlingvo)" hreflang="eo" lang="eo" title="Python (programlingvo) – Esperanto">
<span>
Esperanto
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" data-title="Python (informatika)" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(informatika)" hreflang="eu" lang="eu" title="Python (informatika) – Basque">
<span>
Euskara
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" data-title="پایتون (زبان برنامهنویسی)" href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_(%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C)" hreflang="fa" lang="fa" title="پایتون (زبان برنامهنویسی) – Persian">
<span>
فارسی
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" data-title="Python (langage)" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(langage)" hreflang="fr" lang="fr" title="Python (langage) – French">
<span>
Français
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" data-title="Python" href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="gl" lang="gl" title="Python – Galician">
<span>
Galego
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" data-title="پايتؤن (برنامهنيويسي زوان)" href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A4%D9%86_(%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86)" hreflang="glk" lang="glk" title="پايتؤن (برنامهنيويسي زوان) – Gilaki">
<span>
گیلکی
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" data-title="પાયથોન(પ્રોગ્રામિંગ ભાષા)" href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%A5%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8(%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE)" hreflang="gu" lang="gu" title="પાયથોન(પ્રોગ્રામિંગ ભાષા) – Gujarati">
<span>
ગુજરાતી
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" data-title="파이썬" href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%B4%EC%8D%AC" hreflang="ko" lang="ko" title="파이썬 – Korean">
<span>
한국어
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" data-title="Python programming language" href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_programming_language" hreflang="ha" lang="ha" title="Python programming language – Hausa">
<span>
Hausa
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" data-title="Python" href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="hy" lang="hy" title="Python – Armenian">
<span>
Հայերեն
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" data-title="पाइथन" href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8" hreflang="hi" lang="hi" title="पाइथन – Hindi">
<span>
हिन्दी
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" data-title="Python (programski jezik)" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programski_jezik)" hreflang="hr" lang="hr" title="Python (programski jezik) – Croatian">
<span>
Hrvatski
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" data-title="Python" href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="io" lang="io" title="Python – Ido">
<span>
Ido
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" data-title="Python (bahasa pemrograman)" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(bahasa_pemrograman)" hreflang="id" lang="id" title="Python (bahasa pemrograman) – Indonesian">
<span>
Bahasa Indonesia
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" data-title="Python (linguage de programmation)" href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(linguage_de_programmation)" hreflang="ia" lang="ia" title="Python (linguage de programmation) – Interlingua">
<span>
Interlingua
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" data-title="Python (forritunarmál)" href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(forritunarm%C3%A1l)" hreflang="is" lang="is" title="Python (forritunarmál) – Icelandic">
<span>
Íslenska
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" data-title="Python" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="it" lang="it" title="Python – Italian">
<span>
Italiano
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" data-title="פייתון" href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9F" hreflang="he" lang="he" title="פייתון – Hebrew">
<span>
עברית
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" data-title="პაითონი (პროგრამირების ენა)" href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" hreflang="ka" lang="ka" title="პაითონი (პროგრამირების ენა) – Georgian">
<span>
ქართული
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" data-title="Python" href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="kk" lang="kk" title="Python – Kazakh">
<span>
Қазақша
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" data-title="Python (lugha ya programu)" href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(lugha_ya_programu)" hreflang="sw" lang="sw" title="Python (lugha ya programu) – Swahili">
<span>
Kiswahili
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" data-title="Python (zimanê bernamesaziyê)" href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(ziman%C3%AA_bernamesaziy%C3%AA)" hreflang="ku" lang="ku" title="Python (zimanê bernamesaziyê) – Kurdish">
<span>
Kurdî
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" data-title="Python" href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="ky" lang="ky" title="Python – Kyrgyz">
<span>
Кыргызча
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" data-title="ໄພທອນ (ພາສາໂປຣແກຣມ)" href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99_(%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%A3%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%A1)" hreflang="lo" lang="lo" title="ໄພທອນ (ພາສາໂປຣແກຣມ) – Lao">
<span>
ລາວ
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" data-title="Python (lingua programmationis)" href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(lingua_programmationis)" hreflang="la" lang="la" title="Python (lingua programmationis) – Latin">
<span>
Latina
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" data-title="Python (programmēšanas valoda)" href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programm%C4%93%C5%A1anas_valoda)" hreflang="lv" lang="lv" title="Python (programmēšanas valoda) – Latvian">
<span>
Latviešu
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" data-title="Python" href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="lt" lang="lt" title="Python – Lithuanian">
<span>
Lietuvių
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" data-title="paiton" href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/paiton" hreflang="jbo" lang="jbo" title="paiton – Lojban">
<span>
La .lojban.
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" data-title="Python" href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="lmo" lang="lmo" title="Python – Lombard">
<span>
Lombard
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" data-title="Python (programozási nyelv)" href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programoz%C3%A1si_nyelv)" hreflang="hu" lang="hu" title="Python (programozási nyelv) – Hungarian">
<span>
Magyar
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" data-title="Пајтон (програмски јазик)" href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" hreflang="mk" lang="mk" title="Пајтон (програмски јазик) – Macedonian">
<span>
Македонски
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" data-title="പൈത്തൺ (പ്രോഗ്രാമിങ്ങ് ഭാഷ)" href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BA_(%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7)" hreflang="ml" lang="ml" title="പൈത്തൺ (പ്രോഗ്രാമിങ്ങ് ഭാഷ) – Malayalam">
<span>
മലയാളം
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" data-title="पायथन (आज्ञावली भाषा)" href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE)" hreflang="mr" lang="mr" title="पायथन (आज्ञावली भाषा) – Marathi">
<span>
मराठी
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" data-title="Python (პროგრამირაფაშ ნინა)" href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" hreflang="xmf" lang="xmf" title="Python (პროგრამირაფაშ ნინა) – Mingrelian">
<span>
მარგალური
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" data-title="Python" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="ms" lang="ms" title="Python – Malay">
<span>
Bahasa Melayu
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" data-title="Python" href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="mn" lang="mn" title="Python – Mongolian">
<span>
Монгол
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" data-title="Python (programming language)" href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" hreflang="my" lang="my" title="Python (programming language) – Burmese">
<span>
မြန်မာဘာသာ
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" data-title="Python" href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="fj" lang="fj" title="Python – Fijian">
<span>
Na Vosa Vakaviti
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" data-title="Python (programmeertaal)" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programmeertaal)" hreflang="nl" lang="nl" title="Python (programmeertaal) – Dutch">
<span>
Nederlands
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" data-title="पाइथन (प्रोगामिङ भाषा)" href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE)" hreflang="ne" lang="ne" title="पाइथन (प्रोगामिङ भाषा) – Nepali">
<span>
नेपाली
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" data-title="Python" href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="ja" lang="ja" title="Python – Japanese">
<span>
日本語
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" data-title="ߔߊߌߕߐ߲߬" href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%94%DF%8A%DF%8C%DF%95%DF%90%DF%B2%DF%AC" hreflang="nqo" lang="nqo" title="ߔߊߌߕߐ߲߬ – N’Ko">
<span>
ߒߞߏ
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" data-title="Python" href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="nb" lang="nb" title="Python – Norwegian Bokmål">
<span>
Norsk bokmål
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" data-title="Python" href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="nn" lang="nn" title="Python – Norwegian Nynorsk">
<span>
Norsk nynorsk
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" data-title="ପାଇଥନ୍ (ପ୍ରୋଗ୍ରାମିଂ ଭାଷା)" href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D_(%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%82_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE)" hreflang="or" lang="or" title="ପାଇଥନ୍ (ପ୍ରୋଗ୍ରାମିଂ ଭାଷା) – Odia">
<span>
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" data-title="Python" href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="uz" lang="uz" title="Python – Uzbek">
<span>
Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" data-title="ਪਾਈਥਨ (ਪ੍ਰੋਗਰਾਮਿੰਗ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ)" href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%A8_(%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE)" hreflang="pa" lang="pa" title="ਪਾਈਥਨ (ਪ੍ਰੋਗਰਾਮਿੰਗ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ) – Punjabi">
<span>
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" data-title="پائیتھن (کمپیوٹر بولی)" href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%86_(%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C)" hreflang="pnb" lang="pnb" title="پائیتھن (کمپیوٹر بولی) – Western Punjabi">
<span>
پنجابی
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" data-title="ផាយថុន" href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%95%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%93" hreflang="km" lang="km" title="ផាយថុន – Khmer">
<span>
ភាសាខ្មែរ
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" data-title="Python (lengagi ëd programassion)" href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(lengagi_%C3%ABd_programassion)" hreflang="pms" lang="pms" title="Python (lengagi ëd programassion) – Piedmontese">
<span>
Piemontèis
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" data-title="Python (Programmeerspraak)" href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(Programmeerspraak)" hreflang="nds" lang="nds" title="Python (Programmeerspraak) – Low German">
<span>
Plattdüütsch
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" data-title="Python" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="pl" lang="pl" title="Python – Polish">
<span>
Polski
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" data-title="Python" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="pt" lang="pt" title="Python – Portuguese">
<span>
Português
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" data-title="Python (Programmalastırıw tili)" href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(Programmalast%C4%B1r%C4%B1w_tili)" hreflang="kaa" lang="kaa" title="Python (Programmalastırıw tili) – Kara-Kalpak">
<span>
Qaraqalpaqsha
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" data-title="Python" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="ro" lang="ro" title="Python – Romanian">
<span>
Română
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" data-title="Python" href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="qu" lang="qu" title="Python – Quechua">
<span>
Runa Simi
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" data-title="Python" href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="ru" lang="ru" title="Python – Russian">
<span>
Русский
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" data-title="Python" href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="sah" lang="sah" title="Python – Yakut">
<span>
Саха тыла
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" data-title="ᱯᱟᱭᱛᱷᱚᱱ (ᱯᱨᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢᱤᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ)" href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1_(%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9D_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4)" hreflang="sat" lang="sat" title="ᱯᱟᱭᱛᱷᱚᱱ (ᱯᱨᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢᱤᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ) – Santali">
<span>
ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" data-title="Python (programmin leid)" href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programmin_leid)" hreflang="sco" lang="sco" title="Python (programmin leid) – Scots">
<span>
Scots
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" data-title="Python" href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="sq" lang="sq" title="Python – Albanian">
<span>
Shqip
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" data-title="පයිතන්" href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" hreflang="si" lang="si" title="පයිතන් – Sinhala">
<span>
සිංහල
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" data-title="Python (programming language)" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" hreflang="en-simple" lang="en-simple" title="Python (programming language) – Simple English">
<span>
Simple English
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" data-title="Python (programovací jazyk)" href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programovac%C3%AD_jazyk)" hreflang="sk" lang="sk" title="Python (programovací jazyk) – Slovak">
<span>
Slovenčina
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" data-title="Python (programski jezik)" href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programski_jezik)" hreflang="sl" lang="sl" title="Python (programski jezik) – Slovenian">
<span>
Slovenščina
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" data-title="پایتۆن (زمانی بەرنامەسازی)" href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86_(%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C)" hreflang="ckb" lang="ckb" title="پایتۆن (زمانی بەرنامەسازی) – Central Kurdish">
<span>
کوردی
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" data-title="Python (програмски језик)" href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" hreflang="sr" lang="sr" title="Python (програмски језик) – Serbian">
<span>
Српски / srpski
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" data-title="Python (programski jezik)" href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programski_jezik)" hreflang="sh" lang="sh" title="Python (programski jezik) – Serbo-Croatian">
<span>
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" data-title="Python (ohjelmointikieli)" href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(ohjelmointikieli)" hreflang="fi" lang="fi" title="Python (ohjelmointikieli) – Finnish">
<span>
Suomi
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" data-title="Python (programspråk)" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programspr%C3%A5k)" hreflang="sv" lang="sv" title="Python (programspråk) – Swedish">
<span>
Svenska
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" data-title="Python (wikang pamprograma)" href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(wikang_pamprograma)" hreflang="tl" lang="tl" title="Python (wikang pamprograma) – Tagalog">
<span>
Tagalog
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" data-title="பைத்தான்" href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" hreflang="ta" lang="ta" title="பைத்தான் – Tamil">
<span>
தமிழ்
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" data-title="Python" href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="tt" lang="tt" title="Python – Tatar">
<span>
Татарча / tatarça
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" data-title="Python (programming language)" href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" hreflang="shn" lang="shn" title="Python (programming language) – Shan">
<span>
တႆး
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" data-title="పైథాన్ (కంప్యూటర్ భాష)" href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_(%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7)" hreflang="te" lang="te" title="పైథాన్ (కంప్యూటర్ భాష) – Telugu">
<span>
తెలుగు
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" data-title="ภาษาไพทอน" href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" hreflang="th" lang="th" title="ภาษาไพทอน – Thai">
<span>
ไทย
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item">
<a class="interlanguage-link-target" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" data-title="Python" href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="tg" lang="tg" title="Python – Tajik">
<span>
Тоҷикӣ
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item">
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</a>
),
<a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">
functional
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">
structured
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/Reflective_programming" title="Reflective programming">
reflective
</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="infobox-label" scope="row">
<a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">
Designed by
</a>
</th>
<td class="infobox-data">
<a href="/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">
Guido van Rossum
</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="infobox-label" scope="row">
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Software_developer" title="Software developer">
Developer
</a>
</th>
<td class="infobox-data organiser">
<a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation" title="Python Software Foundation">
Python Software Foundation
</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="infobox-label" scope="row">
First appeared
</th>
<td class="infobox-data">
20 February 1991
<span class="noprint">
; 34 years ago
</span>
<span style="display:none">
(
<span class="bday dtstart published updated">
1991-02-20
</span>
)
</span>
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-alt-sources-history_2-0">
<a href="#cite_note-alt-sources-history-2">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
2
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="infobox-full-data" colspan="2">
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1295905060" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;">
<a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">
Stable release
</a>
</th>
<td class="infobox-data">
<div style="margin:0px;">
3.13.5
/ 11 June 2025
<span class="noprint">
; 32 days ago
</span>
<span style="display:none">
(
<span class="bday dtstart published updated">
11 June 2025
</span>
)
</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="display:none">
<td colspan="2">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="infobox-label" scope="row">
<a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">
Typing discipline
</a>
</th>
<td class="infobox-data">
<a href="/wiki/Duck_typing" title="Duck typing">
duck
</a>
,
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Dynamic_typing" title="Dynamic typing">
dynamic
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">
strong
</a>
;
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3">
<a href="#cite_note-3">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
3
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Optional_typing" title="Optional typing">
optional type annotations
</a>
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5">
<a href="#cite_note-5">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
a
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="infobox-label" scope="row">
<a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">
OS
</a>
</th>
<td class="infobox-data">
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Cross-platform" title="Cross-platform">
Cross-platform
</a>
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11">
<a href="#cite_note-11">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
b
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="infobox-label" scope="row">
<a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">
License
</a>
</th>
<td class="infobox-data">
<a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation_License" title="Python Software Foundation License">
Python Software Foundation License
</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="infobox-label" scope="row">
<a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">
Filename extensions
</a>
</th>
<td class="infobox-data">
.py, .pyw, .pyz,
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12">
<a href="#cite_note-12">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
10
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
<br/>
.pyi, .pyc, .pyd
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="infobox-label" scope="row">
Website
</th>
<td class="infobox-data">
<span class="url">
<a class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/" rel="nofollow">
python.org
</a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="infobox-header" colspan="2" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">
Major
<a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">
implementations
</a>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="infobox-full-data" colspan="2">
<a href="/wiki/CPython" title="CPython">
CPython
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">
PyPy
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/MicroPython" title="MicroPython">
MicroPython
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/CircuitPython" title="CircuitPython">
CircuitPython
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/IronPython" title="IronPython">
IronPython
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/Jython" title="Jython">
Jython
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/Stackless_Python" title="Stackless Python">
Stackless Python
</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="infobox-header" colspan="2" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">
<a href="/wiki/Programming_language#Dialects,_flavors_and_implementations" title="Programming language">
Dialects
</a>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="infobox-full-data" colspan="2">
<a href="/wiki/Cython" title="Cython">
Cython
</a>
,
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/RPython" title="RPython">
RPython
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/Bazel_(software)" title="Bazel (software)">
Starlark
</a>
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13">
<a href="#cite_note-13">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
11
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="infobox-header" colspan="2" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">
Influenced by
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="infobox-full-data" colspan="2">
<a href="/wiki/ABC_(programming_language)" title="ABC (programming language)">
ABC
</a>
,
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-faq-created_14-0">
<a href="#cite_note-faq-created-14">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
12
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
<a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">
Ada
</a>
,
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15">
<a href="#cite_note-15">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
13
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
<a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">
ALGOL 68
</a>
,
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-98-interview_16-0">
<a href="#cite_note-98-interview-16">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
14
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
<br/>
<a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">
APL
</a>
,
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-python.org_17-0">
<a href="#cite_note-python.org-17">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
15
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
<a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">
C
</a>
,
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AutoNT-1_18-0">
<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-1-18">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
16
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
<a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">
C++
</a>
,
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-classmix_19-0">
<a href="#cite_note-classmix-19">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
17
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
<a href="/wiki/CLU_(programming_language)" title="CLU (programming language)">
CLU
</a>
,
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-effbot-call-by-object_20-0">
<a href="#cite_note-effbot-call-by-object-20">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
18
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
<a href="/wiki/Dylan_(programming_language)" title="Dylan (programming language)">
Dylan
</a>
,
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AutoNT-2_21-0">
<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-2-21">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
19
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
<br/>
<a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">
Haskell
</a>
,
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AutoNT-3_22-0">
<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-3-22">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
20
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-python.org_17-1">
<a href="#cite_note-python.org-17">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
15
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
<a href="/wiki/Icon_(programming_language)" title="Icon (programming language)">
Icon
</a>
,
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AutoNT-4_23-0">
<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-4-23">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
21
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
<a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">
Lisp
</a>
,
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AutoNT-6_24-0">
<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-6-24">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
22
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
<span class="nowrap">
<br/>
<a href="/wiki/Modula-3" title="Modula-3">
Modula-3
</a>
</span>
,
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-98-interview_16-1">
<a href="#cite_note-98-interview-16">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
14
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-classmix_19-1">
<a href="#cite_note-classmix-19">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
17
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
<a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">
Perl
</a>
,
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25">
<a href="#cite_note-25">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
23
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
<a href="/wiki/Standard_ML" title="Standard ML">
Standard ML
</a>
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-python.org_17-2">
<a href="#cite_note-python.org-17">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
15
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="infobox-header" colspan="2" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">
Influenced
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="infobox-full-data" colspan="2">
<a href="/wiki/Apache_Groovy" title="Apache Groovy">
Apache Groovy
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/Boo_(programming_language)" title="Boo (programming language)">
Boo
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/Cobra_(programming_language)" title="Cobra (programming language)">
Cobra
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">
CoffeeScript
</a>
,
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26">
<a href="#cite_note-26">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
24
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
<a href="/wiki/D_(programming_language)" title="D (programming language)">
D
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">
F#
</a>
,
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/GDScript" title="GDScript">
GDScript
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">
Go
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">
JavaScript
</a>
,
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27">
<a href="#cite_note-27">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
25
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28">
<a href="#cite_note-28">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
26
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
<a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">
Julia
</a>
,
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Julia_29-0">
<a href="#cite_note-Julia-29">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
27
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
<a href="/wiki/Mojo_(programming_language)" title="Mojo (programming language)">
Mojo
</a>
,
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mojo_30-0">
<a href="#cite_note-Mojo-30">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
28
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
<a href="/wiki/Nim_(programming_language)" title="Nim (programming language)">
Nim
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/Ring_(programming_language)" title="Ring (programming language)">
Ring
</a>
,
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_Ring_programming_language_and_other_languages_31-0">
<a href="#cite_note-The_Ring_programming_language_and_other_languages-31">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
29
<span class="cite-bracket">
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</span>
</a>
</sup>
<a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">
Ruby
</a>
,
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bini_32-0">
<a href="#cite_note-bini-32">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
30
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
<a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">
Swift
</a>
,
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lattner2014_33-0">
<a href="#cite_note-lattner2014-33">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
31
<span class="cite-bracket">
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</span>
</a>
</sup>
<a href="/wiki/V_(programming_language)" title="V (programming language)">
V
</a>
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-vpeople_34-0">
<a href="#cite_note-vpeople-34">
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</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="infobox-below hlist" colspan="2" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 3px;">
<ul>
<li>
<span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File">
<a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg">
<img alt="" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="400" data-file-width="400" decoding="async" height="16" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/20px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x" width="16"/>
</a>
</span>
<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Python_Programming" title="wikibooks:Python Programming">
Python Programming
</a>
at Wikibooks
</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
<b>
Python
</b>
is a
<a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">
high-level
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/General-purpose_programming_language" title="General-purpose programming language">
general-purpose programming language
</a>
. Its design philosophy emphasizes
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Code_readability" title="Code readability">
code readability
</a>
with the use of
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Significant_indentation" title="Significant indentation">
significant indentation
</a>
.
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AutoNT-7_35-0">
<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-7-35">
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</span>
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</a>
</sup>
</p>
<p>
Python is
<a href="/wiki/Type_system#DYNAMIC" title="Type system">
dynamically type-checked
</a>
and
<a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">
garbage-collected
</a>
. It supports multiple
<a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">
programming paradigms
</a>
, including
<a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">
structured
</a>
(particularly
<a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">
procedural
</a>
),
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Object-oriented" title="Object-oriented">
object-oriented
</a>
and
<a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">
functional programming
</a>
. It is often described as a "batteries included" language due to its comprehensive
<a href="/wiki/Standard_library" title="Standard library">
standard library
</a>
.
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-About_36-0">
<a href="#cite_note-About-36">
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</span>
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</a>
</sup>
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37">
<a href="#cite_note-37">
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</span>
35
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
</p>
<p>
<a href="/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">
Guido van Rossum
</a>
began working on Python in the late 1980s as a successor to the
<a href="/wiki/ABC_(programming_language)" title="ABC (programming language)">
ABC
</a>
programming language, and he first released it in 1991 as Python 0.9.0.
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38">
<a href="#cite_note-38">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
36
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
Python 2.0 was released in 2000. Python 3.0, released in 2008, was a major revision not completely
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Backward-compatible" title="Backward-compatible">
backward-compatible
</a>
with earlier versions. Python 2.7.18, released in 2020, was the last release of Python 2.
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39">
<a href="#cite_note-39">
<span class="cite-bracket">
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</span>
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<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
</p>
<p>
Python consistently ranks as one of the most popular programming languages, and it has gained widespread use in the
<a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">
machine learning
</a>
community.
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40">
<a href="#cite_note-40">
<span class="cite-bracket">
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</span>
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</span>
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</sup>
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41">
<a href="#cite_note-41">
<span class="cite-bracket">
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</span>
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<span class="cite-bracket">
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</sup>
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tiobecurrent_42-0">
<a href="#cite_note-tiobecurrent-42">
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</sup>
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43">
<a href="#cite_note-43">
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</span>
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<span class="cite-bracket">
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</a>
</sup>
</p>
<meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2">
<h2 id="History">
History
</h2>
<span class="mw-editsection">
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
[
</span>
<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">
<span>
edit
</span>
</a>
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
]
</span>
</span>
</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">
.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}
</style>
<div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">
Main article:
<a href="/wiki/History_of_Python" title="History of Python">
History of Python
</a>
</div>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb">
<a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Guido_van_Rossum_in_PyConUS24.jpg">
<img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="5976" data-file-width="3992" decoding="async" height="311" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Guido_van_Rossum_in_PyConUS24.jpg/250px-Guido_van_Rossum_in_PyConUS24.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Guido_van_Rossum_in_PyConUS24.jpg/330px-Guido_van_Rossum_in_PyConUS24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Guido_van_Rossum_in_PyConUS24.jpg/500px-Guido_van_Rossum_in_PyConUS24.jpg 2x" width="208"/>
</a>
<figcaption>
The designer of Python,
<a href="/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">
Guido van Rossum
</a>
, at PyCon US 2024
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>
Python was conceived in the late 1980s
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by
<a href="/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">
Guido van Rossum
</a>
at
<a href="/wiki/Centrum_Wiskunde_%26_Informatica" title="Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica">
Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica
</a>
(CWI) in the
<a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">
Netherlands
</a>
; it was conceived as a successor to the
<a href="/wiki/ABC_(programming_language)" title="ABC (programming language)">
ABC
</a>
programming language, which was inspired by
<a href="/wiki/SETL" title="SETL">
SETL
</a>
,
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capable of
<a href="/wiki/Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">
exception handling
</a>
and interfacing with the
<a href="/wiki/Amoeba_(operating_system)" title="Amoeba (operating system)">
Amoeba
</a>
operating system.
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Python implementation began in December, 1989.
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Van Rossum assumed sole responsibility for the project, as the lead developer, until 12 July 2018, when he announced his "permanent vacation" from responsibilities as Python's "
<a href="/wiki/Benevolent_dictator_for_life" title="Benevolent dictator for life">
benevolent dictator for life
</a>
" (BDFL); this title was bestowed on him by the Python community to reflect his long-term commitment as the project's chief decision-maker.
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(He has since come out of retirement and is self-titled "BDFL-emeritus".) In January 2019, active Python core developers elected a five-member Steering Council to lead the project.
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<p>
The name
<i>
Python
</i>
is said to derive from the British comedy series
<a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus" title="Monty Python's Flying Circus">
Monty Python's Flying Circus
</a>
.
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<p>
Python 2.0 was released on 16 October 2000, with many major new features such as
<a href="/wiki/List_comprehension" title="List comprehension">
list comprehensions
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/Cycle_detection" title="Cycle detection">
cycle-detecting
</a>
garbage collection,
<a href="/wiki/Reference_counting" title="Reference counting">
reference counting
</a>
, and
<a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">
Unicode
</a>
support.
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Python 2.7's
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/End-of-life_product" title="End-of-life product">
end-of-life
</a>
was initially set for 2015, and then postponed to 2020 out of concern that a large body of existing code could not easily be forward-ported to Python 3.
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It no longer receives security patches or updates.
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While Python 2.7 and older versions are officially unsupported, a different unofficial Python implementation,
<a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">
PyPy
</a>
, continues to support Python 2, i.e., "2.7.18+" (plus 3.10), with the plus signifying (at least some) "
<a href="/wiki/Backporting" title="Backporting">
backported
</a>
security updates".
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<p>
Python 3.0 was released on 3 December 2008, with some new semantics and changed syntax. Several releases in the Python 3.x series have added new syntax to the language; a few releases in 3.x have also removed outdated modules.
</p>
<p>
As of 11 June 2025
<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;">
<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit">
[update]
</a>
</sup>
, Python 3.13.5 is the latest stable release, and is the only Python version to get bugfixes (it is highly recommended to upgrade to it, or upgrade to any other recent version past Python 3.9). This version currently receives full bug-fix and security updates, while Python 3.12—released in October 2023—had active bug-fix support only until April 2025, and since then only security fixes. Python 3.9
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is the oldest supported version of Python (albeit in the 'security support' phase), because Python 3.8 has become an end-of-life product.
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Starting with Python 3.13, it and later versions receive two years of full support (which has increased from one and a half years), followed by three years of security support; this is the same total duration of support as previously.
</p>
<p>
Security updates were expedited in 2021 and again twice in 2022. More issues were fixed in 2023 and in September 2024 (for Python versions 3.8.20 through 3.12.6)—all versions (including 2.7)
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had been insecure because of issues leading to possible
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remote code execution
</a>
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and
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web-cache poisoning
</a>
.
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</p>
<p>
Python 3.10 added the
<code>
|
</code>
union type operator
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and added structural
<a href="/wiki/Pattern_matching" title="Pattern matching">
pattern matching
</a>
capability to the language, with the new
<code>
match
</code>
and
<code>
case
</code>
keywords.
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</sup>
Python 3.11 expanded
<a href="/wiki/Exception_handling_(programming)" title="Exception handling (programming)">
exception handling
</a>
functionality. Python 3.12 added the new keyword
<code>
type
</code>
. Notable changes from version 3.10 to 3.11 include increased program execution speed and improved error reporting.
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Python 3.11 is claimed to be 10–60% faster than Python 3.10, and Python 3.12 increases by an additional 5%. Python 3.12 also includes improved error messages (again improved in 3.14) and many other changes.
</p>
<p>
Python 3.13 introduced more syntax for types; a new and improved interactive interpreter (
<a href="/wiki/Read%E2%80%93eval%E2%80%93print_loop" title="Read–eval–print loop">
REPL
</a>
), featuring multi-line editing and color support; an incremental garbage collector, which results in shorter pauses for collection in programs that have many objects, as well as increasing the improved speed in 3.11 and 3.12); an
<i>
experimental
</i>
<a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">
just-in-time (JIT) compiler
</a>
(such features need to be enabled specifically for the increase in speed);
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and an
<i>
experimental
</i>
free-threaded build mode, which disables the
<a href="/wiki/Global_interpreter_lock" title="Global interpreter lock">
global interpreter lock
</a>
(GIL), allowing threads to run more concurrently, as enabled in
<code>
python3.13t
</code>
or
<code>
python3.13t.exe
</code>
.
</p>
<p>
Python Enhancement Proposal (PEP) 711 proposes PyBI—a standard format for distributing Python binaries.
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<p>
Python 3.14.0 is now in the beta 4 phase (introduces e.g. a new opt-in interpreter, up to 30% faster).
</p>
<p>
Python 3.15 will "Make UTF-8 mode default";
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This mode is supported in all current Python versions, but it currently must be opted into.
<a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">
UTF-8
</a>
is already used by default on Windows (and other operating systems) for most purposes; an exception is opening files. Enabling UTF-8 also makes code fully cross-platform.
</p>
<dl>
<dt>
Potentially breaking changes
</dt>
</dl>
<p>
Python 3.0 introduced very breaking changes, but all breaking changes in 3.x discussed below, are designed to affect few users.
</p>
<p>
Python 3.12 dropped some outdated modules, and more will be dropped in the future, deprecated as of 3.13; already deprecated array 'u' format code will emit
<code>
DeprecationWarning
</code>
since 3.13 and will be removed in Python 3.16. The 'w' format code should be used instead. Part of ctypes is also deprecated and
<code>
http.server.CGIHTTPRequestHandler
</code>
will emit a DeprecationWarning, and will be removed in 3.15. Using that code already has a high potential for both security and functionality bugs. Parts of the typing module are deprecated, e.g. creating a
<code>
typing.NamedTuple
</code>
class using keyword arguments to denote the fields and such (and more) will be disallowed in Python 3.15. Python 3.12 removed
<code>
wstr
</code>
meaning Python extensions
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need to be modified.
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<p>
Python 3.13 introduces some changes in behavior, i.e., new "well-defined semantics", fixing bugs, and removing many deprecated classes, functions and methods (as well as some of the Python/C API and outdated modules). "The old implementation of
<code>
locals()
</code>
and
<code>
frame.f_locals
</code>
was slow, inconsistent and buggy, and it had many corner cases and oddities. Code that works around those may need revising; code that uses
<code>
locals()
</code>
for simple templating or print debugging should continue to work correctly."
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<p>
Python 3.13 introduces the experimental free-threaded build mode, which disables the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL); the GIL is a feature of CPython that previously prevented multiple threads from executing Python bytecode simultaneously. This optional build, introduced through PEP 703, enables better exploitation of multi-core CPUs. By allowing multiple threads to run Python code in parallel, the free-threaded mode addresses long-standing performance bottlenecks associated with the GIL. This change offers a new path for parallelism in Python, without resorting to multiprocessing or external concurrency frameworks.
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</p>
<p>
Regarding annotations in upcoming Python version: "In Python 3.14,
<code>
from __future__ import annotations
</code>
will continue to work as it did before, converting annotations into strings."
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<p>
Python 3.14 drops the
<a href="/wiki/Pretty_Good_Privacy" title="Pretty Good Privacy">
PGP
</a>
digital verification signatures, it had deprecated in version 3.11, when its replacement Sigstore was added for all CPython artifacts; the use of PGP has been criticized by security practitioners.
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<p>
Some additional standard-library modules will be removed in Python 3.15 or 3.16, as will be many deprecated classes, functions and methods.
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</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2">
<h2 id="Design_philosophy_and_features">
Design philosophy and features
</h2>
<span class="mw-editsection">
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
[
</span>
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</span>
</div>
<p>
Python is a
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Multi-paradigm_programming_language" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">
multi-paradigm programming language
</a>
. Object-oriented programming and structured programming are fully supported, and many of their features support functional programming and
<a href="/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">
aspect-oriented programming
</a>
(including
<a href="/wiki/Metaprogramming" title="Metaprogramming">
metaprogramming
</a>
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and
<a href="/wiki/Metaobject" title="Metaobject">
metaobjects
</a>
).
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Many other paradigms are supported via extensions, including
<a href="/wiki/Design_by_contract" title="Design by contract">
design by contract
</a>
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and
<a href="/wiki/Logic_programming" title="Logic programming">
logic programming
</a>
.
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Python is often referred to as a
<i>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Glue_language" title="Glue language">
'glue language
</a>
'
</i>
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because it can seamlessly integrate components written in other languages.
</p>
<p>
Python uses dynamic typing and a combination of
<a href="/wiki/Reference_counting" title="Reference counting">
reference counting
</a>
and a cycle-detecting garbage collector for
<a href="/wiki/Memory_management" title="Memory management">
memory management
</a>
.
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It uses dynamic
<a href="/wiki/Name_resolution_(programming_languages)" title="Name resolution (programming languages)">
name resolution
</a>
(
<a href="/wiki/Late_binding" title="Late binding">
late binding
</a>
), which binds method and variable names during program execution.
</p>
<p>
Python's design offers some support for functional programming in the
<a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">
Lisp
</a>
tradition. It has
<code>
filter
</code>
,
<code>
map
</code>
and
<code>
reduce
</code>
functions;
<a href="/wiki/List_comprehension" title="List comprehension">
list comprehensions
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/Associative_array" title="Associative array">
dictionaries
</a>
, sets, and
<a href="/wiki/Generator_(computer_programming)" title="Generator (computer programming)">
generator
</a>
expressions.
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The standard library has two modules (
<code>
itertools
</code>
and
<code>
functools
</code>
) that implement functional tools borrowed from
<a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">
Haskell
</a>
and
<a href="/wiki/Standard_ML" title="Standard ML">
Standard ML
</a>
.
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<p>
Python's core philosophy is summarized in the
<a href="/wiki/Zen_of_Python" title="Zen of Python">
Zen of Python
</a>
(PEP 20), which includes aphorisms such as these:
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<ul>
<li>
Beautiful is better than ugly.
</li>
<li>
Explicit is better than implicit.
</li>
<li>
Simple is better than complex.
</li>
<li>
Complex is better than complicated.
</li>
<li>
Readability counts.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
However, Python features regularly violate these principles and have received criticism for adding unnecessary language bloat.
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Responses to these criticisms note that the Zen of Python is a guideline rather than a rule.
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The addition of some new features had been controversial: Guido van Rossum resigned as Benevolent Dictator for Life after conflict about adding the assignment expression operator in Python 3.8.
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</a>
</sup>
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<p>
Nevertheless, rather than building all functionality into its core, Python was designed to be highly
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Extensible" title="Extensible">
extensible
</a>
via modules. This compact modularity has made it particularly popular as a means of adding programmable interfaces to existing applications. Van Rossum's vision of a small core language with a large standard library and easily extensible interpreter stemmed from his frustrations with ABC, which represented the opposite approach.
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<p>
Python claims to strive for a simpler, less-cluttered syntax and grammar, while giving developers a choice in their coding methodology. In contrast to
<a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">
Perl
</a>
's motto "
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/There_is_more_than_one_way_to_do_it" title="There is more than one way to do it">
there is more than one way to do it
</a>
", Python advocates an approach where "there should be one—and preferably only one—obvious way to do it.".
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In practice, however, Python provides many ways to achieve a given goal. There are, for example, at least three ways to format a string literal, with no certainty as to which one a programmer should use.
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<a href="/wiki/Alex_Martelli" title="Alex Martelli">
Alex Martelli
</a>
is a
<a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">
Fellow
</a>
at the
<a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation" title="Python Software Foundation">
Python Software Foundation
</a>
and Python book author; he wrote that "To describe something as 'clever' is
<i>
not
</i>
considered a compliment in the Python culture."
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<p>
Python's developers usually try to avoid
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Premature_optimization" title="Premature optimization">
premature optimization
</a>
; they also reject patches to non-critical parts of the
<a href="/wiki/CPython" title="CPython">
CPython
</a>
reference implementation that would offer marginal increases in speed at the cost of clarity.
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Execution speed can be improved by moving speed-critical functions to extension modules written in languages such as C, or by using a
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compiler" title="Just-in-time compiler">
just-in-time compiler
</a>
like
<a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">
PyPy
</a>
. It is also possible to
<a href="#Cross-compilers_to_other_languages">
cross-compile to other languages
</a>
; but this approach either fails to achieve the expected speed-up, since Python is a very
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Dynamic_language" title="Dynamic language">
dynamic language
</a>
, or only a restricted subset of Python is compiled (with potential minor semantic changes).
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<p>
Python's developers aim for the language to be fun to use. This goal is reflected in the name—a tribute to the British comedy group
<a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">
Monty Python
</a>
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—and in playful approaches to some tutorials and reference materials. For instance, some code examples use the terms "spam" and "eggs" (in reference to
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Spam_(Monty_Python)" title="Spam (Monty Python)">
a Monty Python sketch
</a>
), rather than the typical terms
<a href="/wiki/Foobar" title="Foobar">
"foo" and "bar"
</a>
.
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</sup>
A common
<a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">
neologism
</a>
in the Python community is
<i>
pythonic
</i>
, which has a wide range of meanings related to program style. Pythonic code may use Python
<a href="/wiki/Programming_idiom" title="Programming idiom">
idioms
</a>
well; be natural or show fluency in the language; or conform with Python's minimalist philosophy and emphasis on readability.
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</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2">
<h2 id="Syntax_and_semantics">
Syntax and semantics
</h2>
<span class="mw-editsection">
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<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/>
<div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">
Main article:
<a href="/wiki/Python_syntax_and_semantics" title="Python syntax and semantics">
Python syntax and semantics
</a>
</div>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb">
<a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Hello_World_in_Python.png">
<img alt="Block of Python code showing sample source code" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="346" data-file-width="528" decoding="async" height="151" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hello_World_in_Python.png/250px-Hello_World_in_Python.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hello_World_in_Python.png/500px-Hello_World_in_Python.png 1.5x" width="231"/>
</a>
<figcaption>
An example of Python code and indentation
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb">
<a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Af-Helloworld_(C_Sharp).svg">
<img alt="C code featuring curly braces and semicolon" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="176" data-file-width="285" decoding="async" height="144" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Af-Helloworld_%28C_Sharp%29.svg/250px-Af-Helloworld_%28C_Sharp%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Af-Helloworld_%28C_Sharp%29.svg/350px-Af-Helloworld_%28C_Sharp%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Af-Helloworld_%28C_Sharp%29.svg/466px-Af-Helloworld_%28C_Sharp%29.svg.png 2x" width="233"/>
</a>
<figcaption>
Example of
<a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">
C#
</a>
code with curly braces and semicolons
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>
Python is meant to be an easily readable language. Its formatting is visually uncluttered and often uses English keywords where other languages use punctuation. Unlike many other languages, it does not use
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Curly_bracket_programming_language" title="Curly bracket programming language">
curly brackets
</a>
to delimit blocks, and semicolons after statements are allowed but rarely used. It has fewer syntactic exceptions and special cases than
<a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">
C
</a>
or
<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">
Pascal
</a>
.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3">
<h3 id="Indentation">
Indentation
</h3>
<span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">
Main article:
<a href="/wiki/Python_syntax_and_semantics#Indentation" title="Python syntax and semantics">
Python syntax and semantics § Indentation
</a>
</div>
<p>
Python uses
<a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">
whitespace
</a>
indentation, rather than curly brackets or keywords, to delimit
<a href="/wiki/Block_(programming)" title="Block (programming)">
blocks
</a>
. An increase in indentation comes after certain statements; a decrease in indentation signifies the end of the current block.
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Thus, the program's visual structure accurately represents its semantic structure.
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This feature is sometimes termed the
<a href="/wiki/Off-side_rule" title="Off-side rule">
off-side rule
</a>
. Some other languages use indentation this way; but in most, indentation has no semantic meaning. The recommended indent size is four spaces.
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</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3">
<h3 id="Statements_and_control_flow">
Statements and control flow
</h3>
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<p>
Python's
<a href="/wiki/Statement_(computer_science)" title="Statement (computer science)">
statements
</a>
include the following:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
The
<a href="/wiki/Assignment_(computer_science)" title="Assignment (computer science)">
assignment
</a>
statement, using a single equals sign
<code>
=
</code>
</li>
<li>
The
<code>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/If-then-else" title="If-then-else">
if
</a>
</code>
statement, which conditionally executes a block of code, along with
<code>
else
</code>
and
<code>
elif
</code>
(a contraction of
<code>
else if
</code>
)
</li>
<li>
The
<code>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Foreach#Python" title="Foreach">
for
</a>
</code>
statement, which iterates over an
<i>
iterable
</i>
object, capturing each element to a local variable for use by the attached block
</li>
<li>
The
<code>
<a href="/wiki/While_loop#Python" title="While loop">
while
</a>
</code>
statement, which executes a block of code as long as boolean condition is true
</li>
<li>
The
<code>
<a href="/wiki/Exception_handling_syntax#Python" title="Exception handling syntax">
try
</a>
</code>
statement, which allows exceptions raised in its attached code block to be caught and handled by
<code>
except
</code>
clauses (or new syntax
<code>
except*
</code>
in Python 3.11 for exception groups
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-103">
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</sup>
); the
<code>
try
</code>
statement also ensures that clean-up code in a
<code>
finally
</code>
block is always run regardless of how the block exits
</li>
<li>
The
<code>
raise
</code>
statement, used to raise a specified exception or re-raise a caught exception
</li>
<li>
The
<code>
class
</code>
statement, which executes a block of code and attaches its local namespace to a
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Class_(computer_science)" title="Class (computer science)">
class
</a>
, for use in object-oriented programming
</li>
<li>
The
<code>
def
</code>
statement, which defines a
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Function_(computing)" title="Function (computing)">
function
</a>
or
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Method_(computing)" title="Method (computing)">
method
</a>
</li>
<li>
The
<code>
<a href="/wiki/Dispose_pattern#Language_constructs" title="Dispose pattern">
with
</a>
</code>
statement, which encloses a code block within a context manager, allowing
<a href="/wiki/Resource_acquisition_is_initialization" title="Resource acquisition is initialization">
resource-acquisition-is-initialization
</a>
(RAII)-like behavior and replacing a common try/finally idiom
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</sup>
Examples of a context include acquiring a
<a href="/wiki/Lock_(computer_science)" title="Lock (computer science)">
lock
</a>
before some code is run, and then releasing the lock; or opening and then closing a
<a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">
file
</a>
</li>
<li>
The
<code>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Break_statement" title="Break statement">
break
</a>
</code>
statement, which exits a loop
</li>
<li>
The
<code>
continue
</code>
statement, which skips the rest of the current iteration and continues with the next
</li>
<li>
The
<code>
del
</code>
statement, which removes a variable—deleting the reference from the name to the value, and producing an error if the variable is referred to before it is redefined
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-105">
<a href="#cite_note-105">
<span class="cite-bracket">
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</span>
c
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
</li>
<li>
The
<code>
pass
</code>
statement, serving as a
<a href="/wiki/NOP_(code)" title="NOP (code)">
NOP
</a>
(i.e., no operation), which is syntactically needed to create an empty code block
</li>
<li>
The
<code>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Assertion_(programming)" title="Assertion (programming)">
assert
</a>
</code>
statement, used in debugging to check for conditions that should apply
</li>
<li>
The
<code>
yield
</code>
statement, which returns a value from a
<a href="/wiki/Generator_(computer_programming)#Python" title="Generator (computer programming)">
generator
</a>
function (and also an operator); used to implement
<a href="/wiki/Coroutine" title="Coroutine">
coroutines
</a>
</li>
<li>
The
<code>
return
</code>
statement, used to return a value from a function
</li>
<li>
The
<code>
<a href="/wiki/Include_directive" title="Include directive">
import
</a>
</code>
and
<code>
from
</code>
statements, used to import modules whose functions or variables can be used in the current program
</li>
<li>
The
<code>
match
</code>
and
<code>
case
</code>
statements, analogous to a
<a href="/wiki/Switch_statement" title="Switch statement">
switch statement
</a>
construct, which compares an expression against one or more cases as a control-flow measure
</li>
</ul>
<p>
The assignment statement (
<code>
=
</code>
) binds a name as a
<a href="/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming)" title="Pointer (computer programming)">
reference
</a>
to a separate, dynamically allocated
<a href="/wiki/Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">
object
</a>
. Variables may subsequently be rebound at any time to any object. In Python, a variable name is a generic reference holder without a fixed
<a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">
data type
</a>
; however, it always refers to
<i>
some
</i>
object with a type. This is called
<a href="/wiki/Type_system#Dynamic_type_checking_and_runtime_type_information" title="Type system">
dynamic typing
</a>
—in contrast to
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Statically-typed" title="Statically-typed">
statically-typed
</a>
languages, where each variable may contain only a value of a certain type.
</p>
<p>
Python does not support
<a href="/wiki/Tail_call" title="Tail call">
tail call
</a>
optimization or
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/First-class_continuations" title="First-class continuations">
first-class continuations
</a>
; according to Van Rossum, the language never will.
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However, better support for
<a href="/wiki/Coroutine" title="Coroutine">
coroutine
</a>
-like functionality is provided by extending Python's generators.
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Before 2.5, generators were
<a href="/wiki/Lazy_evaluation" title="Lazy evaluation">
lazy
</a>
<a href="/wiki/Iterator" title="Iterator">
iterators
</a>
; data was passed unidirectionally out of the generator. From Python 2.5 on, it is possible to pass data back into a generator function; and from version 3.3, data can be passed through multiple stack levels.
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</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3">
<h3 id="Expressions">
Expressions
</h3>
<span class="mw-editsection">
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
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]
</span>
</span>
</div>
<p>
Python's
<a href="/wiki/Expression_(computer_science)" title="Expression (computer science)">
expressions
</a>
include the following:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
The
<code>
+
</code>
,
<code>
-
</code>
, and
<code>
*
</code>
operators for mathematical addition, subtraction, and multiplication are similar to other languages, but the behavior of division differs. There are two types of division in Python:
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Floor_division" title="Floor division">
floor division
</a>
(or integer division)
<code>
//
</code>
, and floating-point division
<code>
/
</code>
.
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</a>
</sup>
Python uses the
<code>
**
</code>
operator for exponentiation.
</li>
<li>
Python uses the
<code>
+
</code>
operator for string concatenation. The language uses the
<code>
*
</code>
operator for duplicating a string a specified number of times.
</li>
<li>
The
<code>
@
</code>
infix operator is intended to be used by libraries such as
<a href="/wiki/NumPy" title="NumPy">
NumPy
</a>
for
<a href="/wiki/Matrix_multiplication" title="Matrix multiplication">
matrix multiplication
</a>
.
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</sup>
</li>
<li>
The syntax
<code>
:=
</code>
, called the "walrus operator", was introduced in Python 3.8. This operator assigns values to variables as part of a larger expression.
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Python3.8Changelog_113-0">
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</li>
<li>
In Python,
<code>
==
</code>
compares two objects by value. Python's
<code>
is
</code>
operator may be used to compare object identities (i.e., comparison by reference), and comparisons may be chained—for example,
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="n">
a
</span>
<span class="o">
<=
</span>
<span class="n">
b
</span>
<span class="o">
<=
</span>
<span class="n">
c
</span>
</code>
.
</li>
<li>
Python uses
<code>
and
</code>
,
<code>
or
</code>
, and
<code>
not
</code>
as Boolean operators.
</li>
<li>
Python has a type of expression called a
<i>
<a href="/wiki/List_comprehension#Python" title="List comprehension">
list comprehension
</a>
</i>
, and a more general expression called a
<i>
generator expression
</i>
.
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AutoNT-59_84-1">
<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-59-84">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
82
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Anonymous_function" title="Anonymous function">
Anonymous functions
</a>
are implemented using
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Lambda_(programming)" title="Lambda (programming)">
lambda expressions
</a>
; however, there may be only one expression in each body.
</li>
<li>
Conditional expressions are written as
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="n">
x
</span>
<span class="k">
if
</span>
<span class="n">
c
</span>
<span class="k">
else
</span>
<span class="n">
y
</span>
</code>
.
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AutoNT-60_114-0">
<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-60-114">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
111
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
(This is different in operand order from the
<code>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/%3F:" title="?:">
c ? x : y
</a>
</code>
operator common to many other languages.)
</li>
<li>
Python makes a distinction between
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/List_(computer_science)" title="List (computer science)">
lists
</a>
and
<a href="/wiki/Tuple" title="Tuple">
tuples
</a>
. Lists are written as
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="p">
[
</span>
<span class="mi">
1
</span>
<span class="p">
,
</span>
<span class="mi">
2
</span>
<span class="p">
,
</span>
<span class="mi">
3
</span>
<span class="p">
]
</span>
</code>
, are mutable, and cannot be used as the keys of dictionaries (since dictionary keys must be
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Immutable" title="Immutable">
immutable
</a>
in Python). Tuples, written as
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="p">
(
</span>
<span class="mi">
1
</span>
<span class="p">
,
</span>
<span class="mi">
2
</span>
<span class="p">
,
</span>
<span class="mi">
3
</span>
<span class="p">
)
</span>
</code>
, are immutable and thus can be used as the keys of dictionaries, provided that all of the tuple's elements are immutable. The
<code>
+
</code>
operator can be used to concatenate two tuples, which does not directly modify their contents, but produces a new tuple containing the elements of both. For example, given the variable
<code>
t
</code>
initially equal to
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="p">
(
</span>
<span class="mi">
1
</span>
<span class="p">
,
</span>
<span class="mi">
2
</span>
<span class="p">
,
</span>
<span class="mi">
3
</span>
<span class="p">
)
</span>
</code>
, executing
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="n">
t
</span>
<span class="o">
=
</span>
<span class="n">
t
</span>
<span class="o">
+
</span>
<span class="p">
(
</span>
<span class="mi">
4
</span>
<span class="p">
,
</span>
<span class="mi">
5
</span>
<span class="p">
)
</span>
</code>
first evaluates
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="n">
t
</span>
<span class="o">
+
</span>
<span class="p">
(
</span>
<span class="mi">
4
</span>
<span class="p">
,
</span>
<span class="mi">
5
</span>
<span class="p">
)
</span>
</code>
, which yields
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="p">
(
</span>
<span class="mi">
1
</span>
<span class="p">
,
</span>
<span class="mi">
2
</span>
<span class="p">
,
</span>
<span class="mi">
3
</span>
<span class="p">
,
</span>
<span class="mi">
4
</span>
<span class="p">
,
</span>
<span class="mi">
5
</span>
<span class="p">
)
</span>
</code>
; this result is then assigned back to
<code>
t
</code>
—thereby effectively "modifying the contents" of
<code>
t
</code>
while conforming to the immutable nature of tuple objects. Parentheses are optional for tuples in unambiguous contexts.
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-115">
<a href="#cite_note-115">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
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<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
</li>
<li>
Python features
<i>
sequence unpacking
</i>
where multiple expressions, each evaluating to something assignable (e.g., a variable or a writable property) are associated just as in forming tuple literal; as a whole, the results are then put on the left-hand side of the equal sign in an assignment statement. This statement expects an
<i>
iterable
</i>
object on the right-hand side of the equal sign to produce the same number of values as the writable expressions on the left-hand side; while iterating, the statement assigns each of the values produced on the right to the corresponding expression on the left.
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-116">
<a href="#cite_note-116">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
113
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
</li>
<li>
Python has a "string format" operator
<code>
%
</code>
that functions analogously to
<code>
<a href="/wiki/Printf" title="Printf">
printf
</a>
</code>
format strings in the C language—e.g.
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="s2">
"spam=
</span>
<span class="si">
%s
</span>
<span class="s2">
eggs=
</span>
<span class="si">
%d
</span>
<span class="s2">
"
</span>
<span class="o">
%
</span>
<span class="p">
(
</span>
<span class="s2">
"blah"
</span>
<span class="p">
,
</span>
<span class="mi">
2
</span>
<span class="p">
)
</span>
</code>
evaluates to
<code>
"spam=blah eggs=2"
</code>
. In Python 2.6+ and 3+, this operator was supplemented by the
<code>
format()
</code>
method of the
<code>
str
</code>
class, e.g.,
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="s2">
"spam=
</span>
<span class="si">
{0}
</span>
<span class="s2">
eggs=
</span>
<span class="si">
{1}
</span>
<span class="s2">
"
</span>
<span class="o">
.
</span>
<span class="n">
format
</span>
<span class="p">
(
</span>
<span class="s2">
"blah"
</span>
<span class="p">
,
</span>
<span class="mi">
2
</span>
<span class="p">
)
</span>
</code>
. Python 3.6 added "f-strings":
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="n">
spam
</span>
<span class="o">
=
</span>
<span class="s2">
"blah"
</span>
<span class="p">
;
</span>
<span class="n">
eggs
</span>
<span class="o">
=
</span>
<span class="mi">
2
</span>
<span class="p">
;
</span>
<span class="sa">
f
</span>
<span class="s1">
'spam=
</span>
<span class="si">
{
</span>
<span class="n">
spam
</span>
<span class="si">
}
</span>
<span class="s1">
eggs=
</span>
<span class="si">
{
</span>
<span class="n">
eggs
</span>
<span class="si">
}
</span>
<span class="s1">
'
</span>
</code>
.
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pep-0498_117-0">
<a href="#cite_note-pep-0498-117">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
114
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
</li>
<li>
Strings in Python can be
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Concatenated" title="Concatenated">
concatenated
</a>
by "adding" them (using the same operator as for adding integers and floats); e.g.,
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="s2">
"spam"
</span>
<span class="o">
+
</span>
<span class="s2">
"eggs"
</span>
</code>
returns
<code>
"spameggs"
</code>
. If strings contain numbers, they are concatenated as strings rather than as integers, e.g.
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="s2">
"2"
</span>
<span class="o">
+
</span>
<span class="s2">
"2"
</span>
</code>
returns
<code>
"22"
</code>
.
</li>
<li>
Python supports
<a href="/wiki/String_literal" title="String literal">
string literals
</a>
in several ways:
<ul>
<li>
Delimited by single or double quotation marks; single and double quotation marks have equivalent functionality (unlike in
<a href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">
Unix shells
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">
Perl
</a>
, and Perl-influenced languages). Both marks use the backslash (
<code>
\
</code>
) as an
<a href="/wiki/Escape_character" title="Escape character">
escape character
</a>
.
<a href="/wiki/String_interpolation" title="String interpolation">
String interpolation
</a>
became available in Python 3.6 as "formatted string literals".
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pep-0498_117-1">
<a href="#cite_note-pep-0498-117">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
114
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
</li>
<li>
Triple-quoted, i.e., starting and ending with three single or double quotation marks; this may span multiple lines and function like
<a href="/wiki/Here_document" title="Here document">
here documents
</a>
in shells, Perl, and
<a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">
Ruby
</a>
.
</li>
<li>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Raw_string" title="Raw string">
Raw string
</a>
varieties, denoted by prefixing the string literal with
<code>
r
</code>
. Escape sequences are not interpreted; hence raw strings are useful where literal backslashes are common, such as in
<a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">
regular expressions
</a>
and
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Windows" title="Windows">
Windows
</a>
-style paths. (Compare "
<code>
@
</code>
-quoting" in
<a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">
C#
</a>
.)
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
Python has
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Array_index" title="Array index">
array index
</a>
and
<a href="/wiki/Array_slicing" title="Array slicing">
array slicing
</a>
expressions in lists, which are written as
<code>
a[key]
</code>
,
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="n">
a
</span>
<span class="p">
[
</span>
<span class="n">
start
</span>
<span class="p">
:
</span>
<span class="n">
stop
</span>
<span class="p">
]
</span>
</code>
or
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="n">
a
</span>
<span class="p">
[
</span>
<span class="n">
start
</span>
<span class="p">
:
</span>
<span class="n">
stop
</span>
<span class="p">
:
</span>
<span class="n">
step
</span>
<span class="p">
]
</span>
</code>
. Indexes are
<a href="/wiki/Zero-based_numbering" title="Zero-based numbering">
zero-based
</a>
, and negative indexes are relative to the end. Slices take elements from the
<i>
start
</i>
index up to, but not including, the
<i>
stop
</i>
index. The (optional) third slice
<a href="/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming)" title="Parameter (computer programming)">
parameter
</a>
, called
<i>
step
</i>
or
<i>
stride
</i>
, allows elements to be skipped or reversed. Slice indexes may be omitted—for example,
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="n">
a
</span>
<span class="p">
[:]
</span>
</code>
returns a copy of the entire list. Each element of a slice is a
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Shallow_copy" title="Shallow copy">
shallow copy
</a>
.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
In Python, a distinction between expressions and statements is rigidly enforced, in contrast to languages such as
<a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">
Common Lisp
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">
Scheme
</a>
, or
<a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">
Ruby
</a>
. This distinction leads to duplicating some functionality, for example:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/List_comprehensions" title="List comprehensions">
List comprehensions
</a>
vs.
<code>
for
</code>
-loops
</li>
<li>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Conditional_(programming)" title="Conditional (programming)">
Conditional
</a>
expressions vs.
<code>
if
</code>
blocks
</li>
<li>
The
<code>
eval()
</code>
vs.
<code>
exec()
</code>
built-in functions (in Python 2,
<code>
exec
</code>
is a statement); the former function is for expressions, while the latter is for statements
</li>
</ul>
<p>
A statement cannot be part of an expression; because of this restriction, expressions such as list and
<code>
dict
</code>
comprehensions (and lambda expressions) cannot contain statements. As a particular case, an assignment statement such as
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="n">
a
</span>
<span class="o">
=
</span>
<span class="mi">
1
</span>
</code>
cannot be part of the conditional expression of a conditional statement.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3">
<h3 id="Methods">
Methods
</h3>
<span class="mw-editsection">
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
[
</span>
<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Methods">
<span>
edit
</span>
</a>
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
]
</span>
</span>
</div>
<p>
<a href="/wiki/Method_(computer_programming)" title="Method (computer programming)">
Methods
</a>
of objects are functions attached to the object's class; the syntax for normal methods and functions,
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="n">
instance
</span>
<span class="o">
.
</span>
<span class="n">
method
</span>
<span class="p">
(
</span>
<span class="n">
argument
</span>
<span class="p">
)
</span>
</code>
, is
<a href="/wiki/Syntactic_sugar" title="Syntactic sugar">
syntactic sugar
</a>
for
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="n">
Class
</span>
<span class="o">
.
</span>
<span class="n">
method
</span>
<span class="p">
(
</span>
<span class="n">
instance
</span>
<span class="p">
,
</span>
<span class="n">
argument
</span>
<span class="p">
)
</span>
</code>
. Python methods have an explicit
<code>
<a href="/wiki/This_(computer_programming)" title="This (computer programming)">
self
</a>
</code>
parameter to access
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Instance_data" title="Instance data">
instance data
</a>
, in contrast to the implicit self (or
<code>
this
</code>
) parameter in some object-oriented programming languages (e.g.,
<a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">
C++
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">
Java
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">
Objective-C
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">
Ruby
</a>
).
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AutoNT-61_118-0">
<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-61-118">
<span class="cite-bracket">
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</span>
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<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
Python also provides methods, often called
<i>
dunder methods
</i>
(because their names begin and end with double underscores); these methods allow user-defined classes to modify how they are handled by native operations including length, comparison,
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Arithmetic_operations" title="Arithmetic operations">
arithmetic
</a>
, and type conversion.
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-119">
<a href="#cite_note-119">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
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<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3">
<h3 id="Typing">
Typing
</h3>
<span class="mw-editsection">
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
[
</span>
<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Typing">
<span>
edit
</span>
</a>
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
]
</span>
</span>
</div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb">
<a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Python_3.13_Standrd_Type_Hierarchy-en.svg">
<img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="566" data-file-width="566" decoding="async" height="250" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Python_3.13_Standrd_Type_Hierarchy-en.svg/250px-Python_3.13_Standrd_Type_Hierarchy-en.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Python_3.13_Standrd_Type_Hierarchy-en.svg/500px-Python_3.13_Standrd_Type_Hierarchy-en.svg.png 1.5x" width="250"/>
</a>
<figcaption>
The standard type hierarchy in Python 3
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>
Python uses
<a href="/wiki/Duck_typing" title="Duck typing">
duck typing
</a>
, and it has typed objects but untyped variable names. Type constraints are not checked at definition time; rather, operations on an object may fail at usage time, indicating that the object is not of an appropriate type. Despite being
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Dynamically_typed" title="Dynamically typed">
dynamically typed
</a>
, Python is
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Strongly_typed" title="Strongly typed">
strongly typed
</a>
, forbidding operations that are poorly defined (e.g., adding a number and a string) rather than quietly attempting to interpret them.
</p>
<p>
Python allows programmers to define their own types using
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Class_(computer_science)" title="Class (computer science)">
classes
</a>
, most often for
<a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">
object-oriented programming
</a>
. New
<a href="/wiki/Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">
instances
</a>
of classes are constructed by calling the class, for example,
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="n">
SpamClass
</span>
<span class="p">
()
</span>
</code>
or
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="n">
EggsClass
</span>
<span class="p">
()
</span>
</code>
); the classes are instances of the
<a href="/wiki/Metaclass" title="Metaclass">
metaclass
</a>
<code>
type
</code>
(which is an instance of itself), thereby allowing metaprogramming and
<a href="/wiki/Reflective_programming" title="Reflective programming">
reflection
</a>
.
</p>
<p>
Before version 3.0, Python had two kinds of classes, both using the same syntax:
<i>
old-style
</i>
and
<i>
new-style
</i>
.
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-classy_120-0">
<a href="#cite_note-classy-120">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
117
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
Current Python versions support the semantics of only the new style.
</p>
<p>
Python supports
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Optional_typing" title="Optional typing">
optional type annotations
</a>
.
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-type_hint-PEP_4-1">
<a href="#cite_note-type_hint-PEP-4">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
4
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-121">
<a href="#cite_note-121">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
118
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
These annotations are not enforced by the language, but may be used by external tools such as
<b>
mypy
</b>
to catch errors.
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-122">
<a href="#cite_note-122">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
119
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-123">
<a href="#cite_note-123">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
120
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
Mypy also supports a Python compiler called mypyc, which leverages type annotations for optimization.
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-124">
<a href="#cite_note-124">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
121
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<caption>
Summary of Python 3's built-in types
</caption>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>
Type
</th>
<th>
<a href="/wiki/Immutable_object" title="Immutable object">
Mutability
</a>
</th>
<th>
Description
</th>
<th>
Syntax examples
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<code>
bool
</code>
</td>
<td>
immutable
</td>
<td>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Boolean_value" title="Boolean value">
Boolean value
</a>
</td>
<td>
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="kc">
True
</span>
</code>
<br/>
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="kc">
False
</span>
</code>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<code>
bytearray
</code>
</td>
<td>
mutable
</td>
<td>
Sequence of
<a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">
bytes
</a>
</td>
<td>
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="nb">
bytearray
</span>
<span class="p">
(
</span>
<span class="sa">
b
</span>
<span class="s1">
'Some ASCII'
</span>
<span class="p">
)
</span>
</code>
<br/>
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="nb">
bytearray
</span>
<span class="p">
(
</span>
<span class="sa">
b
</span>
<span class="s2">
"Some ASCII"
</span>
<span class="p">
)
</span>
</code>
<br/>
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="nb">
bytearray
</span>
<span class="p">
([
</span>
<span class="mi">
119
</span>
<span class="p">
,
</span>
<span class="mi">
105
</span>
<span class="p">
,
</span>
<span class="mi">
107
</span>
<span class="p">
,
</span>
<span class="mi">
105
</span>
<span class="p">
])
</span>
</code>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<code>
bytes
</code>
</td>
<td>
immutable
</td>
<td>
Sequence of bytes
</td>
<td>
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="sa">
b
</span>
<span class="s1">
'Some ASCII'
</span>
</code>
<br/>
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="sa">
b
</span>
<span class="s2">
"Some ASCII"
</span>
</code>
<br/>
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="nb">
bytes
</span>
<span class="p">
([
</span>
<span class="mi">
119
</span>
<span class="p">
,
</span>
<span class="mi">
105
</span>
<span class="p">
,
</span>
<span class="mi">
107
</span>
<span class="p">
,
</span>
<span class="mi">
105
</span>
<span class="p">
])
</span>
</code>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<code>
complex
</code>
</td>
<td>
immutable
</td>
<td>
<a href="/wiki/Complex_number" title="Complex number">
Complex number
</a>
with real and imaginary parts
</td>
<td>
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="mi">
3
</span>
<span class="o">
+
</span>
<span class="mf">
2.7
</span>
<span class="n">
j
</span>
</code>
<br/>
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="mi">
3
</span>
<span class="o">
+
</span>
<span class="mf">
2.7
</span>
<span class="n">
j
</span>
</code>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<code>
dict
</code>
</td>
<td>
mutable
</td>
<td>
<a href="/wiki/Associative_array" title="Associative array">
Associative array
</a>
(or dictionary) of key and value pairs; can contain mixed types (keys and values); keys must be a hashable type
</td>
<td>
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="p">
{
</span>
<span class="s1">
'key1'
</span>
<span class="p">
:
</span>
<span class="mf">
1.0
</span>
<span class="p">
,
</span>
<span class="mi">
3
</span>
<span class="p">
:
</span>
<span class="kc">
False
</span>
<span class="p">
}
</span>
</code>
<br/>
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="p">
{}
</span>
</code>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<code>
types.EllipsisType
</code>
</td>
<td>
immutable
</td>
<td>
An
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Ellipsis_(programming_operator)" title="Ellipsis (programming operator)">
ellipsis
</a>
placeholder to be used as an index in
<a href="/wiki/NumPy" title="NumPy">
NumPy
</a>
arrays
</td>
<td>
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="o">
...
</span>
</code>
<br/>
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="bp">
Ellipsis
</span>
</code>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<code>
float
</code>
</td>
<td>
immutable
</td>
<td>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Double-precision" title="Double-precision">
Double-precision
</a>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Floating-point_number" title="Floating-point number">
floating-point number
</a>
. The precision is machine-dependent, but in practice it is generally implemented as a 64-bit
<a href="/wiki/IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">
IEEE 754
</a>
number with 53 bits of precision.
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-125">
<a href="#cite_note-125">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
122
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="mf">
1.33333
</span>
</code>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<code>
frozenset
</code>
</td>
<td>
immutable
</td>
<td>
Unordered
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Set_(computer_science)" title="Set (computer science)">
set
</a>
, contains no duplicates; can contain mixed types, if hashable
</td>
<td>
<span class="nowrap">
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="nb">
frozenset
</span>
<span class="p">
([
</span>
<span class="mf">
4.0
</span>
<span class="p">
,
</span>
<span class="s1">
'string'
</span>
<span class="p">
,
</span>
<span class="kc">
True
</span>
<span class="p">
])
</span>
</code>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<code>
int
</code>
</td>
<td>
immutable
</td>
<td>
<a href="/wiki/Integer_(computer_science)" title="Integer (computer science)">
Integer
</a>
of unlimited magnitude
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pep0237_126-0">
<a href="#cite_note-pep0237-126">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
123
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
</td>
<td>
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="mi">
42
</span>
</code>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<code>
list
</code>
</td>
<td>
mutable
</td>
<td>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/List_(computer_science)" title="List (computer science)">
List
</a>
, can contain mixed types
</td>
<td>
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="p">
[
</span>
<span class="mf">
4.0
</span>
<span class="p">
,
</span>
<span class="s1">
'string'
</span>
<span class="p">
,
</span>
<span class="kc">
True
</span>
<span class="p">
]
</span>
</code>
<br/>
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="p">
[]
</span>
</code>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<code>
types.NoneType
</code>
</td>
<td>
immutable
</td>
<td>
An object representing the absence of a value, often called
<a href="/wiki/Null_pointer" title="Null pointer">
null
</a>
in other languages
</td>
<td>
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="kc">
None
</span>
</code>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<code>
types.NotImplementedType
</code>
</td>
<td>
immutable
</td>
<td>
A placeholder that can be returned from
<a href="/wiki/Operator_overloading" title="Operator overloading">
overloaded operators
</a>
to indicate unsupported operand types.
</td>
<td>
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="bp">
NotImplemented
</span>
</code>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<code>
range
</code>
</td>
<td>
immutable
</td>
<td>
An
<i>
immutable sequence
</i>
of numbers, commonly used for iterating a specific number of times in
<code>
for
</code>
loops
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-127">
<a href="#cite_note-127">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
124
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
</td>
<td>
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="nb">
range
</span>
<span class="p">
(
</span>
<span class="err">
−
</span>
<span class="mi">
1
</span>
<span class="p">
,
</span>
<span class="mi">
10
</span>
<span class="p">
)
</span>
</code>
<br/>
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="nb">
range
</span>
<span class="p">
(
</span>
<span class="mi">
10
</span>
<span class="p">
,
</span>
<span class="err">
−
</span>
<span class="mi">
5
</span>
<span class="p">
,
</span>
<span class="err">
−
</span>
<span class="mi">
2
</span>
<span class="p">
)
</span>
</code>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<code>
set
</code>
</td>
<td>
mutable
</td>
<td>
Unordered
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Set_(computer_science)" title="Set (computer science)">
set
</a>
, contains no duplicates; can contain mixed types, if hashable
</td>
<td>
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="p">
{
</span>
<span class="mf">
4.0
</span>
<span class="p">
,
</span>
<span class="s1">
'string'
</span>
<span class="p">
,
</span>
<span class="kc">
True
</span>
<span class="p">
}
</span>
</code>
<br/>
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="nb">
set
</span>
<span class="p">
()
</span>
</code>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<code>
str
</code>
</td>
<td>
immutable
</td>
<td>
A
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Character_string" title="Character string">
character string
</a>
: sequence of Unicode codepoints
</td>
<td>
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="s1">
'Wikipedia'
</span>
</code>
<br/>
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="s2">
"Wikipedia"
</span>
</code>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">
<pre><span></span><span class="sd">"""Spanning</span>
<span class="sd">multiple</span>
<span class="sd">lines"""</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">
<pre><span></span><span class="n">Spanning</span>
<span class="n">multiple</span>
<span class="n">lines</span>
</pre>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<code>
tuple
</code>
</td>
<td>
immutable
</td>
<td>
<a href="/wiki/Tuple" title="Tuple">
Tuple
</a>
, can contain mixed types
</td>
<td>
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="p">
(
</span>
<span class="mf">
4.0
</span>
<span class="p">
,
</span>
<span class="s1">
'string'
</span>
<span class="p">
,
</span>
<span class="kc">
True
</span>
<span class="p">
)
</span>
</code>
<br/>
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="p">
(
</span>
<span class="s1">
'single element'
</span>
<span class="p">
,)
</span>
</code>
<br/>
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="p">
()
</span>
</code>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3">
<h3 id="Arithmetic_operations">
Arithmetic operations
</h3>
<span class="mw-editsection">
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
[
</span>
<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Arithmetic operations">
<span>
edit
</span>
</a>
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
]
</span>
</span>
</div>
<p>
Python includes conventional symbols for arithmetic operators (
<code>
+
</code>
,
<code>
-
</code>
,
<code>
*
</code>
,
<code>
/
</code>
), the floor-division operator
<code>
//
</code>
, and the
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Modulo_operation" title="Modulo operation">
modulo operator
</a>
<code>
%
</code>
. (With the module operator, a remainder can be negative, e.g.,
<code>
4 % -3 == -2
</code>
.) Python also offers the
<code>
**
</code>
symbol for
<a href="/wiki/Exponentiation" title="Exponentiation">
exponentiation
</a>
, e.g.
<code>
5**3 == 125
</code>
and
<code>
9**0.5 == 3.0
</code>
; it also offers the matrix‑multiplication operator
<code>
@
</code>
.
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-128">
<a href="#cite_note-128">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
125
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
These operators work as in traditional mathematics; with the same
<a href="/wiki/Order_of_operations" title="Order of operations">
precedence rules
</a>
, the
<a href="/wiki/Infix_notation" title="Infix notation">
infix
</a>
operators
<code>
+
</code>
and
<code>
-
</code>
can also be
<a href="/wiki/Unary_operation" title="Unary operation">
unary
</a>
, to represent positive and negative numbers respectively.
</p>
<p>
Division between integers produces floating-point results. The behavior of division has changed significantly over time:
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pep0238_129-0">
<a href="#cite_note-pep0238-129">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
126
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
</p>
<ul>
<li>
The current version of Python (i.e., since 3.0) changed
<code>
the /
</code>
operator to always represent floating-point division, e.g.,
<code class="nowrap mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="mi">
5
</span>
<span class="o">
/
</span>
<span class="mi">
2
</span>
<span class="o">
==
</span>
<span class="mf">
2.5
</span>
</code>
.
</li>
<li>
The floor division
<code>
//
</code>
operator was introduced. Thus
<code>
7//3 == 2
</code>
,
<code>
-7//3 == -3
</code>
,
<code>
7.5//3 == 2.0
</code>
, and
<code>
-7.5//3 == -3.0
</code>
. For outdated Python 2.7 adding the
<code class="nowrap mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python2 mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="kn">
from
</span>
<span class="nn">
__future__
</span>
<span class="kn">
import
</span>
<span class="n">
division
</span>
</code>
statement causes a module in Python 2.7 to use Python 3.0 rules for division instead (see above).
</li>
</ul>
<p>
In Python terms, the
<code>
/
</code>
operator represents
<i>
true division
</i>
(or simply
<i>
division
</i>
), while the
<code>
//
</code>
operator represents
<i>
floor division.
</i>
Before version 3.0, the
<code>
/
</code>
operator represents
<i>
classic division
</i>
.
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pep0238_129-1">
<a href="#cite_note-pep0238-129">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
126
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
</p>
<p>
<a href="/wiki/Rounding" title="Rounding">
Rounding
</a>
towards negative infinity, though a different method than in most languages, adds consistency to Python. For instance, this rounding implies that the equation
<code class="nowrap mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="p">
(
</span>
<span class="n">
a
</span>
<span class="o">
+
</span>
<span class="n">
b
</span>
<span class="p">
)
</span>
<span class="o">
//
</span>
<span class="n">
b
</span>
<span class="o">
==
</span>
<span class="n">
a
</span>
<span class="o">
//
</span>
<span class="n">
b
</span>
<span class="o">
+
</span>
<span class="mi">
1
</span>
</code>
is always true. The rounding also implies that the equation
<code class="nowrap mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="">
<span class="n">
b
</span>
<span class="o">
*
</span>
<span class="p">
(
</span>
<span class="n">
a
</span>
<span class="o">
//
</span>
<span class="n">
b
</span>
<span class="p">
)
</span>
<span class="o">
+
</span>
<span class="n">
a
</span>
<span class="o">
%
</span>
<span class="n">
b
</span>
<span class="o">
==
</span>
<span class="n">
a
</span>
</code>
is valid for both positive and negative values of
<code>
a
</code>
. As expected, the result of
<code>
a%b
</code>
lies in the
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Half-open_interval" title="Half-open interval">
half-open interval
</a>
[0,
<i>
b
</i>
), where
<code>
b
</code>
is a positive integer; however, maintaining the validity of the equation requires that the result must lie in the interval (
<i>
b
</i>
, 0] when
<code>
b
</code>
is negative.
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AutoNT-62_130-0">
<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-62-130">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
127
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
</p>
<p>
Python provides a
<code>
round
</code>
function for rounding a float to the nearest integer. For
<a href="/wiki/Rounding#Tie-breaking" title="Rounding">
tie-breaking
</a>
, Python 3 uses the
<i>
round to even
</i>
method:
<code>
round(1.5)
</code>
and
<code>
round(2.5)
</code>
both produce
<code>
2
</code>
.
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</sup>
Python versions before 3 used the
<a href="/wiki/Rounding#Rounding_away_from_zero" title="Rounding">
round-away-from-zero
</a>
method:
<code>
round(0.5)
</code>
is
<code>
1.0
</code>
, and
<code>
round(-0.5)
</code>
is
<code>
−1.0
</code>
.
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</p>
<p>
Python allows Boolean expressions that contain multiple equality relations to be consistent with general usage in mathematics. For example, the expression
<code>
a < b < c
</code>
tests whether
<code>
a
</code>
is less than
<code>
b
</code>
and
<code>
b
</code>
is less than
<code>
c
</code>
.
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</sup>
C-derived languages interpret this expression differently: in C, the expression would first evaluate
<code>
a < b
</code>
, resulting in 0 or 1, and that result would then be compared with
<code>
c
</code>
.
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</a>
</sup>
</p>
<p>
Python uses
<a href="/wiki/Arbitrary-precision_arithmetic" title="Arbitrary-precision arithmetic">
arbitrary-precision arithmetic
</a>
for all integer operations. The
<code>
Decimal
</code>
type/class in the
<code>
decimal
</code>
module provides
<a href="/wiki/Decimal_floating_point" title="Decimal floating point">
decimal floating-point numbers
</a>
to a pre-defined arbitrary precision with several rounding modes.
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The
<code>
Fraction
</code>
class in the
<code>
fractions
</code>
module provides arbitrary precision for
<a href="/wiki/Rational_number" title="Rational number">
rational numbers
</a>
.
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</a>
</sup>
</p>
<p>
Due to Python's extensive mathematics library and the third-party library
<a href="/wiki/NumPy" title="NumPy">
NumPy
</a>
, the language is frequently used for scientific scripting in tasks such as numerical data processing and manipulation.
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</sup>
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</sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3">
<h3 id="Function_syntax">
Function syntax
</h3>
<span class="mw-editsection">
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
[
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</a>
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
]
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</span>
</div>
<p>
<a href="/wiki/Function_(computer_programming)" title="Function (computer programming)">
Functions
</a>
are created in Python by using the
<code>
def
</code>
keyword. A function is defined similarly to how it is called, by first providing the function name and then the required parameters. Here is an example of a function that prints its inputs:
</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python3 mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">
<pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">printer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">input1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">input2</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"already there"</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">input1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">input2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">printer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"hello"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Example output:</span>
<span class="c1"># hello</span>
<span class="c1"># already there</span>
</pre>
</div>
<p>
To assign a default value to a function parameter in case no actual value is provided at run time, variable-definition syntax can be used inside the function header.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2">
<h2 id="Code_examples">
Code examples
</h2>
<span class="mw-editsection">
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
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<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Code examples">
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</span>
</a>
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
]
</span>
</span>
</div>
<p>
<a href="/wiki/%22Hello,_World!%22_program" title='"Hello, World!" program'>
"Hello, World!" program
</a>
:
</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">
<pre><span></span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Hello, world!'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre>
</div>
<p>
Program to calculate the
<a href="/wiki/Factorial" title="Factorial">
factorial
</a>
of a positive integer:
</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr mw-highlight-lines" dir="ltr">
<pre><span></span><span class="linenos" data-line="1"></span><span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">input</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Type a number, and its factorial will be printed: '</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="linenos" data-line="2"></span>
<span class="linenos" data-line="3"></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="linenos" data-line="4"></span> <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">ValueError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'You must enter a non-negative integer'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="linenos" data-line="5"></span>
<span class="linenos" data-line="6"></span><span class="n">factorial</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="linenos" data-line="7"></span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="linenos" data-line="8"></span> <span class="n">factorial</span> <span class="o">*=</span> <span class="n">i</span>
<span class="linenos" data-line="9"></span>
<span class="linenos" data-line="10"></span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">factorial</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2">
<h2 id="Libraries">
Libraries
</h2>
<span class="mw-editsection">
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
[
</span>
<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Libraries">
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</span>
</a>
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
]
</span>
</span>
</div>
<p>
Python's large standard library
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is commonly cited as one of its greatest strengths. For Internet-facing applications, many standard formats and protocols such as
<a href="/wiki/MIME" title="MIME">
MIME
</a>
and
<a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">
HTTP
</a>
are supported. The language includes modules for creating
<a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">
graphical user interfaces
</a>
, connecting to
<a href="/wiki/Relational_database" title="Relational database">
relational databases
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generator" title="Pseudorandom number generator">
generating pseudorandom numbers
</a>
, arithmetic with arbitrary-precision decimals,
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</a>
</sup>
manipulating
<a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">
regular expressions
</a>
, and
<a href="/wiki/Unit_testing" title="Unit testing">
unit testing
</a>
.
</p>
<p>
Some parts of the standard library are covered by specifications—for example, the
<a href="/wiki/Web_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Web Server Gateway Interface">
Web Server Gateway Interface
</a>
(WSGI) implementation
<code>
wsgiref
</code>
follows PEP 333
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—but most parts are specified by their code, internal documentation, and
<a href="/wiki/Test_suite" title="Test suite">
test suites
</a>
. However, because most of the standard library is cross-platform Python code, only a few modules must be altered or rewritten for variant implementations.
</p>
<p>
As of 13 March 2025,
<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;">
<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit">
[update]
</a>
</sup>
the
<a href="/wiki/Python_Package_Index" title="Python Package Index">
Python Package Index
</a>
(PyPI), the official repository for third-party Python software, contains over 614,339
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</span>
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</a>
</sup>
packages. These have a wide range of functionality, including the following:
</p>
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</style>
<div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">
Automation
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Data_analytics" title="Data analytics">
Data analytics
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">
Databases
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Documentation" title="Documentation">
Documentation
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">
Graphical user interfaces
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Image_processing" title="Image processing">
Image processing
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">
Machine learning
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">
Mobile apps
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">
Multimedia
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Computer_networking" title="Computer networking">
Computer networking
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Scientific_computing" title="Scientific computing">
Scientific computing
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/System_administration" title="System administration">
System administration
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Test_framework" title="Test framework">
Test frameworks
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Text_processing" title="Text processing">
Text processing
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Web_framework" title="Web framework">
Web frameworks
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Web_scraping" title="Web scraping">
Web scraping
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2">
<h2 id="Development_environments">
Development environments
</h2>
<span class="mw-editsection">
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
[
</span>
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</span>
</a>
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
]
</span>
</span>
</div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/>
<div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">
See also:
<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_integrated_development_environments#Python" title="Comparison of integrated development environments">
Comparison of integrated development environments § Python
</a>
</div>
<p>
Most Python implementations (including CPython) include a
<a href="/wiki/Read%E2%80%93eval%E2%80%93print_loop" title="Read–eval–print loop">
read–eval–print loop
</a>
(REPL); this permits the environment to function as a
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Command_line_interpreter" title="Command line interpreter">
command line interpreter
</a>
, with which users enter statements sequentially and receive results immediately.
</p>
<p>
Python is also bundled with an
<a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">
integrated development environment (IDE)
</a>
called
<a href="/wiki/IDLE" title="IDLE">
IDLE
</a>
, which is oriented toward beginners.
</p>
<p>
Other shells, including
<a href="/wiki/IDLE" title="IDLE">
IDLE
</a>
and
<a href="/wiki/IPython" title="IPython">
IPython
</a>
, add additional capabilities such as improved auto-completion, session-state retention, and
<a href="/wiki/Syntax_highlighting" title="Syntax highlighting">
syntax highlighting
</a>
.
</p>
<p>
Standard desktop IDEs include PyCharm, IntelliJ Idea, Visual Studio Code; there are also
<a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">
web browser
</a>
-based IDEs, such as the following environments:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/SageMath" title="SageMath">
SageMath
</a>
, for developing science- and math-related programs;
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Project_Jupyter" title="Project Jupyter">
Jupyter Notebooks
</a>
, an open-source interactive computing platform;
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/PythonAnywhere" title="PythonAnywhere">
PythonAnywhere
</a>
, a browser-based IDE and hosting environment; and
</li>
<li>
Canopy IDE, a commercial IDE that emphasizes
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Scientific_computing" title="Scientific computing">
scientific computing
</a>
.
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</li>
</ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2">
<h2 id="Implementations">
Implementations
</h2>
<span class="mw-editsection">
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
[
</span>
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</a>
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
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</span>
</div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/>
<div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">
See also:
<a href="/wiki/List_of_Python_software#Python_implementations" title="List of Python software">
List of Python software § Python implementations
</a>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3">
<h3 id="Reference_implementation">
Reference implementation
</h3>
<span class="mw-editsection">
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
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</span>
</div>
<p>
<a href="/wiki/CPython" title="CPython">
CPython
</a>
is the
<a href="/wiki/Reference_implementation" title="Reference implementation">
reference implementation
</a>
of Python. This implementation is written in C, meeting the
<a href="/wiki/C11_(C_standard_revision)" title="C11 (C standard revision)">
C11
</a>
standard
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(since version 3.11, older versions use the
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/C89_(C_version)" title="C89 (C version)">
C89
</a>
standard with several select
<a href="/wiki/C99" title="C99">
C99
</a>
features), but third-party extensions are not limited to older C versions—e.g., they can be implemented using C11 or C++.
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CPython
<a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">
compiles
</a>
Python programs into an intermediate
<a href="/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode">
bytecode
</a>
,
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which is then executed by a
<a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">
virtual machine
</a>
.
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CPython is distributed with a large standard library written in a combination of C and native Python.
</p>
<p>
CPython is available for many platforms, including Windows and most modern
<a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">
Unix-like
</a>
systems, including macOS (and
<a href="/wiki/Apple_M1" title="Apple M1">
Apple M1
</a>
Macs, since Python 3.9.1, using an experimental installer). Starting with Python 3.9, the Python installer intentionally fails to install on
<a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">
Windows 7
</a>
and 8;
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</sup>
<a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">
Windows XP
</a>
was supported until Python 3.5, with unofficial support for
<a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">
VMS
</a>
.
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Platform portability was one of Python's earliest priorities.
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During development of Python 1 and 2, even
<a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">
OS/2
</a>
and
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" title="Solaris (operating system)">
Solaris
</a>
were supported;
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since that time, support has been dropped for many platforms.
</p>
<p>
All current Python versions (since 3.7) support only operating systems that feature multithreading, by now supporting not nearly as many operating systems (dropping many outdated) than in the past.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3">
<h3 id="Other_implementations">
Other implementations
</h3>
<span class="mw-editsection">
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
[
</span>
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</a>
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
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</span>
</span>
</div>
<p>
All alternative implementations have at least slightly different semantic. For example, an alternative may include unordered dictionaries, in contrast to other current Python versions. As another example in the larger Python ecosystem, PyPy does not support the full C Python API. Alternative implementations include the following:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">
PyPy
</a>
is a fast, compliant interpreter of Python 2.7 and 3.10.
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PyPy's
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compiler" title="Just-in-time compiler">
just-in-time compiler
</a>
often improves speed significantly relative to CPython, but PyPy does not support some libraries written in C.
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PyPy offers support for the
<a href="/wiki/RISC-V" title="RISC-V">
RISC-V
</a>
instruction-set architecture.
</li>
<li>
Codon is an implentation with an
<a href="/wiki/Ahead-of-time_compilation" title="Ahead-of-time compilation">
ahead-of-time (AOT) compiler
</a>
, which compiles a statically-typed Python-like language whose "syntax and semantics are nearly identical to Python's, there are some notable differences"
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For example, Codon uses 64-bit machine integers for speed, not arbitrarily as with Python; Codon developers claim that speedups over CPython are usually on the order of ten to a hundred times. Codon compiles to machine code (via
<a href="/wiki/LLVM" title="LLVM">
LLVM
</a>
) and supports native multithreading.
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Codon can also compile to Python extension modules that can be imported and used from Python.
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/MicroPython" title="MicroPython">
MicroPython
</a>
and
<a href="/wiki/CircuitPython" title="CircuitPython">
CircuitPython
</a>
are Python 3 variants that are optimized for
<a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">
microcontrollers
</a>
, including the
<a href="/wiki/Lego_Mindstorms_EV3" title="Lego Mindstorms EV3">
Lego Mindstorms EV3
</a>
.
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</sup>
</li>
<li>
Pyston is a variant of the Python runtime that uses just-in-time compilation to speed up execution of Python programs.
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</li>
<li>
Cinder is a performance-oriented fork of CPython 3.8 that features a number of optimizations, including bytecode inline caching, eager evaluation of coroutines, a method-at-a-time
<a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">
JIT
</a>
, and an experimental bytecode compiler.
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</li>
<li>
The Snek
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embedded computing language "is Python-inspired, but it is not Python. It is possible to write Snek programs that run under a full Python system, but most Python programs will not run under Snek."
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Snek is compatible with 8-bit
<a href="/wiki/AVR_microcontrollers" title="AVR microcontrollers">
AVR microcontrollers
</a>
such as
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ATmega" title="ATmega">
ATmega 328P
</a>
-based Arduino, as well as larger microcontrollers that are compatible with
<a href="/wiki/MicroPython" title="MicroPython">
MicroPython
</a>
. Snek is an imperative language that (unlike Python) omits
<a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">
object-oriented programming
</a>
. Snek supports only one numeric data type, which features 32-bit
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Single-precision" title="Single-precision">
single precision
</a>
(resembling
<a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">
JavaScript
</a>
numbers, though smaller).
</li>
</ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3">
<h3 id="Unsupported_implementations">
Unsupported implementations
</h3>
<span class="mw-editsection">
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
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</span>
</a>
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</span>
</span>
</div>
<p>
<a href="/wiki/Stackless_Python" title="Stackless Python">
Stackless Python
</a>
is a significant fork of CPython that implements
<a href="/wiki/Microthread" title="Microthread">
microthreads
</a>
. This implementation uses the
<a href="/wiki/Call_stack" title="Call stack">
call stack
</a>
differently, thus allowing massively concurrent programs. PyPy also offers a stackless version.
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<p>
Just-in-time Python compilers have been developed, but are now unsupported:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
Google began a project named
<a href="/wiki/Unladen_Swallow" title="Unladen Swallow">
Unladen Swallow
</a>
in 2009: this project aimed to speed up the Python interpreter five-fold by using
<a href="/wiki/LLVM" title="LLVM">
LLVM
</a>
, and improve
<a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">
multithreading
</a>
capability for scaling to thousands of cores,
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</sup>
while typical implementations are limited by the
<a href="/wiki/Global_interpreter_lock" title="Global interpreter lock">
global interpreter lock
</a>
.
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Psyco" title="Psyco">
Psyco
</a>
is a discontinued
<a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">
just-in-time
</a>
<a href="/wiki/Run-time_algorithm_specialization" title="Run-time algorithm specialization">
specializing
</a>
compiler, which integrates with CPython and transforms bytecode to machine code at runtime. The emitted code is specialized for certain
<a href="/wiki/Data_type" title="Data type">
data types
</a>
and is faster than standard Python code. Psyco does not support Python 2.7 or later.
</li>
<li>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PyS60" title="PyS60">
PyS60
</a>
was a Python 2 interpreter for
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Series_60" title="Series 60">
Series 60
</a>
mobile phones, which was released by
<a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">
Nokia
</a>
in 2005. The interpreter implemented many modules from Python's standard library, as well as additional modules for integration with the
<a href="/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">
Symbian
</a>
operating system. The Nokia
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/N900" title="N900">
N900
</a>
also supports Python through the
<a href="/wiki/GTK" title="GTK">
GTK
</a>
widget library, allowing programs to be written and run on the target device.
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</ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3">
<h3 id="Cross-compilers_to_other_languages">
Cross-compilers to other languages
</h3>
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</span>
</span>
</div>
<p>
There are several compilers/
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Transpiler" title="Transpiler">
transpilers
</a>
to high-level object languages; the source language is unrestricted Python, a subset of Python, or a language similar to Python:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
Brython,
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Transcrypt,
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</sup>
and
<a href="/wiki/Pyjs" title="Pyjs">
Pyjs
</a>
compile Python to
<a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">
JavaScript
</a>
. (The latest release of Pyjs was in 2012.)
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Cython" title="Cython">
Cython
</a>
compiles a superset of Python to C. The resulting code can be used with Python via direct C-level API calls into the Python interpreter.
</li>
<li>
PyJL compiles/transpiles a subset of Python to "human-readable, maintainable, and high-performance Julia source code".
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Despite the developers' performance claims, this is not possible for
<i>
arbitrary
</i>
Python code; that is, compiling to a faster language or machine code is known to be impossible in the general case. The semantics of Python might potentially be changed, but in many cases speedup is possible with few or no changes in the Python code. The faster Julia source code can then be used from Python or compiled to machine code.
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Nuitka" title="Nuitka">
Nuitka
</a>
compiles Python into C.
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This compiler works with Python 3.4 to 3.12 (and 2.6 and 2.7) for Python's main supported platforms (and Windows 7 or even Windows XP) and for Android. The compiler developers claim full support for Python 3.10, partial support for Python 3.11 and 3.12, and experimental support for Python 3.13. Nuitka supports macOS including Apple Silicon-based versions. The compiler is free of cost, though it has commercial add-ons (e.g., for hiding source code).
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Numba" title="Numba">
Numba
</a>
is a JIT compiler that is used from Python; the compiler translates a subset of Python and NumPy code into fast machine code. This tool is enabled by adding a decorator to the relevant Python code.
</li>
<li>
Pythran compiles a subset of Python 3 to C++ (
<a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B11" title="C++11">
C++11
</a>
).
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</li>
<li>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/RPython" title="RPython">
RPython
</a>
can be compiled to C, and it is used to build the PyPy interpreter for Python.
</li>
<li>
The Python → 11l → C++ transpiler
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</sup>
compiles a subset of Python 3 to C++ (
<a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B17" title="C++17">
C++17
</a>
).
</li>
</ul>
<p>
There are also specialized compilers:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/MyHDL" title="MyHDL">
MyHDL
</a>
is a Python-based
<a href="/wiki/Hardware_description_language" title="Hardware description language">
hardware description language
</a>
(HDL) that converts MyHDL code to
<a href="/wiki/Verilog" title="Verilog">
Verilog
</a>
or
<a href="/wiki/VHDL" title="VHDL">
VHDL
</a>
code.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
Some older projects existed, as well as compilers not designed for use with Python 3.x and related syntax:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
Google's Grumpy
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Transpile" title="Transpile">
transpiles
</a>
Python 2 to
<a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">
Go
</a>
.
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</sup>
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</sup>
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The latest release was in 2017.
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/IronPython" title="IronPython">
IronPython
</a>
allows running Python 2.7 programs with the .NET
<a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Runtime" title="Common Language Runtime">
Common Language Runtime
</a>
.
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</sup>
An
<a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#Alpha" title="Software release life cycle">
alpha
</a>
version (released in 2021), is available for "Python 3.4, although features and behaviors from later versions may be included."
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</sup>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Jython" title="Jython">
Jython
</a>
compiles Python 2.7 to Java bytecode, allowing the use of Java libraries from a Python program.
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</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Pyrex_(programming_language)" title="Pyrex (programming language)">
Pyrex
</a>
(last released in 2010) and
<a href="/wiki/Shed_Skin" title="Shed Skin">
Shed Skin
</a>
(last released in 2013) compile to C and C++ respectively.
</li>
</ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3">
<h3 id="Performance">
Performance
</h3>
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<p>
A performance comparison among various Python implementations, using a non-numerical (combinatorial) workload, was presented at EuroSciPy '13.
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In addition, Python's performance relative to other programming languages is benchmarked by
<a href="/wiki/The_Computer_Language_Benchmarks_Game" title="The Computer Language Benchmarks Game">
The Computer Language Benchmarks Game
</a>
.
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</p>
<p>
There are several approaches to optimizing Python performance, given the inherent slowness of an
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Interpreted_language" title="Interpreted language">
interpreted language
</a>
. These approaches include the following strategies or tools:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">
Just-in-time compilation
</a>
: Dynamically compiling Python code just before it is executed. This technique is used in libraries such as
<a href="/wiki/Numba" title="Numba">
Numba
</a>
and
<a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">
PyPy
</a>
.
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">
Static compilation
</a>
: Python code is compiled into machine code sometime before execution. An example of this approach is Cython, which compiles Python into C.
</li>
<li>
Concurrency and parallelism: Multiple tasks can be run simultaneously. Python contains modules such as `multiprocessing` to support this form of parallelism. Moreover, this approach helps to overcome limitations of the
<a href="/wiki/Global_interpreter_lock" title="Global interpreter lock">
Global Interpreter Lock
</a>
(GIL) in CPU tasks.
</li>
<li>
Efficient data structures: Performance can also be improved by using data types such as
<code>
Set
</code>
for membership tests, or
<code>
deque
</code>
from
<code>
collections
</code>
for
<a href="/wiki/Queueing_theory" title="Queueing theory">
queue
</a>
operations.
</li>
</ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2">
<h2 id="Language_Development">
Language Development
</h2>
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</span>
</span>
</div>
<p>
Python's development is conducted largely through the
<i>
Python Enhancement Proposal
</i>
(PEP) process; this process is the primary mechanism for proposing major new features, collecting community input on issues, and documenting Python design decisions.
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Python coding style is covered in PEP 8.
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Outstanding PEPs are reviewed and commented on by the Python community and the steering council.
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</p>
<p>
Enhancement of the language corresponds with development of the CPython reference implementation. The mailing list python-dev is the primary forum for the language's development. Specific issues were originally discussed in the
<a href="/wiki/Roundup_(issue_tracker)" title="Roundup (issue tracker)">
Roundup
</a>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Bug_tracker" title="Bug tracker">
bug tracker
</a>
hosted by the foundation.
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</sup>
In 2022, all issues and discussions were migrated to
<a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">
GitHub
</a>
.
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</sup>
Development originally took place on a
<a href="/wiki/Self-hosting_(web_services)" title="Self-hosting (web services)">
self-hosted
</a>
source-code repository running
<a href="/wiki/Mercurial" title="Mercurial">
Mercurial
</a>
, until Python moved to
<a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">
GitHub
</a>
in January 2017.
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</sup>
</p>
<p>
CPython's public releases have three types, distinguished by which part of the version number is incremented:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<i>
Backward-incompatible versions
</i>
, where code is expected to break and must be manually
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Ported" title="Ported">
ported
</a>
. The first part of the version number is incremented. These releases happen infrequently—version 3.0 was released 8 years after 2.0. According to Guido van Rossum, a version 4.0 will probably never exist.
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</sup>
</li>
<li>
<i>
Major or "feature" releases
</i>
are largely compatible with the previous version but introduce new features. The second part of the version number is incremented. Starting with Python 3.9, these releases are expected to occur annually.
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</sup>
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Each major version is supported by bug fixes for several years after its release.
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<li>
<i>
Bug fix releases
</i>
,
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which introduce no new features, occur approximately every three months; these releases are made when a sufficient number of bugs have been fixed
<a href="/wiki/Upstream_(software_development)" title="Upstream (software development)">
upstream
</a>
since the last release. Security vulnerabilities are also patched in these releases. The third and final part of the version number is incremented.
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<p>
Many
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Beta_release" title="Beta release">
alpha, beta, and release-candidates
</a>
are also released as previews and for testing before final releases. Although there is a rough schedule for releases, they are often delayed if the code is not ready yet. Python's development team monitors the state of the code by running a large
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Unit_test" title="Unit test">
unit test
</a>
suite during development.
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<p>
The major
<a href="/wiki/Academic_conference" title="Academic conference">
academic conference
</a>
on Python is
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PyCon" title="PyCon">
PyCon
</a>
. There are also special Python mentoring programs, such as
<a href="/wiki/PyLadies" title="PyLadies">
PyLadies
</a>
.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2">
<h2 id="API_documentation_generators">
API documentation generators
</h2>
<span class="mw-editsection">
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
[
</span>
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edit
</span>
</a>
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
]
</span>
</span>
</div>
<p>
Tools that can generate documentation for Python
<a href="/wiki/API" title="API">
API
</a>
include
<a href="/wiki/Pydoc" title="Pydoc">
pydoc
</a>
(available as part of the standard library);
<a href="/wiki/Sphinx_(documentation_generator)" title="Sphinx (documentation generator)">
Sphinx
</a>
; and
<a href="/wiki/Pdoc" title="Pdoc">
Pdoc
</a>
and its forks,
<a href="/wiki/Doxygen" title="Doxygen">
Doxygen
</a>
and
<a href="/wiki/Graphviz" title="Graphviz">
Graphviz
</a>
.
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</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2">
<h2 id="Naming">
Naming
</h2>
<span class="mw-editsection">
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
[
</span>
<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Naming">
<span>
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</span>
</a>
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
]
</span>
</span>
</div>
<p>
Python's name is inspired by the British comedy group
<a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">
Monty Python
</a>
, whom Python creator Guido van Rossum enjoyed while developing the language. Monty Python references appear frequently in Python code and culture;
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for example, the
<a href="/wiki/Metasyntactic_variable" title="Metasyntactic variable">
metasyntactic variables
</a>
often used in Python literature are
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Spam_(Monty_Python)" title="Spam (Monty Python)">
<i>
spam
</i>
and
<i>
eggs
</i>
</a>
, rather than the traditional
<a href="/wiki/Foobar" title="Foobar">
<i>
foo
</i>
and
<i>
bar
</i>
</a>
.
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</sup>
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The official Python documentation also contains various references to Monty Python routines.
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Python users are sometimes referred to as "Pythonistas".
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</p>
<p>
The
<a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">
affix
</a>
<i>
Py
</i>
is often used when naming Python applications or libraries. Some examples include the following:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Pygame" title="Pygame">
Pygame
</a>
, a
<a href="/wiki/Language_binding" title="Language binding">
binding
</a>
of
<a href="/wiki/Simple_DirectMedia_Layer" title="Simple DirectMedia Layer">
Simple DirectMedia Layer
</a>
to Python (commonly used to create games);
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/PyQt" title="PyQt">
PyQt
</a>
and
<a href="/wiki/PyGTK" title="PyGTK">
PyGTK
</a>
, which bind
<a href="/wiki/Qt_(software)" title="Qt (software)">
Qt
</a>
and GTK to Python respectively;
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">
PyPy
</a>
, a Python implementation originally written in Python;
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/NumPy" title="NumPy">
NumPy
</a>
, a Python library for numerical processing.
</li>
</ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2">
<h2 id="Popularity">
Popularity
</h2>
<span class="mw-editsection">
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</a>
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
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</span>
</span>
</div>
<p>
Since 2003, Python has consistently ranked in the top ten of the most popular programming languages in the
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/TIOBE_Programming_Community_Index" title="TIOBE Programming Community Index">
TIOBE Programming Community Index
</a>
; as of December 2022
<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;">
<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit">
[update]
</a>
</sup>
, Python was the most popular language.
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Python was selected as Programming Language of the Year (for "the highest rise in ratings in a year") in 2007, 2010, 2018, and 2020—the only language to have done so four times as of 2020
<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;">
<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit">
[update]
</a>
</sup>
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). In the TIOBE Index, monthly rankings are based on the volume of searches for programming languages on Google, Amazon, Wikipedia, Bing, and 20 other platforms. According to the accompanying graph, Python has shown a marked upward trend since the early 2000s, eventually passing more established languages such as C, C++, and Java. This trend can be attributed to Python's readable syntax, comprehensive standard library, and application in data science and machine learning fields.
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</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb">
<a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Tiobeindex.png">
<img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="450" data-file-width="1368" decoding="async" height="82" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Tiobeindex.png/250px-Tiobeindex.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Tiobeindex.png/500px-Tiobeindex.png 1.5x" width="250"/>
</a>
<figcaption>
TIOBE Index Chart showing Python's popularity compared to other programming languages
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>
Large organizations that use Python include
<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">
Wikipedia
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">
Google
</a>
,
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</sup>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Yahoo!" title="Yahoo!">
Yahoo!
</a>
,
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</a>
</sup>
<a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">
CERN
</a>
,
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<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-30-204">
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</span>
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</span>
</a>
</sup>
<a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">
NASA
</a>
,
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[
</span>
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</span>
</a>
</sup>
<a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">
Facebook
</a>
,
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</span>
</a>
</sup>
<a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">
Amazon
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">
Instagram
</a>
,
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<a href="#cite_note-207">
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]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
<a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">
Spotify
</a>
,
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</sup>
and some smaller entities such as
<a href="/wiki/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic" title="Industrial Light & Magic">
Industrial Light & Magic
</a>
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</sup>
and
<a href="/wiki/ITA_Software" title="ITA Software">
ITA
</a>
.
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</sup>
The social news networking site
<a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">
Reddit
</a>
was developed mostly in Python.
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Organizations that partly use Python include
<a href="/wiki/Discord" title="Discord">
Discord
</a>
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</span>
</a>
</sup>
and
<a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">
Baidu
</a>
.
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</a>
</sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2">
<h2 id="Types_of_Use">
Types of Use
</h2>
<span class="mw-editsection">
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
[
</span>
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</span>
</a>
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
]
</span>
</span>
</div>
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/>
<div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">
Main article:
<a href="/wiki/List_of_Python_software" title="List of Python software">
List of Python software
</a>
</div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb">
<a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Python_Powered.png">
<img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="728" data-file-width="1058" decoding="async" height="172" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Python_Powered.png/250px-Python_Powered.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Python_Powered.png/500px-Python_Powered.png 1.5x" width="250"/>
</a>
<figcaption>
Software that is powered by Python
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>
Python has many uses, including the following:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">
Scripting
</a>
for
<a href="/wiki/Web_application" title="Web application">
web applications
</a>
</li>
<li>
Scientific computing
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">
Artificial intelligence
</a>
and
<a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">
machine learning
</a>
projects
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">
Graphical user interfaces
</a>
and
<a href="/wiki/Desktop_environment" title="Desktop environment">
desktop environments
</a>
</li>
<li>
Embedded scripting in software and hardware products
</li>
<li>
Operating systems
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">
Information security
</a>
</li>
</ul>
<p>
Python can serve as a scripting language for web applications, e.g., via the
<a href="/wiki/Mod_wsgi" title="Mod wsgi">
mod_wsgi
</a>
module for the
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Apache_webserver" title="Apache webserver">
Apache web server
</a>
.
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With
<a href="/wiki/Web_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Web Server Gateway Interface">
Web Server Gateway Interface
</a>
, a standard API has evolved to facilitate these applications.
<a href="/wiki/Web_framework" title="Web framework">
Web frameworks
</a>
such as
<a href="/wiki/Django_(web_framework)" title="Django (web framework)">
Django
</a>
,
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Pylons_(web_framework)" title="Pylons (web framework)">
Pylons
</a>
,
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Pyramid_(web_framework)" title="Pyramid (web framework)">
Pyramid
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/TurboGears" title="TurboGears">
TurboGears
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/Web2py" title="Web2py">
web2py
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/Tornado_(web_server)" title="Tornado (web server)">
Tornado
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/Flask_(web_framework)" title="Flask (web framework)">
Flask
</a>
, Bottle, and
<a href="/wiki/Zope" title="Zope">
Zope
</a>
support developers in the design and maintenance of complex applications. Pyjs and
<a href="/wiki/IronPython" title="IronPython">
IronPython
</a>
can be used to develop the client-side of Ajax-based applications.
<a href="/wiki/SQLAlchemy" title="SQLAlchemy">
SQLAlchemy
</a>
can be used as a
<a href="/wiki/Data_mapper_pattern" title="Data mapper pattern">
data mapper
</a>
to a relational database.
<a href="/wiki/Twisted_(software)" title="Twisted (software)">
Twisted
</a>
is a framework to program communication between computers; this framework is used by
<a href="/wiki/Dropbox" title="Dropbox">
Dropbox
</a>
, for example.
</p>
<p>
Libraries such as
<a href="/wiki/NumPy" title="NumPy">
NumPy
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/SciPy" title="SciPy">
SciPy
</a>
and
<a href="/wiki/Matplotlib" title="Matplotlib">
Matplotlib
</a>
allow the effective use of Python in scientific computing,
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with specialized libraries such as
<a href="/wiki/Biopython" title="Biopython">
Biopython
</a>
and
<a href="/wiki/Astropy" title="Astropy">
Astropy
</a>
providing domain-specific functionality.
<a href="/wiki/SageMath" title="SageMath">
SageMath
</a>
is a
<a href="/wiki/Computer_algebra_system" title="Computer algebra system">
computer algebra system
</a>
with a
<a href="/wiki/Notebook_interface" title="Notebook interface">
notebook interface
</a>
that is programmable in Python; the SageMath library covers many aspects of
<a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">
mathematics
</a>
, including
<a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">
algebra
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/Combinatorics" title="Combinatorics">
combinatorics
</a>
,
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Numerical_mathematics" title="Numerical mathematics">
numerical mathematics
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/Number_theory" title="Number theory">
number theory
</a>
, and
<a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">
calculus
</a>
.
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</a>
</sup>
<a href="/wiki/OpenCV" title="OpenCV">
OpenCV
</a>
has Python bindings with a rich set of features for
<a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">
computer vision
</a>
and
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Image_processing" title="Image processing">
image processing
</a>
.
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</sup>
</p>
<p>
Python is commonly used in artificial-intelligence and machine-learning projects, with support from libraries such as
<a href="/wiki/TensorFlow" title="TensorFlow">
TensorFlow
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/Keras" title="Keras">
Keras
</a>
,
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Pytorch" title="Pytorch">
Pytorch
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/Scikit-learn" title="Scikit-learn">
scikit-learn
</a>
and
<a href="/wiki/ProbLog" title="ProbLog">
ProbLog
</a>
(a logic language).
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</sup>
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</sup>
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-221">
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</a>
</sup>
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-222">
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</sup>
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</sup>
As a scripting language with a
<a href="/wiki/Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">
modular architecture
</a>
, simple syntax, and rich text processing tools, Python is often used for
<a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">
natural language processing
</a>
.
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<p>
The combination of Python and
<a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">
Prolog
</a>
has proven useful for AI applications, with Prolog providing knowledge representation and reasoning capabilities. The Janus system, in particular, exploits similarities between these two languages, in part because of their dynamic typing and their simple, recursive data structures. This combination is typically applied natural language processing, visual query answering, geospatial reasoning, and handling semantic web data.
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The Natlog system, implemented in Python, uses
<a href="/wiki/Definite_clause_grammar" title="Definite clause grammar">
Definite Clause Grammars
</a>
(DCGs) to create prompts for two types of generators: text-to-text generators such as GPT3, and text-to-image generators such as DALL-E or Stable Diffusion.
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<p>
Python can be used for graphical user interfaces (GUIs), by using libraries such as
<a href="/wiki/Tkinter" title="Tkinter">
Tkinter
</a>
.
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Similarly, for the
<a href="/wiki/One_Laptop_per_Child" title="One Laptop per Child">
One Laptop per Child
</a>
XO computer, most of the
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Sugar_(software)" title="Sugar (software)">
Sugar
</a>
desktop environment is written in Python (as of 2008).
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</p>
<p>
Python is embedded in many software products (and some hardware products) as a scripting language. These products include the following:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Finite_element_method" title="Finite element method">
finite element method
</a>
software such as
<a href="/wiki/Abaqus" title="Abaqus">
Abaqus
</a>
,
</li>
<li>
3D parametric modelers such as
<a href="/wiki/FreeCAD" title="FreeCAD">
FreeCAD
</a>
,
</li>
<li>
3D animation packages such as
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/3ds_Max" title="3ds Max">
3ds Max
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/Blender_(software)" title="Blender (software)">
Blender
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/Cinema_4D" title="Cinema 4D">
Cinema 4D
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/LightWave_3D" title="LightWave 3D">
Lightwave
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/Houdini_(software)" title="Houdini (software)">
Houdini
</a>
,
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Maya_(software)" title="Maya (software)">
Maya
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/Modo_(software)" title="Modo (software)">
modo
</a>
,
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/MotionBuilder" title="MotionBuilder">
MotionBuilder
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/Autodesk_Softimage" title="Autodesk Softimage">
Softimage
</a>
,
</li>
<li>
the visual effects compositor
<a href="/wiki/Nuke_(software)" title="Nuke (software)">
Nuke
</a>
,
</li>
<li>
2D imaging programs such as
<a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">
GIMP
</a>
,
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</sup>
<a href="/wiki/Inkscape" title="Inkscape">
Inkscape
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/Scribus" title="Scribus">
Scribus
</a>
and
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Paint_Shop_Pro" title="Paint Shop Pro">
Paint Shop Pro
</a>
,
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and
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">
musical notation
</a>
programs such as
<a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">
scorewriter
</a>
and
<a href="/wiki/Capella_(notation_program)" title="Capella (notation program)">
capella
</a>
.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
Similarly,
<a href="/wiki/GNU_Debugger" title="GNU Debugger">
GNU Debugger
</a>
uses Python as a
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Pretty_printer" title="Pretty printer">
pretty printer
</a>
to show complex structures such as C++ containers.
<a href="/wiki/Esri" title="Esri">
Esri
</a>
promotes Python as the best choice for writing scripts in
<a href="/wiki/ArcGIS" title="ArcGIS">
ArcGIS
</a>
.
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Python has also been used in several video games,
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and it has been adopted as first of the three
<a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">
programming languages
</a>
available in
<a href="/wiki/Google_App_Engine" title="Google App Engine">
Google App Engine
</a>
(the other two being
<a href="/wiki/Java_(software_platform)" title="Java (software platform)">
Java
</a>
and
<a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">
Go
</a>
).
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<a href="/wiki/LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">
LibreOffice
</a>
includes Python, and its developers plan to replace Java with Python; LibreOffice's Python Scripting Provider is a core feature
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since version 4.0 (from 7 February 2013).
</p>
<p>
Among hardware products, the
<a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">
Raspberry Pi
</a>
<a href="/wiki/Single-board_computer" title="Single-board computer">
single-board computer
</a>
project has adopted Python as its main user-programming language.
</p>
<p>
Many operating systems include Python as a standard component. Python ships with most
<a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">
Linux distributions
</a>
,
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<a href="/wiki/AmigaOS_4" title="AmigaOS 4">
AmigaOS 4
</a>
(using Python 2.7),
<a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">
FreeBSD
</a>
(as a package),
<a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">
NetBSD
</a>
, and
<a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">
OpenBSD
</a>
(as a package); it can be used from the command line (terminal). Many Linux distributions use installers written in Python:
<a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">
Ubuntu
</a>
uses the
<a href="/wiki/Ubiquity_(software)" title="Ubiquity (software)">
Ubiquity
</a>
installer, while
<a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Linux" title="Red Hat Linux">
Red Hat Linux
</a>
and
<a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">
Fedora Linux
</a>
use the
<a href="/wiki/Anaconda_(installer)" title="Anaconda (installer)">
Anaconda
</a>
installer.
<a href="/wiki/Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">
Gentoo Linux
</a>
uses Python in its
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Package_management_system" title="Package management system">
package management system
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/Portage_(software)" title="Portage (software)">
Portage
</a>
.
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<p>
Python is used extensively in the information security industry, including in exploit development.
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</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2">
<h2 id="Languages_influenced_by_Python">
Languages influenced by Python
</h2>
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]
</span>
</span>
</div>
<p>
Python's design and philosophy have influenced many other programming languages:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Boo_(programming_language)" title="Boo (programming language)">
Boo
</a>
uses indentation, a similar syntax, and a similar object model.
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</sup>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Cobra_(programming_language)" title="Cobra (programming language)">
Cobra
</a>
uses indentation and a similar syntax; its
<i>
Acknowledgements
</i>
document lists Python first among influencing languages.
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</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">
CoffeeScript
</a>
, a programming language that cross-compiles to JavaScript, has a Python-inspired syntax.
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">
ECMAScript
</a>
–
<a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">
JavaScript
</a>
borrowed iterators and
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Generator_(computer_science)" title="Generator (computer science)">
generators
</a>
from Python.
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</li>
<li>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/GDScript" title="GDScript">
GDScript
</a>
, a Python-like scripting language that is built in to the
<a href="/wiki/Godot_(game_engine)" title="Godot (game engine)">
Godot
</a>
game engine.
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</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">
Go
</a>
is designed for "speed of working in a dynamic language like Python";
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Go shares Python's syntax for slicing arrays.
</li>
<li>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Groovy_(programming_language)" title="Groovy (programming language)">
Groovy
</a>
was motivated by a desire to incorporate the Python design philosophy into
<a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">
Java
</a>
.
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</sup>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">
Julia
</a>
was designed to be "as usable for general programming as Python".
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</sup>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Mojo_(programming_language)" title="Mojo (programming language)">
Mojo
</a>
is a non-strict
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superset of Python (e.g., omitting classes, and adding
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Struct" title="Struct">
struct
</a>
).
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</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Nim_(programming_language)" title="Nim (programming language)">
Nim
</a>
uses indentation and a similar syntax.
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-249">
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</sup>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">
Ruby
</a>
's creator,
<a href="/wiki/Yukihiro_Matsumoto" title="Yukihiro Matsumoto">
Yukihiro Matsumoto
</a>
, said that "I wanted a scripting language that was more powerful than Perl, and more object-oriented than Python. That's why I decided to design my own language."
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</sup>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">
Swift
</a>
, a programming language developed by Apple, has some Python-inspired syntax.
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</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">
Kotlin
</a>
blends Python and Java features, which minimizes boilerplate code and enhances developer efficiency.
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</li>
</ul>
<p>
Python's development practices have also been emulated by other languages. For example, Python requires a document that describes the rationale and context for any language change; this document is known as a
<i>
Python Enhancement Proposal
</i>
or PEP. This practice is also used by the developers of
<a href="/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl">
Tcl
</a>
,
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<a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">
Erlang
</a>
,
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and Swift.
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</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2">
<h2 id="See_also">
See also
</h2>
<span class="mw-editsection">
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History of programming languages
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<h2 id="Notes">
Notes
</h2>
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<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-5">
<span class="mw-cite-backlink">
<b>
<a href="#cite_ref-5">
^
</a>
</b>
</span>
<span class="reference-text">
since 3.5, but those hints are ignored, except with unofficial tools
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-type_hint-PEP_4-0">
<a href="#cite_note-type_hint-PEP-4">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
4
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11">
<span class="mw-cite-backlink">
<b>
<a href="#cite_ref-11">
^
</a>
</b>
</span>
<span class="reference-text">
<ul>
<li>
<b>
Tier 1
</b>
: 64-bit
<a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">
Linux
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">
macOS
</a>
; 64- and 32-bit
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Windows" title="Windows">
Windows
</a>
10+
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6">
<a href="#cite_note-6">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
5
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
</li>
<li>
<b>
Tier 2
</b>
: E.g. 32-bit
<a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">
WebAssembly
</a>
(WASI)
</li>
<li>
<b>
Tier 3
</b>
: 64-bit
<a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">
Android
</a>
,
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7">
<a href="#cite_note-7">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
6
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
<a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">
iOS
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">
FreeBSD
</a>
, and (32-bit)
<a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi_OS" title="Raspberry Pi OS">
Raspberry Pi OS
</a>
<br/>
Unofficial (or has been known to work): Other
<a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">
Unix-like
</a>
/
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/BSD" title="BSD">
BSD
</a>
variants) and a few other platforms
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8">
<a href="#cite_note-8">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
7
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9">
<a href="#cite_note-9">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
8
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10">
<a href="#cite_note-10">
<span class="cite-bracket">
[
</span>
9
<span class="cite-bracket">
]
</span>
</a>
</sup>
</li>
</ul>
</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-105">
<span class="mw-cite-backlink">
<b>
<a href="#cite_ref-105">
^
</a>
</b>
</span>
<span class="reference-text">
<code>
del
</code>
in Python does not behave the same way
<code>
delete
</code>
in languages such as
<a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">
C++
</a>
does, where such a word is used to call the
<a href="/wiki/Destructor_(computer_programming)" title="Destructor (computer programming)">
destructor
</a>
and deallocate heap memory.
</span>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2">
<h2 id="References">
References
</h2>
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edit
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. alt.sources archives.
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2021
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"Why is Python a dynamic language and also a strongly typed language"
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<i>
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<sup>
<i>
<b>
a
</b>
</i>
</sup>
</a>
<a href="#cite_ref-type_hint-PEP_4-1">
<sup>
<i>
<b>
b
</b>
</i>
</sup>
</a>
</span>
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Python.org
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I'd spent a summer at DEC's Systems Research Center, which introduced me to Modula-2+; the Modula-3 final report was being written there at about the same time. What I learned there later showed up in Python's exception handling, modules, and the fact that methods explicitly contain 'self' in their parameter list. String slicing came from Algol-68 and Icon.
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^
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^
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<sup>
<i>
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a
</b>
</i>
</sup>
</a>
<a href="#cite_ref-Julia_29-1">
<sup>
<i>
<b>
b
</b>
</i>
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^
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<sup>
<i>
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^
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</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3">
<h3 id="Sources">
Sources
</h3>
<span class="mw-editsection">
<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">
[
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<a href="/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell" title="Stuart J. Russell">
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978-0-13-604259-4
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Downey, Allen (July 2024).
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Think Python: How to Think Like a Computer Scientist
</i>
</a>
(3rd ed.). O'Reilly Media.
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Lutz, Mark (2013).
<i>
Learning Python
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(5th ed.). O'Reilly Media.
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ISBN
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<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-15806-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-15806-4">
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978-0-596-15806-4
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Summerfield, Mark (2009).
<i>
Programming in Python 3
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(2nd ed.). Addison-Wesley Professional.
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ISBN
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<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-68056-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-68056-3">
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978-0-321-68056-3
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Fluent Python
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. O'Reilly Media.
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Python
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<tr>
<th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%;background: #FFCC55;">
<a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">
Implementations
</a>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0">
<div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/CircuitPython" title="CircuitPython">
CircuitPython
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/CLPython" title="CLPython">
CLPython
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/CPython" title="CPython">
CPython
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Cython" title="Cython">
Cython
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/MicroPython" title="MicroPython">
MicroPython
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Numba" title="Numba">
Numba
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/IronPython" title="IronPython">
IronPython
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Jython" title="Jython">
Jython
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Psyco" title="Psyco">
Psyco
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">
PyPy
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Python_for_S60" title="Python for S60">
Python for S60
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Shed_Skin" title="Shed Skin">
Shed Skin
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Stackless_Python" title="Stackless Python">
Stackless Python
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Unladen_Swallow" title="Unladen Swallow">
Unladen Swallow
</a>
</li>
<li>
<i>
<a href="/wiki/List_of_Python_software#Python_implementations" title="List of Python software">
more
</a>
...
</i>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
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<div>
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<a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Python-logo-notext.svg">
<img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="110" data-file-width="110" decoding="async" height="55" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Python-logo-notext.svg/60px-Python-logo-notext.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Python-logo-notext.svg/83px-Python-logo-notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Python-logo-notext.svg/110px-Python-logo-notext.svg.png 2x" width="55"/>
</a>
</span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%;background: #FFCC55;">
<a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">
IDEs
</a>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0">
<div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Eric_(software)" title="Eric (software)">
eric
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/IDLE" title="IDLE">
IDLE
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Ninja-IDE" title="Ninja-IDE">
Ninja-IDE
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/PyCharm" title="PyCharm">
PyCharm
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/PyDev" title="PyDev">
PyDev
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Spyder_(software)" title="Spyder (software)">
Spyder
</a>
</li>
<li>
<i>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/List_of_integrated_development_environments_for_Python#Python" title="List of integrated development environments for Python">
more
</a>
...
</i>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%;background: #FFCC55;">
Topics
</th>
<td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0">
<div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Web_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Web Server Gateway Interface">
WSGI
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Asynchronous Server Gateway Interface">
ASGI
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%;background: #FFCC55;">
<a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">
Designer
</a>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0">
<div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">
Guido van Rossum
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background: #FFCC55;">
<div>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/List_of_Python_software" title="List of Python software">
Software
</a>
(list)
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation" title="Python Software Foundation">
Python Software Foundation
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Python_Conference" title="Python Conference">
Python Conference
</a>
(PyCon)
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
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<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/>
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<div id="Programming_languages625" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">
<a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">
Programming languages
</a>
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</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<div>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">
Comparison
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">
Timeline
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">
History
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0">
<div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">
Ada
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">
ALGOL
</a>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">
Simula
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">
APL
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">
Assembly
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">
BASIC
</a>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">
Visual Basic
</a>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">
classic
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">
.NET
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">
C
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">
C++
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">
C#
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">
COBOL
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">
Erlang
</a>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Elixir_(programming_language)" title="Elixir (programming language)">
Elixir
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">
Forth
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">
Fortran
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">
Go
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">
Haskell
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">
Java
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">
JavaScript
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">
Julia
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">
Kotlin
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">
Lisp
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Lua" title="Lua">
Lua
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">
MATLAB
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">
ML
</a>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Caml" title="Caml">
Caml
</a>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml">
OCaml
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">
Pascal
</a>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">
Object Pascal
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">
Perl
</a>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Raku_(programming_language)" title="Raku (programming language)">
Raku
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">
PHP
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">
Prolog
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="mw-selflink selflink">
Python
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">
R
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">
Ruby
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">
Rust
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/SAS_language" title="SAS language">
SAS
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">
SQL
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">
Scratch
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">
Shell
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">
Smalltalk
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">
Swift
</a>
</li>
<li>
<i>
<a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">
more...
</a>
</i>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<div>
<ul>
<li>
<span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File">
<span title="List-Class article">
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</span>
</span>
<b>
Lists:
</b>
<a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">
Alphabetical
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages_by_type" title="List of programming languages by type">
Categorical
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Generational_list_of_programming_languages" title="Generational list of programming languages">
Generational
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">
Non-English-based
</a>
</li>
<li>
<span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File">
<span title="Category">
<img alt="" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="185" data-file-width="180" decoding="async" height="16" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x" width="16"/>
</span>
</span>
<a href="/wiki/Category:Programming_languages" title="Category:Programming languages">
Category
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
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</tbody>
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Python
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<a href="/wiki/Web_framework" title="Web framework">
web frameworks
</a>
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<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0">
<div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/CherryPy" title="CherryPy">
CherryPy
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/CubicWeb" title="CubicWeb">
CubicWeb
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Django_(web_framework)" title="Django (web framework)">
Django
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/FastAPI" title="FastAPI">
FastAPI
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Flask_(web_framework)" title="Flask (web framework)">
Flask
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Grok_(web_framework)" title="Grok (web framework)">
Grok
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Nevow" title="Nevow">
Nevow
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Pylons_project#Pylons_Framework" title="Pylons project">
Pylons
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Pylons_project#Pyramid" title="Pylons project">
Pyramid
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Quixote_(web_framework)" title="Quixote (web framework)">
Quixote
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Tornado_(web_server)" title="Tornado (web server)">
Tornado
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/TurboGears" title="TurboGears">
TurboGears
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Twisted_(software)" title="Twisted (software)">
TwistedWeb
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Web2py" title="Web2py">
web2py
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Zope#Zope_2" title="Zope">
Zope 2
</a>
</li>
<li>
<i>
<a href="/wiki/Category:Python_(programming_language)_web_frameworks" title="Category:Python (programming language) web frameworks">
more
</a>
</i>
...
</li>
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<td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2">
<div>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_server-side_web_frameworks#Python" title="Comparison of server-side web frameworks">
Comparison
</a>
</li>
</ul>
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Differentiable computing
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<a href="/wiki/Differentiable_function" title="Differentiable function">
General
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</th>
<td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0">
<div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>
<b>
<a href="/wiki/Differentiable_programming" title="Differentiable programming">
Differentiable programming
</a>
</b>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Information_geometry" title="Information geometry">
Information geometry
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Statistical_manifold" title="Statistical manifold">
Statistical manifold
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Automatic_differentiation" title="Automatic differentiation">
Automatic differentiation
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Neuromorphic_computing" title="Neuromorphic computing">
Neuromorphic computing
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Pattern_recognition" title="Pattern recognition">
Pattern recognition
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Ricci_calculus" title="Ricci calculus">
Ricci calculus
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Computational_learning_theory" title="Computational learning theory">
Computational learning theory
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Inductive_bias" title="Inductive bias">
Inductive bias
</a>
</li>
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Hardware
</th>
<td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0">
<div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Graphcore" title="Graphcore">
IPU
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Tensor_Processing_Unit" title="Tensor Processing Unit">
TPU
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Vision_processing_unit" title="Vision processing unit">
VPU
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Memristor" title="Memristor">
Memristor
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/SpiNNaker" title="SpiNNaker">
SpiNNaker
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
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<tr>
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Software libraries
</th>
<td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0">
<div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/TensorFlow" title="TensorFlow">
TensorFlow
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/PyTorch" title="PyTorch">
PyTorch
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Keras" title="Keras">
Keras
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Scikit-learn" title="Scikit-learn">
scikit-learn
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Theano_(software)" title="Theano (software)">
Theano
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/JAX_(software)" title="JAX (software)">
JAX
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Flux_(machine-learning_framework)" title="Flux (machine-learning framework)">
Flux.jl
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/MindSpore" title="MindSpore">
MindSpore
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
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<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<div>
<ul>
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</a>
</span>
Portals
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Portal:Computer_programming" title="Portal:Computer programming">
Computer programming
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">
Technology
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
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Free and open-source software
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General
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<li>
<a href="/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software" title="Alternative terms for free software">
Alternative terms for free software
</a>
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<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_and_closed-source_software" title="Comparison of open-source and closed-source software">
Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
</a>
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<li>
<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_source-code-hosting_facilities" title="Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities">
Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">
Free software
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/List_of_free_software_project_directories" title="List of free software project directories">
Free software project directories
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">
Gratis versus libre
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">
Long-term support
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">
Open-source software
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_development" title="Open-source software development">
Open-source software development
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_free_software" title="Outline of free software">
Outline
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="Timeline of free and open-source software">
Timeline
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
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<th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">
<a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" title="List of free and open-source software packages">
Software
<br/>
packages
</a>
</th>
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<div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_software_for_audio" title="Comparison of free software for audio">
Audio
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_bioinformatics_software" title="List of open-source bioinformatics software">
Bioinformatics
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_codecs" title="List of open-source codecs">
Codecs
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_configuration_management_software" title="Comparison of open-source configuration management software">
Configuration management
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">
Drivers
</a>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver" title="Free and open-source graphics device driver">
Graphics
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_wireless_drivers" title="Comparison of open-source wireless drivers">
Wireless
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">
Health
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics" title="List of open-source software for mathematics">
Mathematics
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/List_of_office_suites" title="List of office suites">
Office suites
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_operating_systems" title="Comparison of open-source operating systems">
Operating systems
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_routing_platforms" title="List of open-source routing platforms">
Routing
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/List_of_free_television_software" title="List of free television software">
Television
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_video_games" title="List of open-source video games">
Video games
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_web_applications" title="List of free and open-source web applications">
Web applications
</a>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_shopping_cart_software" title="Comparison of shopping cart software">
E-commerce
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications" title="List of free and open-source Android applications">
Android apps
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_iOS_applications" title="List of free and open-source iOS applications">
iOS apps
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_open-source_applications_and_services" title="List of commercial open-source applications and services">
Commercial
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_proprietary_software" title="List of formerly proprietary software">
Formerly proprietary
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_free_and_open-source_software" title="List of formerly free and open-source software">
Formerly open-source
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">
<a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">
Community
</a>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0">
<div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">
Free software movement
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">
History
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Open-source-software_movement" title="Open-source-software movement">
Open-source-software movement
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/List_of_free-software_events" title="List of free-software events">
Events
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_advocacy" title="Open-source software advocacy">
Advocacy
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">
<a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_organizations" title="List of free and open-source software organizations">
Organisations
</a>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0">
<div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Movement_of_India" title="Free Software Movement of India">
Free Software Movement of India
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">
Free Software Foundation
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">
<a href="/wiki/Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">
Licenses
</a>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0">
<div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Academic_Free_License" title="Academic Free License">
AFL
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">
Apache
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_License" title="Apple Public Source License">
APSL
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Artistic_License" title="Artistic License">
Artistic
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Beerware" title="Beerware">
Beerware
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">
BSD
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">
Creative Commons
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_License" title="Common Development and Distribution License">
CDDL
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Public_License" title="Eclipse Public License">
EPL
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">
Free Software Foundation
</a>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">
GNU GPL
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">
GNU AGPL
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">
GNU LGPL
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/ISC_license" title="ISC license">
ISC
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">
MIT
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License">
MPL
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Python_License" title="Python License">
Python
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation_License" title="Python Software Foundation License">
Python Software Foundation License
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">
Shared Source Initiative
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Sleepycat_License" title="Sleepycat License">
Sleepycat
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Unlicense" title="Unlicense">
Unlicense
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/WTFPL" title="WTFPL">
WTFPL
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Zlib_License" title="Zlib License">
zlib
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
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Types and
<br/>
standards
</th>
<td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0">
<div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses" title="Comparison of free and open-source software licenses">
Comparison of licenses
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement" title="Contributor License Agreement">
Contributor License Agreement
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">
Copyleft
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">
Debian Free Software Guidelines
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">
Definition of Free Cultural Works
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Free_license" title="Free license">
Free license
</a>
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<li>
<a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">
The Free Software Definition
</a>
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<a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">
The Open Source Definition
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">
Open-source license
</a>
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<a href="/wiki/Permissive_software_license" title="Permissive software license">
Permissive software license
</a>
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<li>
<a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">
Public domain
</a>
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</div>
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Challenges
</th>
<td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0">
<div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">
Digital rights management
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/License_proliferation" title="License proliferation">
License proliferation
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Mozilla_software_rebranded_by_Debian" title="Mozilla software rebranded by Debian">
Mozilla software rebranding
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Proprietary_device_driver" title="Proprietary device driver">
Proprietary device drivers
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Proprietary_firmware" title="Proprietary firmware">
Proprietary firmware
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">
Proprietary software
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">
SCO/Linux controversies
</a>
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<li>
<a href="/wiki/Software_patents_and_free_software" title="Software patents and free software">
Software patents
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_security" title="Open-source software security">
Software security
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Tivoization" title="Tivoization">
Tivoization
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Trusted_Computing" title="Trusted Computing">
Trusted Computing
</a>
</li>
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Related
<br/>
topics
</th>
<td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0">
<div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">
Forking
</a>
</li>
<li>
<i>
<a href="/wiki/GNU_Manifesto" title="GNU Manifesto">
GNU Manifesto
</a>
</i>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Open_Specification_Promise" title="Microsoft Open Specification Promise">
Microsoft Open Specification Promise
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Open-core_model" title="Open-core model">
Open-core model
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">
Open-source hardware
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">
Shared Source Initiative
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">
Source-available software
</a>
</li>
<li>
<i>
<a href="/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar" title="The Cathedral and the Bazaar">
The Cathedral and the Bazaar
</a>
</i>
</li>
<li>
<i>
<a href="/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">
Revolution OS
</a>
</i>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
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Portal
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Category
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Statistical software
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<a href="/wiki/Public-domain_software" title="Public-domain software">
Public domain
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<div style="padding:0 0.25em">
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<li>
<a href="/wiki/Dataplot" title="Dataplot">
Dataplot
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Epi_Info" title="Epi Info">
Epi Info
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/CSPro" title="CSPro">
CSPro
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/X-12-ARIMA" title="X-12-ARIMA">
X-12-ARIMA
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">
<a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">
Open-source
</a>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0">
<div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/ADMB" title="ADMB">
ADMB
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/DAP_(software)" title="DAP (software)">
DAP
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Gretl" title="Gretl">
gretl
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Jamovi" title="Jamovi">
jamovi
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/JASP" title="JASP">
JASP
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Just_another_Gibbs_sampler" title="Just another Gibbs sampler">
JAGS
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/JMulTi" title="JMulTi">
JMulTi
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">
Julia
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Project_Jupyter" title="Project Jupyter">
Jupyter
</a>
(
<i>
Ju
</i>
lia,
<i>
Py
</i>
thon,
<i>
R
</i>
)
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">
GNU Octave
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/OpenBUGS" title="OpenBUGS">
OpenBUGS
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Orange_(software)" title="Orange (software)">
Orange
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/PSPP" title="PSPP">
PSPP
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="mw-selflink selflink">
Python
</a>
(statsmodels,
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PyMC3" title="PyMC3">
PyMC3
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/IPython" title="IPython">
IPython
</a>
,
<a href="/wiki/IDLE" title="IDLE">
IDLE
</a>
)
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">
R
</a>
(
<a href="/wiki/RStudio" title="RStudio">
RStudio
</a>
)
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/SageMath" title="SageMath">
SageMath
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/SimFiT" title="SimFiT">
SimFiT
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/SOFA_Statistics" title="SOFA Statistics">
SOFA Statistics
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Stan_(software)" title="Stan (software)">
Stan
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/XLispStat" title="XLispStat">
XLispStat
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">
<a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">
Freeware
</a>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0">
<div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/BV4.1_(software)" title="BV4.1 (software)">
BV4.1
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/CumFreq" title="CumFreq">
CumFreq
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/SegReg" title="SegReg">
SegReg
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/XploRe" title="XploRe">
XploRe
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/WinBUGS" title="WinBUGS">
WinBUGS
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">
<a href="/wiki/Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">
Commercial
</a>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0">
<div style="padding:0 0.25em">
</div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">
<a href="/wiki/Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">
Cross-platform
</a>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0">
<div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Data_Desk" title="Data Desk">
Data Desk
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/GAUSS_(software)" title="GAUSS (software)">
GAUSS
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/GraphPad_InStat" title="GraphPad InStat">
GraphPad InStat
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/GraphPad_Prism" title="GraphPad Prism">
GraphPad Prism
</a>
</li>
<li>
IBM
<a href="/wiki/SPSS" title="SPSS">
SPSS
</a>
Statistics
</li>
<li>
IBM
<a href="/wiki/SPSS_Modeler" title="SPSS Modeler">
SPSS Modeler
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/JMP_(statistical_software)" title="JMP (statistical software)">
JMP
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Maple_(software)" title="Maple (software)">
Maple
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Mathcad" title="Mathcad">
Mathcad
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Wolfram_Mathematica" title="Wolfram Mathematica">
Mathematica
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">
MATLAB
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/OxMetrics" title="OxMetrics">
OxMetrics
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/RATS_(software)" title="RATS (software)">
RATS
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Revolution_Analytics" title="Revolution Analytics">
Revolution Analytics
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/SAS_(software)" title="SAS (software)">
SAS
</a>
(
<a href="/wiki/SAS_Viya" title="SAS Viya">
SAS Viya
</a>
)
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/SmartPLS" title="SmartPLS">
SmartPLS
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Stata" title="Stata">
Stata
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/StatView" title="StatView">
StatView
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/SUDAAN" title="SUDAAN">
SUDAAN
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/S-PLUS" title="S-PLUS">
S-PLUS
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/TSP_(econometrics_software)" title="TSP (econometrics software)">
TSP
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/World_Programming_System" title="World Programming System">
World Programming System
</a>
(WPS)
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">
<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">
Windows
</a>
only
</th>
<td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0">
<div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/BMDP" title="BMDP">
BMDP
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/EViews" title="EViews">
EViews
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Genstat" title="Genstat">
GenStat
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/LIMDEP" title="LIMDEP">
LIMDEP
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/LISREL" title="LISREL">
LISREL
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/MedCalc" title="MedCalc">
MedCalc
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Microfit" title="Microfit">
Microfit
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Minitab" title="Minitab">
Minitab
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/MLwiN" title="MLwiN">
MLwiN
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/NCSS_(statistical_software)" title="NCSS (statistical software)">
NCSS
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Shazam_(econometrics_software)" title="Shazam (econometrics software)">
Shazam
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/SigmaStat" title="SigmaStat">
SigmaStat
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Statistica" title="Statistica">
Statistica
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/StatsDirect" title="StatsDirect">
StatsDirect
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/StatXact" title="StatXact">
StatXact
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/SYSTAT_(statistics_package)" title="SYSTAT (statistics package)">
SYSTAT
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/The_Unscrambler" title="The Unscrambler">
The Unscrambler
</a>
</li>
<li>
Unistat
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">
<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">
Excel
</a>
add-ons
</th>
<td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0">
<div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Analyse-it" title="Analyse-it">
Analyse-it
</a>
</li>
<li>
Unistat for Excel
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/XLfit" title="XLfit">
XLfit
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/RExcel" title="RExcel">
RExcel
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<div>
<b>
<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_statistical_packages" title="Comparison of statistical packages">
Comparison
</a>
</b>
•
<b>
<a href="/wiki/Category:Statistical_software" title="Category:Statistical software">
Category
</a>
</b>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="navbox-styles">
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</abbr>
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</li>
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</div>
<div id="Numerical-analysis_software146" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">
<a href="/wiki/List_of_numerical-analysis_software" title="List of numerical-analysis software">
Numerical-analysis software
</a>
</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">
Free
</th>
<td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0">
<div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Advanced_Simulation_Library" title="Advanced Simulation Library">
Advanced Simulation Library
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/ADMB" title="ADMB">
ADMB
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Chapel_(programming_language)" title="Chapel (programming language)">
Chapel
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Euler_Mathematical_Toolbox" title="Euler Mathematical Toolbox">
Euler Mathematical Toolbox
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/FreeFem%2B%2B" title="FreeFem++">
FreeFem++
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/FreeMat" title="FreeMat">
FreeMat
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Genius_(mathematics_software)" title="Genius (mathematics software)">
Genius
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Gmsh" title="Gmsh">
Gmsh
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">
GNU Octave
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Gretl" title="Gretl">
gretl
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">
Julia
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Project_Jupyter" title="Project Jupyter">
Jupyter
</a>
(
<i>
Ju
</i>
lia,
<i>
Pyt
</i>
hon,
<i>
R
</i>
;
<a href="/wiki/IPython" title="IPython">
IPython
</a>
)
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/MFEM" title="MFEM">
MFEM
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/OpenFOAM" title="OpenFOAM">
OpenFOAM
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="mw-selflink selflink">
Python
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">
R
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/SageMath" title="SageMath">
SageMath
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Salome_(software)" title="Salome (software)">
Salome
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/ScicosLab" title="ScicosLab">
ScicosLab
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Scilab" title="Scilab">
Scilab
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/X10_(programming_language)" title="X10 (programming language)">
X10
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Weka_(software)" title="Weka (software)">
Weka
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th class="navbox-group" id="Discontinued12" scope="row" style="width:1%">
Discontinued
</th>
<td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0">
<div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Fortress_(programming_language)" title="Fortress (programming language)">
Fortress
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">
Proprietary
</th>
<td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0">
<div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/DADiSP" title="DADiSP">
DADiSP
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/FEATool_Multiphysics" title="FEATool Multiphysics">
FEATool Multiphysics
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/GAUSS_(software)" title="GAUSS (software)">
GAUSS
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/LabVIEW" title="LabVIEW">
LabVIEW
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Maple_(software)" title="Maple (software)">
Maple
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Mathcad" title="Mathcad">
Mathcad
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Wolfram_Mathematica" title="Wolfram Mathematica">
Mathematica
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">
MATLAB
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/MWorks" title="MWorks">
MWorks
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/SAS_(software)" title="SAS (software)">
SAS
</a>
(
<a href="/wiki/SAS_Viya" title="SAS Viya">
SAS Viya
</a>
)
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Speakeasy_(computational_environment)" title="Speakeasy (computational environment)">
Speakeasy
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/VisSim" title="VisSim">
VisSim
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2">
<div>
<ul>
<li>
<b>
<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_numerical-analysis_software" title="Comparison of numerical-analysis software">
Comparison
</a>
</b>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="navbox-styles">
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<div aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1350" class="navbox authority-control" role="navigation" style="padding:3px">
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Authority control databases
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</a>
</span>
</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">
International
</th>
<td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0">
<div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>
<span class="uid">
<a class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1084736" rel="nofollow">
FAST
</a>
</span>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">
National
</th>
<td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0">
<div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>
<span class="uid">
<a class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4434275-5" rel="nofollow">
Germany
</a>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="uid">
<a class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh96008834" rel="nofollow">
United States
</a>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="uid">
<a class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13560465c" rel="nofollow">
France
</a>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="uid">
<a class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13560465c" rel="nofollow">
BnF data
</a>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="uid">
<span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Python (programovací jazyk)">
<a class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph170668&CON_LNG=ENG" rel="nofollow">
Czech Republic
</a>
</span>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="uid">
<a class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007563637105171" rel="nofollow">
Israel
</a>
</span>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">
Other
</th>
<td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0">
<div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>
<span class="uid">
<a class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/051626225" rel="nofollow">
IdRef
</a>
</span>
</li>
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Step 4: Extract and save extracted data#
Extract elements by tag and class#
author = soup.find('p', class_='author')
if author:
print("Author:", author.text)
else:
print("No author tag found.")
No author tag found.
Extract Wikipedia section headers#
news_url = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)"
response = requests.get(news_url)
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, "html.parser")
# Find all headings with tag h2
sections = soup.find_all('h2') # h2 is heading tag in html
# Extract text from these headings
for h in sections:
text = h.text.strip()
if text:
print(text)
Contents
History
Design philosophy and features
Syntax and semantics
Code examples
Libraries
Development environments
Implementations
Language Development
API documentation generators
Naming
Popularity
Types of Use
Languages influenced by Python
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Save the sections to CSV#
sections_data = [h.text.strip() for h in sections if h.text.strip()]
with open("wiki_sections.csv", "w", newline='') as f:
writer = csv.writer(f)
writer.writerow(["Sections"])
for line in sections_data:
writer.writerow([line])
print("Saved to wiki_sections.csv")
Saved to wiki_sections.csv
Extract ALL text (whole page) and save it in a .txt file#
This gives all the text, including navigation menus, footers, etc. The saved text can be used for further analysis.
page_text = soup.get_text()
print(page_text)
#save the text from the webpage to a .txt file
with open("webpage_text.txt", "w", encoding="utf-8") as file:
file.write(page_text)
Python (programming language) - Wikipedia
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1
History
2
Design philosophy and features
3
Syntax and semantics
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3.1
Indentation
3.2
Statements and control flow
3.3
Expressions
3.4
Methods
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Typing
3.6
Arithmetic operations
3.7
Function syntax
4
Code examples
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7
Implementations
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7.1
Reference implementation
7.2
Other implementations
7.3
Unsupported implementations
7.4
Cross-compilers to other languages
7.5
Performance
8
Language Development
9
API documentation generators
10
Naming
11
Popularity
12
Types of Use
13
Languages influenced by Python
14
See also
15
Notes
16
References
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16.1
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17
Further reading
18
External links
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Python (programming language)
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
General-purpose programming language
PythonParadigmMulti-paradigm: object-oriented,[1] procedural (imperative), functional, structured, reflectiveDesigned byGuido van RossumDeveloperPython Software FoundationFirst appeared20 February 1991; 34 years ago (1991-02-20)[2]Stable release3.13.5
/ 11 June 2025; 32 days ago (11 June 2025)
Typing disciplineduck, dynamic, strong;[3] optional type annotations[a]OSCross-platform[b]LicensePython Software Foundation LicenseFilename extensions.py, .pyw, .pyz,[10]
.pyi, .pyc, .pydWebsitepython.orgMajor implementationsCPython, PyPy, MicroPython, CircuitPython, IronPython, Jython, Stackless PythonDialectsCython, RPython, Starlark[11]Influenced byABC,[12] Ada,[13] ALGOL 68,[14] APL,[15] C,[16] C++,[17] CLU,[18] Dylan,[19] Haskell,[20][15] Icon,[21] Lisp,[22] Modula-3,[14][17] Perl,[23] Standard ML[15]InfluencedApache Groovy, Boo, Cobra, CoffeeScript,[24] D, F#, GDScript, Go, JavaScript,[25][26] Julia,[27] Mojo,[28] Nim, Ring,[29] Ruby,[30] Swift,[31] V[32]
Python Programming at Wikibooks
Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability with the use of significant indentation.[33]
Python is dynamically type-checked and garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including structured (particularly procedural), object-oriented and functional programming. It is often described as a "batteries included" language due to its comprehensive standard library.[34][35]
Guido van Rossum began working on Python in the late 1980s as a successor to the ABC programming language, and he first released it in 1991 as Python 0.9.0.[36] Python 2.0 was released in 2000. Python 3.0, released in 2008, was a major revision not completely backward-compatible with earlier versions. Python 2.7.18, released in 2020, was the last release of Python 2.[37]
Python consistently ranks as one of the most popular programming languages, and it has gained widespread use in the machine learning community.[38][39][40][41]
History[edit]
Main article: History of Python
The designer of Python, Guido van Rossum, at PyCon US 2024
Python was conceived in the late 1980s[42] by Guido van Rossum at Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) in the Netherlands; it was conceived as a successor to the ABC programming language, which was inspired by SETL,[43] capable of exception handling and interfacing with the Amoeba operating system.[12] Python implementation began in December, 1989.[44] Van Rossum assumed sole responsibility for the project, as the lead developer, until 12 July 2018, when he announced his "permanent vacation" from responsibilities as Python's "benevolent dictator for life" (BDFL); this title was bestowed on him by the Python community to reflect his long-term commitment as the project's chief decision-maker.[45] (He has since come out of retirement and is self-titled "BDFL-emeritus".) In January 2019, active Python core developers elected a five-member Steering Council to lead the project.[46][47]
The name Python is said to derive from the British comedy series Monty Python's Flying Circus.[48]
Python 2.0 was released on 16 October 2000, with many major new features such as list comprehensions, cycle-detecting garbage collection, reference counting, and Unicode support.[49] Python 2.7's end-of-life was initially set for 2015, and then postponed to 2020 out of concern that a large body of existing code could not easily be forward-ported to Python 3.[50][51] It no longer receives security patches or updates.[52][53] While Python 2.7 and older versions are officially unsupported, a different unofficial Python implementation, PyPy, continues to support Python 2, i.e., "2.7.18+" (plus 3.10), with the plus signifying (at least some) "backported security updates".[54]
Python 3.0 was released on 3 December 2008, with some new semantics and changed syntax. Several releases in the Python 3.x series have added new syntax to the language; a few releases in 3.x have also removed outdated modules.
As of 11 June 2025[update], Python 3.13.5 is the latest stable release, and is the only Python version to get bugfixes (it is highly recommended to upgrade to it, or upgrade to any other recent version past Python 3.9). This version currently receives full bug-fix and security updates, while Python 3.12—released in October 2023—had active bug-fix support only until April 2025, and since then only security fixes. Python 3.9[55] is the oldest supported version of Python (albeit in the 'security support' phase), because Python 3.8 has become an end-of-life product.[56][57] Starting with Python 3.13, it and later versions receive two years of full support (which has increased from one and a half years), followed by three years of security support; this is the same total duration of support as previously.
Security updates were expedited in 2021 and again twice in 2022. More issues were fixed in 2023 and in September 2024 (for Python versions 3.8.20 through 3.12.6)—all versions (including 2.7)[58] had been insecure because of issues leading to possible remote code execution[59] and web-cache poisoning.[60]
Python 3.10 added the | union type operator[61] and added structural pattern matching capability to the language, with the new match and case keywords.[62] Python 3.11 expanded exception handling functionality. Python 3.12 added the new keyword type. Notable changes from version 3.10 to 3.11 include increased program execution speed and improved error reporting.[63] Python 3.11 is claimed to be 10–60% faster than Python 3.10, and Python 3.12 increases by an additional 5%. Python 3.12 also includes improved error messages (again improved in 3.14) and many other changes.
Python 3.13 introduced more syntax for types; a new and improved interactive interpreter (REPL), featuring multi-line editing and color support; an incremental garbage collector, which results in shorter pauses for collection in programs that have many objects, as well as increasing the improved speed in 3.11 and 3.12); an experimental just-in-time (JIT) compiler (such features need to be enabled specifically for the increase in speed);[64] and an experimental free-threaded build mode, which disables the global interpreter lock (GIL), allowing threads to run more concurrently, as enabled in python3.13t or python3.13t.exe.
Python Enhancement Proposal (PEP) 711 proposes PyBI—a standard format for distributing Python binaries.[65]
Python 3.14.0 is now in the beta 4 phase (introduces e.g. a new opt-in interpreter, up to 30% faster).
Python 3.15 will "Make UTF-8 mode default";[66] This mode is supported in all current Python versions, but it currently must be opted into. UTF-8 is already used by default on Windows (and other operating systems) for most purposes; an exception is opening files. Enabling UTF-8 also makes code fully cross-platform.
Potentially breaking changes
Python 3.0 introduced very breaking changes, but all breaking changes in 3.x discussed below, are designed to affect few users.
Python 3.12 dropped some outdated modules, and more will be dropped in the future, deprecated as of 3.13; already deprecated array 'u' format code will emit DeprecationWarning since 3.13 and will be removed in Python 3.16. The 'w' format code should be used instead. Part of ctypes is also deprecated and http.server.CGIHTTPRequestHandler will emit a DeprecationWarning, and will be removed in 3.15. Using that code already has a high potential for both security and functionality bugs. Parts of the typing module are deprecated, e.g. creating a typing.NamedTuple class using keyword arguments to denote the fields and such (and more) will be disallowed in Python 3.15. Python 3.12 removed wstr meaning Python extensions[67] need to be modified.[68]
Python 3.13 introduces some changes in behavior, i.e., new "well-defined semantics", fixing bugs, and removing many deprecated classes, functions and methods (as well as some of the Python/C API and outdated modules). "The old implementation of locals() and frame.f_locals was slow, inconsistent and buggy, and it had many corner cases and oddities. Code that works around those may need revising; code that uses locals() for simple templating or print debugging should continue to work correctly."[69]
Python 3.13 introduces the experimental free-threaded build mode, which disables the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL); the GIL is a feature of CPython that previously prevented multiple threads from executing Python bytecode simultaneously. This optional build, introduced through PEP 703, enables better exploitation of multi-core CPUs. By allowing multiple threads to run Python code in parallel, the free-threaded mode addresses long-standing performance bottlenecks associated with the GIL. This change offers a new path for parallelism in Python, without resorting to multiprocessing or external concurrency frameworks.[70]
Regarding annotations in upcoming Python version: "In Python 3.14, from __future__ import annotations will continue to work as it did before, converting annotations into strings."[71]
Python 3.14 drops the PGP digital verification signatures, it had deprecated in version 3.11, when its replacement Sigstore was added for all CPython artifacts; the use of PGP has been criticized by security practitioners.[72]
Some additional standard-library modules will be removed in Python 3.15 or 3.16, as will be many deprecated classes, functions and methods.[73][74]
Design philosophy and features[edit]
Python is a multi-paradigm programming language. Object-oriented programming and structured programming are fully supported, and many of their features support functional programming and aspect-oriented programming (including metaprogramming[75] and metaobjects).[76] Many other paradigms are supported via extensions, including design by contract[77][78] and logic programming.[79] Python is often referred to as a 'glue language'[80] because it can seamlessly integrate components written in other languages.
Python uses dynamic typing and a combination of reference counting and a cycle-detecting garbage collector for memory management.[81] It uses dynamic name resolution (late binding), which binds method and variable names during program execution.
Python's design offers some support for functional programming in the Lisp tradition. It has filter,mapandreduce functions; list comprehensions, dictionaries, sets, and generator expressions.[82] The standard library has two modules (itertools and functools) that implement functional tools borrowed from Haskell and Standard ML.[83]
Python's core philosophy is summarized in the Zen of Python (PEP 20), which includes aphorisms such as these:[84]
Beautiful is better than ugly.
Explicit is better than implicit.
Simple is better than complex.
Complex is better than complicated.
Readability counts.
However, Python features regularly violate these principles and have received criticism for adding unnecessary language bloat.[85] Responses to these criticisms note that the Zen of Python is a guideline rather than a rule.[86] The addition of some new features had been controversial: Guido van Rossum resigned as Benevolent Dictator for Life after conflict about adding the assignment expression operator in Python 3.8.[87][88]
Nevertheless, rather than building all functionality into its core, Python was designed to be highly extensible via modules. This compact modularity has made it particularly popular as a means of adding programmable interfaces to existing applications. Van Rossum's vision of a small core language with a large standard library and easily extensible interpreter stemmed from his frustrations with ABC, which represented the opposite approach.[42]
Python claims to strive for a simpler, less-cluttered syntax and grammar, while giving developers a choice in their coding methodology. In contrast to Perl's motto "there is more than one way to do it", Python advocates an approach where "there should be one—and preferably only one—obvious way to do it.".[84] In practice, however, Python provides many ways to achieve a given goal. There are, for example, at least three ways to format a string literal, with no certainty as to which one a programmer should use.[89] Alex Martelli is a Fellow at the Python Software Foundation and Python book author; he wrote that "To describe something as 'clever' is not considered a compliment in the Python culture."[90]
Python's developers usually try to avoid premature optimization; they also reject patches to non-critical parts of the CPython reference implementation that would offer marginal increases in speed at the cost of clarity.[91] Execution speed can be improved by moving speed-critical functions to extension modules written in languages such as C, or by using a just-in-time compiler like PyPy. It is also possible to cross-compile to other languages; but this approach either fails to achieve the expected speed-up, since Python is a very dynamic language, or only a restricted subset of Python is compiled (with potential minor semantic changes).[92]
Python's developers aim for the language to be fun to use. This goal is reflected in the name—a tribute to the British comedy group Monty Python[93]—and in playful approaches to some tutorials and reference materials. For instance, some code examples use the terms "spam" and "eggs" (in reference to a Monty Python sketch), rather than the typical terms "foo" and "bar".[94][95] A common neologism in the Python community is pythonic, which has a wide range of meanings related to program style. Pythonic code may use Python idioms well; be natural or show fluency in the language; or conform with Python's minimalist philosophy and emphasis on readability.[96]
Syntax and semantics[edit]
Main article: Python syntax and semantics
An example of Python code and indentation
Example of C# code with curly braces and semicolons
Python is meant to be an easily readable language. Its formatting is visually uncluttered and often uses English keywords where other languages use punctuation. Unlike many other languages, it does not use curly brackets to delimit blocks, and semicolons after statements are allowed but rarely used. It has fewer syntactic exceptions and special cases than C or Pascal.[97]
Indentation[edit]
Main article: Python syntax and semantics § Indentation
Python uses whitespace indentation, rather than curly brackets or keywords, to delimit blocks. An increase in indentation comes after certain statements; a decrease in indentation signifies the end of the current block.[98] Thus, the program's visual structure accurately represents its semantic structure.[99] This feature is sometimes termed the off-side rule. Some other languages use indentation this way; but in most, indentation has no semantic meaning. The recommended indent size is four spaces.[100]
Statements and control flow[edit]
Python's statements include the following:
The assignment statement, using a single equals sign =
The if statement, which conditionally executes a block of code, along with else and elif (a contraction of else if)
The for statement, which iterates over an iterable object, capturing each element to a local variable for use by the attached block
The while statement, which executes a block of code as long as boolean condition is true
The try statement, which allows exceptions raised in its attached code block to be caught and handled by except clauses (or new syntax except* in Python 3.11 for exception groups[101]); the try statement also ensures that clean-up code in a finally block is always run regardless of how the block exits
The raise statement, used to raise a specified exception or re-raise a caught exception
The class statement, which executes a block of code and attaches its local namespace to a class, for use in object-oriented programming
The def statement, which defines a function or method
The with statement, which encloses a code block within a context manager, allowing resource-acquisition-is-initialization (RAII)-like behavior and replacing a common try/finally idiom[102] Examples of a context include acquiring a lock before some code is run, and then releasing the lock; or opening and then closing a file
The break statement, which exits a loop
The continue statement, which skips the rest of the current iteration and continues with the next
The del statement, which removes a variable—deleting the reference from the name to the value, and producing an error if the variable is referred to before it is redefined [c]
The pass statement, serving as a NOP (i.e., no operation), which is syntactically needed to create an empty code block
The assert statement, used in debugging to check for conditions that should apply
The yield statement, which returns a value from a generator function (and also an operator); used to implement coroutines
The return statement, used to return a value from a function
The import and from statements, used to import modules whose functions or variables can be used in the current program
The match and case statements, analogous to a switch statement construct, which compares an expression against one or more cases as a control-flow measure
The assignment statement (=) binds a name as a reference to a separate, dynamically allocated object. Variables may subsequently be rebound at any time to any object. In Python, a variable name is a generic reference holder without a fixed data type; however, it always refers to some object with a type. This is called dynamic typing—in contrast to statically-typed languages, where each variable may contain only a value of a certain type.
Python does not support tail call optimization or first-class continuations; according to Van Rossum, the language never will.[103][104] However, better support for coroutine-like functionality is provided by extending Python's generators.[105] Before 2.5, generators were lazy iterators; data was passed unidirectionally out of the generator. From Python 2.5 on, it is possible to pass data back into a generator function; and from version 3.3, data can be passed through multiple stack levels.[106]
Expressions[edit]
Python's expressions include the following:
The +, -, and * operators for mathematical addition, subtraction, and multiplication are similar to other languages, but the behavior of division differs. There are two types of division in Python: floor division (or integer division) //, and floating-point division /.[107] Python uses the ** operator for exponentiation.
Python uses the + operator for string concatenation. The language uses the * operator for duplicating a string a specified number of times.
The @ infix operator is intended to be used by libraries such as NumPy for matrix multiplication.[108][109]
The syntax :=, called the "walrus operator", was introduced in Python 3.8. This operator assigns values to variables as part of a larger expression.[110]
In Python, == compares two objects by value. Python's is operator may be used to compare object identities (i.e., comparison by reference), and comparisons may be chained—for example, a <= b <= c.
Python uses and, or, and not as Boolean operators.
Python has a type of expression called a list comprehension, and a more general expression called a generator expression.[82]
Anonymous functions are implemented using lambda expressions; however, there may be only one expression in each body.
Conditional expressions are written as x if c else y.[111] (This is different in operand order from the c ? x : y operator common to many other languages.)
Python makes a distinction between lists and tuples. Lists are written as [1, 2, 3], are mutable, and cannot be used as the keys of dictionaries (since dictionary keys must be immutable in Python). Tuples, written as (1, 2, 3), are immutable and thus can be used as the keys of dictionaries, provided that all of the tuple's elements are immutable. The + operator can be used to concatenate two tuples, which does not directly modify their contents, but produces a new tuple containing the elements of both. For example, given the variable t initially equal to (1, 2, 3), executing t = t + (4, 5) first evaluates t + (4, 5), which yields (1, 2, 3, 4, 5); this result is then assigned back to t—thereby effectively "modifying the contents" of t while conforming to the immutable nature of tuple objects. Parentheses are optional for tuples in unambiguous contexts.[112]
Python features sequence unpacking where multiple expressions, each evaluating to something assignable (e.g., a variable or a writable property) are associated just as in forming tuple literal; as a whole, the results are then put on the left-hand side of the equal sign in an assignment statement. This statement expects an iterable object on the right-hand side of the equal sign to produce the same number of values as the writable expressions on the left-hand side; while iterating, the statement assigns each of the values produced on the right to the corresponding expression on the left.[113]
Python has a "string format" operator % that functions analogously to printf format strings in the C language—e.g. "spam=%s eggs=%d" % ("blah", 2) evaluates to "spam=blah eggs=2". In Python 2.6+ and 3+, this operator was supplemented by the format() method of the str class, e.g., "spam={0} eggs={1}".format("blah", 2). Python 3.6 added "f-strings": spam = "blah"; eggs = 2; f'spam={spam} eggs={eggs}'.[114]
Strings in Python can be concatenated by "adding" them (using the same operator as for adding integers and floats); e.g., "spam" + "eggs" returns "spameggs". If strings contain numbers, they are concatenated as strings rather than as integers, e.g. "2" + "2" returns "22".
Python supports string literals in several ways:
Delimited by single or double quotation marks; single and double quotation marks have equivalent functionality (unlike in Unix shells, Perl, and Perl-influenced languages). Both marks use the backslash (\) as an escape character. String interpolation became available in Python 3.6 as "formatted string literals".[114]
Triple-quoted, i.e., starting and ending with three single or double quotation marks; this may span multiple lines and function like here documents in shells, Perl, and Ruby.
Raw string varieties, denoted by prefixing the string literal with r. Escape sequences are not interpreted; hence raw strings are useful where literal backslashes are common, such as in regular expressions and Windows-style paths. (Compare "@-quoting" in C#.)
Python has array index and array slicing expressions in lists, which are written as a[key], a[start:stop] or a[start:stop:step]. Indexes are zero-based, and negative indexes are relative to the end. Slices take elements from the start index up to, but not including, the stop index. The (optional) third slice parameter, called step or stride, allows elements to be skipped or reversed. Slice indexes may be omitted—for example, a[:] returns a copy of the entire list. Each element of a slice is a shallow copy.
In Python, a distinction between expressions and statements is rigidly enforced, in contrast to languages such as Common Lisp, Scheme, or Ruby. This distinction leads to duplicating some functionality, for example:
List comprehensions vs. for-loops
Conditional expressions vs. if blocks
The eval() vs. exec() built-in functions (in Python 2, exec is a statement); the former function is for expressions, while the latter is for statements
A statement cannot be part of an expression; because of this restriction, expressions such as list and dict comprehensions (and lambda expressions) cannot contain statements. As a particular case, an assignment statement such as a = 1 cannot be part of the conditional expression of a conditional statement.
Methods[edit]
Methods of objects are functions attached to the object's class; the syntax for normal methods and functions, instance.method(argument), is syntactic sugar for Class.method(instance, argument). Python methods have an explicit self parameter to access instance data, in contrast to the implicit self (or this) parameter in some object-oriented programming languages (e.g., C++, Java, Objective-C, Ruby).[115] Python also provides methods, often called dunder methods (because their names begin and end with double underscores); these methods allow user-defined classes to modify how they are handled by native operations including length, comparison, arithmetic, and type conversion.[116]
Typing[edit]
The standard type hierarchy in Python 3
Python uses duck typing, and it has typed objects but untyped variable names. Type constraints are not checked at definition time; rather, operations on an object may fail at usage time, indicating that the object is not of an appropriate type. Despite being dynamically typed, Python is strongly typed, forbidding operations that are poorly defined (e.g., adding a number and a string) rather than quietly attempting to interpret them.
Python allows programmers to define their own types using classes, most often for object-oriented programming. New instances of classes are constructed by calling the class, for example, SpamClass() or EggsClass()); the classes are instances of the metaclass type (which is an instance of itself), thereby allowing metaprogramming and reflection.
Before version 3.0, Python had two kinds of classes, both using the same syntax: old-style and new-style.[117] Current Python versions support the semantics of only the new style.
Python supports optional type annotations.[4][118] These annotations are not enforced by the language, but may be used by external tools such as mypy to catch errors.[119][120] Mypy also supports a Python compiler called mypyc, which leverages type annotations for optimization.[121]
Summary of Python 3's built-in types
Type
Mutability
Description
Syntax examples
bool
immutable
Boolean value
TrueFalse
bytearray
mutable
Sequence of bytes
bytearray(b'Some ASCII')bytearray(b"Some ASCII")bytearray([119, 105, 107, 105])
bytes
immutable
Sequence of bytes
b'Some ASCII'b"Some ASCII"bytes([119, 105, 107, 105])
complex
immutable
Complex number with real and imaginary parts
3+2.7j3 + 2.7j
dict
mutable
Associative array (or dictionary) of key and value pairs; can contain mixed types (keys and values); keys must be a hashable type
{'key1': 1.0, 3: False}{}
types.EllipsisType
immutable
An ellipsis placeholder to be used as an index in NumPy arrays
...Ellipsis
float
immutable
Double-precision floating-point number. The precision is machine-dependent, but in practice it is generally implemented as a 64-bit IEEE 754 number with 53 bits of precision.[122]
1.33333
frozenset
immutable
Unordered set, contains no duplicates; can contain mixed types, if hashable
frozenset([4.0, 'string', True])
int
immutable
Integer of unlimited magnitude[123]
42
list
mutable
List, can contain mixed types
[4.0, 'string', True][]
types.NoneType
immutable
An object representing the absence of a value, often called null in other languages
None
types.NotImplementedType
immutable
A placeholder that can be returned from overloaded operators to indicate unsupported operand types.
NotImplemented
range
immutable
An immutable sequence of numbers, commonly used for iterating a specific number of times in for loops[124]
range(−1, 10)range(10, −5, −2)
set
mutable
Unordered set, contains no duplicates; can contain mixed types, if hashable
{4.0, 'string', True}set()
str
immutable
A character string: sequence of Unicode codepoints
'Wikipedia'"Wikipedia""""Spanning
multiple
lines"""
Spanning
multiple
lines
tuple
immutable
Tuple, can contain mixed types
(4.0, 'string', True)('single element',)()
Arithmetic operations[edit]
Python includes conventional symbols for arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /), the floor-division operator //, and the modulo operator %. (With the module operator, a remainder can be negative, e.g., 4 % -3 == -2.) Python also offers the ** symbol for exponentiation, e.g. 5**3 == 125 and 9**0.5 == 3.0; it also offers the matrix‑multiplication operator @ .[125] These operators work as in traditional mathematics; with the same precedence rules, the infix operators + and - can also be unary, to represent positive and negative numbers respectively.
Division between integers produces floating-point results. The behavior of division has changed significantly over time:[126]
The current version of Python (i.e., since 3.0) changed the / operator to always represent floating-point division, e.g., 5/2 == 2.5.
The floor division // operator was introduced. Thus 7//3 == 2, -7//3 == -3, 7.5//3 == 2.0, and -7.5//3 == -3.0. For outdated Python 2.7 adding the from __future__ import division statement causes a module in Python 2.7 to use Python 3.0 rules for division instead (see above).
In Python terms, the / operator represents true division (or simply division), while the // operator represents floor division. Before version 3.0, the / operator represents classic division.[126]
Rounding towards negative infinity, though a different method than in most languages, adds consistency to Python. For instance, this rounding implies that the equation (a + b)//b == a//b + 1 is always true. The rounding also implies that the equation b*(a//b) + a%b == a is valid for both positive and negative values of a. As expected, the result of a%b lies in the half-open interval [0, b), where b is a positive integer; however, maintaining the validity of the equation requires that the result must lie in the interval (b, 0] when b is negative.[127]
Python provides a round function for rounding a float to the nearest integer. For tie-breaking, Python 3 uses the round to even method: round(1.5) and round(2.5) both produce 2.[128] Python versions before 3 used the round-away-from-zero method: round(0.5) is 1.0, and round(-0.5) is −1.0.[129]
Python allows Boolean expressions that contain multiple equality relations to be consistent with general usage in mathematics. For example, the expression a < b < c tests whether a is less than b and b is less than c.[130] C-derived languages interpret this expression differently: in C, the expression would first evaluate a < b, resulting in 0 or 1, and that result would then be compared with c.[131]
Python uses arbitrary-precision arithmetic for all integer operations. The Decimal type/class in the decimal module provides decimal floating-point numbers to a pre-defined arbitrary precision with several rounding modes.[132] The Fraction class in the fractions module provides arbitrary precision for rational numbers.[133]
Due to Python's extensive mathematics library and the third-party library NumPy, the language is frequently used for scientific scripting in tasks such as numerical data processing and manipulation.[134][135]
Function syntax[edit]
Functions are created in Python by using the def keyword. A function is defined similarly to how it is called, by first providing the function name and then the required parameters. Here is an example of a function that prints its inputs:
def printer(input1, input2="already there"):
print(input1)
print(input2)
printer("hello")
# Example output:
# hello
# already there
To assign a default value to a function parameter in case no actual value is provided at run time, variable-definition syntax can be used inside the function header.
Code examples[edit]
"Hello, World!" program:
print('Hello, world!')
Program to calculate the factorial of a positive integer:
n = int(input('Type a number, and its factorial will be printed: '))
if n < 0:
raise ValueError('You must enter a non-negative integer')
factorial = 1
for i in range(2, n + 1):
factorial *= i
print(factorial)
Libraries[edit]
Python's large standard library[136] is commonly cited as one of its greatest strengths. For Internet-facing applications, many standard formats and protocols such as MIME and HTTP are supported. The language includes modules for creating graphical user interfaces, connecting to relational databases, generating pseudorandom numbers, arithmetic with arbitrary-precision decimals,[132] manipulating regular expressions, and unit testing.
Some parts of the standard library are covered by specifications—for example, the Web Server Gateway Interface (WSGI) implementation wsgiref follows PEP 333[137]—but most parts are specified by their code, internal documentation, and test suites. However, because most of the standard library is cross-platform Python code, only a few modules must be altered or rewritten for variant implementations.
As of 13 March 2025,[update] the Python Package Index (PyPI), the official repository for third-party Python software, contains over 614,339[138] packages. These have a wide range of functionality, including the following:
Automation
Data analytics
Databases
Documentation
Graphical user interfaces
Image processing
Machine learning
Mobile apps
Multimedia
Computer networking
Scientific computing
System administration
Test frameworks
Text processing
Web frameworks
Web scraping
Development environments[edit]
See also: Comparison of integrated development environments § Python
Most Python implementations (including CPython) include a read–eval–print loop (REPL); this permits the environment to function as a command line interpreter, with which users enter statements sequentially and receive results immediately.
Python is also bundled with an integrated development environment (IDE) called IDLE, which is oriented toward beginners.
Other shells, including IDLE and IPython, add additional capabilities such as improved auto-completion, session-state retention, and syntax highlighting.
Standard desktop IDEs include PyCharm, IntelliJ Idea, Visual Studio Code; there are also web browser-based IDEs, such as the following environments:
SageMath, for developing science- and math-related programs;
Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source interactive computing platform;
PythonAnywhere, a browser-based IDE and hosting environment; and
Canopy IDE, a commercial IDE that emphasizes scientific computing.[139][140]
Implementations[edit]
See also: List of Python software § Python implementations
Reference implementation[edit]
CPython is the reference implementation of Python. This implementation is written in C, meeting the C11 standard[141] (since version 3.11, older versions use the C89 standard with several select C99 features), but third-party extensions are not limited to older C versions—e.g., they can be implemented using C11 or C++.[142][143] CPython compiles Python programs into an intermediate bytecode,[144] which is then executed by a virtual machine.[145] CPython is distributed with a large standard library written in a combination of C and native Python.
CPython is available for many platforms, including Windows and most modern Unix-like systems, including macOS (and Apple M1 Macs, since Python 3.9.1, using an experimental installer). Starting with Python 3.9, the Python installer intentionally fails to install on Windows 7 and 8;[146][147] Windows XP was supported until Python 3.5, with unofficial support for VMS.[148] Platform portability was one of Python's earliest priorities.[149] During development of Python 1 and 2, even OS/2 and Solaris were supported;[150] since that time, support has been dropped for many platforms.
All current Python versions (since 3.7) support only operating systems that feature multithreading, by now supporting not nearly as many operating systems (dropping many outdated) than in the past.
Other implementations[edit]
All alternative implementations have at least slightly different semantic. For example, an alternative may include unordered dictionaries, in contrast to other current Python versions. As another example in the larger Python ecosystem, PyPy does not support the full C Python API. Alternative implementations include the following:
PyPy is a fast, compliant interpreter of Python 2.7 and 3.10.[151][152] PyPy's just-in-time compiler often improves speed significantly relative to CPython, but PyPy does not support some libraries written in C.[153] PyPy offers support for the RISC-V instruction-set architecture.
Codon is an implentation with an ahead-of-time (AOT) compiler, which compiles a statically-typed Python-like language whose "syntax and semantics are nearly identical to Python's, there are some notable differences"[154] For example, Codon uses 64-bit machine integers for speed, not arbitrarily as with Python; Codon developers claim that speedups over CPython are usually on the order of ten to a hundred times. Codon compiles to machine code (via LLVM) and supports native multithreading.[155] Codon can also compile to Python extension modules that can be imported and used from Python.
MicroPython and CircuitPython are Python 3 variants that are optimized for microcontrollers, including the Lego Mindstorms EV3.[156]
Pyston is a variant of the Python runtime that uses just-in-time compilation to speed up execution of Python programs.[157]
Cinder is a performance-oriented fork of CPython 3.8 that features a number of optimizations, including bytecode inline caching, eager evaluation of coroutines, a method-at-a-time JIT, and an experimental bytecode compiler.[158]
The Snek[159][160][161] embedded computing language "is Python-inspired, but it is not Python. It is possible to write Snek programs that run under a full Python system, but most Python programs will not run under Snek."[162] Snek is compatible with 8-bit AVR microcontrollers such as ATmega 328P-based Arduino, as well as larger microcontrollers that are compatible with MicroPython. Snek is an imperative language that (unlike Python) omits object-oriented programming. Snek supports only one numeric data type, which features 32-bit single precision (resembling JavaScript numbers, though smaller).
Unsupported implementations[edit]
Stackless Python is a significant fork of CPython that implements microthreads. This implementation uses the call stack differently, thus allowing massively concurrent programs. PyPy also offers a stackless version.[163]
Just-in-time Python compilers have been developed, but are now unsupported:
Google began a project named Unladen Swallow in 2009: this project aimed to speed up the Python interpreter five-fold by using LLVM, and improve multithreading capability for scaling to thousands of cores,[164] while typical implementations are limited by the global interpreter lock.
Psyco is a discontinued just-in-time specializing compiler, which integrates with CPython and transforms bytecode to machine code at runtime. The emitted code is specialized for certain data types and is faster than standard Python code. Psyco does not support Python 2.7 or later.
PyS60 was a Python 2 interpreter for Series 60 mobile phones, which was released by Nokia in 2005. The interpreter implemented many modules from Python's standard library, as well as additional modules for integration with the Symbian operating system. The Nokia N900 also supports Python through the GTK widget library, allowing programs to be written and run on the target device.[165]
Cross-compilers to other languages[edit]
There are several compilers/transpilers to high-level object languages; the source language is unrestricted Python, a subset of Python, or a language similar to Python:
Brython,[166] Transcrypt,[167][168] and Pyjs compile Python to JavaScript. (The latest release of Pyjs was in 2012.)
Cython compiles a superset of Python to C. The resulting code can be used with Python via direct C-level API calls into the Python interpreter.
PyJL compiles/transpiles a subset of Python to "human-readable, maintainable, and high-performance Julia source code".[92] Despite the developers' performance claims, this is not possible for arbitrary Python code; that is, compiling to a faster language or machine code is known to be impossible in the general case. The semantics of Python might potentially be changed, but in many cases speedup is possible with few or no changes in the Python code. The faster Julia source code can then be used from Python or compiled to machine code.
Nuitka compiles Python into C.[169] This compiler works with Python 3.4 to 3.12 (and 2.6 and 2.7) for Python's main supported platforms (and Windows 7 or even Windows XP) and for Android. The compiler developers claim full support for Python 3.10, partial support for Python 3.11 and 3.12, and experimental support for Python 3.13. Nuitka supports macOS including Apple Silicon-based versions. The compiler is free of cost, though it has commercial add-ons (e.g., for hiding source code).
Numba is a JIT compiler that is used from Python; the compiler translates a subset of Python and NumPy code into fast machine code. This tool is enabled by adding a decorator to the relevant Python code.
Pythran compiles a subset of Python 3 to C++ (C++11).[170]
RPython can be compiled to C, and it is used to build the PyPy interpreter for Python.
The Python → 11l → C++ transpiler[171] compiles a subset of Python 3 to C++ (C++17).
There are also specialized compilers:
MyHDL is a Python-based hardware description language (HDL) that converts MyHDL code to Verilog or VHDL code.
Some older projects existed, as well as compilers not designed for use with Python 3.x and related syntax:
Google's Grumpy transpiles Python 2 to Go.[172][173][174] The latest release was in 2017.
IronPython allows running Python 2.7 programs with the .NET Common Language Runtime.[175] An alpha version (released in 2021), is available for "Python 3.4, although features and behaviors from later versions may be included."[176]
Jython compiles Python 2.7 to Java bytecode, allowing the use of Java libraries from a Python program.[177]
Pyrex (last released in 2010) and Shed Skin (last released in 2013) compile to C and C++ respectively.
Performance[edit]
A performance comparison among various Python implementations, using a non-numerical (combinatorial) workload, was presented at EuroSciPy '13.[178] In addition, Python's performance relative to other programming languages is benchmarked by The Computer Language Benchmarks Game.[179]
There are several approaches to optimizing Python performance, given the inherent slowness of an interpreted language. These approaches include the following strategies or tools:
Just-in-time compilation: Dynamically compiling Python code just before it is executed. This technique is used in libraries such as Numba and PyPy.
Static compilation: Python code is compiled into machine code sometime before execution. An example of this approach is Cython, which compiles Python into C.
Concurrency and parallelism: Multiple tasks can be run simultaneously. Python contains modules such as `multiprocessing` to support this form of parallelism. Moreover, this approach helps to overcome limitations of the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) in CPU tasks.
Efficient data structures: Performance can also be improved by using data types such as Set for membership tests, or deque from collections for queue operations.
Language Development[edit]
Python's development is conducted largely through the Python Enhancement Proposal (PEP) process; this process is the primary mechanism for proposing major new features, collecting community input on issues, and documenting Python design decisions.[180] Python coding style is covered in PEP 8.[181] Outstanding PEPs are reviewed and commented on by the Python community and the steering council.[180]
Enhancement of the language corresponds with development of the CPython reference implementation. The mailing list python-dev is the primary forum for the language's development. Specific issues were originally discussed in the Roundup bug tracker hosted by the foundation.[182] In 2022, all issues and discussions were migrated to GitHub.[183] Development originally took place on a self-hosted source-code repository running Mercurial, until Python moved to GitHub in January 2017.[184]
CPython's public releases have three types, distinguished by which part of the version number is incremented:
Backward-incompatible versions, where code is expected to break and must be manually ported. The first part of the version number is incremented. These releases happen infrequently—version 3.0 was released 8 years after 2.0. According to Guido van Rossum, a version 4.0 will probably never exist.[185]
Major or "feature" releases are largely compatible with the previous version but introduce new features. The second part of the version number is incremented. Starting with Python 3.9, these releases are expected to occur annually.[186][187] Each major version is supported by bug fixes for several years after its release.[188]
Bug fix releases,[189] which introduce no new features, occur approximately every three months; these releases are made when a sufficient number of bugs have been fixed upstream since the last release. Security vulnerabilities are also patched in these releases. The third and final part of the version number is incremented.[189]
Many alpha, beta, and release-candidates are also released as previews and for testing before final releases. Although there is a rough schedule for releases, they are often delayed if the code is not ready yet. Python's development team monitors the state of the code by running a large unit test suite during development.[190]
The major academic conference on Python is PyCon. There are also special Python mentoring programs, such as PyLadies.
API documentation generators[edit]
Tools that can generate documentation for Python API include pydoc (available as part of the standard library); Sphinx; and Pdoc and its forks, Doxygen and Graphviz.[191]
Naming[edit]
Python's name is inspired by the British comedy group Monty Python, whom Python creator Guido van Rossum enjoyed while developing the language. Monty Python references appear frequently in Python code and culture;[192] for example, the metasyntactic variables often used in Python literature are spam and eggs, rather than the traditional foo and bar.[192][193] The official Python documentation also contains various references to Monty Python routines.[194][195] Python users are sometimes referred to as "Pythonistas".[196]
The affix Py is often used when naming Python applications or libraries. Some examples include the following:
Pygame, a binding of Simple DirectMedia Layer to Python (commonly used to create games);
PyQt and PyGTK, which bind Qt and GTK to Python respectively;
PyPy, a Python implementation originally written in Python;
NumPy, a Python library for numerical processing.
Popularity[edit]
Since 2003, Python has consistently ranked in the top ten of the most popular programming languages in the TIOBE Programming Community Index; as of December 2022[update], Python was the most popular language.[40] Python was selected as Programming Language of the Year (for "the highest rise in ratings in a year") in 2007, 2010, 2018, and 2020—the only language to have done so four times as of 2020[update][197]). In the TIOBE Index, monthly rankings are based on the volume of searches for programming languages on Google, Amazon, Wikipedia, Bing, and 20 other platforms. According to the accompanying graph, Python has shown a marked upward trend since the early 2000s, eventually passing more established languages such as C, C++, and Java. This trend can be attributed to Python's readable syntax, comprehensive standard library, and application in data science and machine learning fields.[198]
TIOBE Index Chart showing Python's popularity compared to other programming languages
Large organizations that use Python include Wikipedia, Google,[199] Yahoo!,[200] CERN,[201] NASA,[202] Facebook,[203] Amazon, Instagram,[204] Spotify,[205] and some smaller entities such as Industrial Light & Magic[206] and ITA.[207] The social news networking site Reddit was developed mostly in Python.[208] Organizations that partly use Python include Discord[209] and Baidu.[210]
Types of Use[edit]
Main article: List of Python software
Software that is powered by Python
Python has many uses, including the following:
Scripting for web applications
Scientific computing
Artificial intelligence and machine learning projects
Graphical user interfaces and desktop environments
Embedded scripting in software and hardware products
Operating systems
Information security
Python can serve as a scripting language for web applications, e.g., via the mod_wsgi module for the Apache web server.[211] With Web Server Gateway Interface, a standard API has evolved to facilitate these applications. Web frameworks such as Django, Pylons, Pyramid, TurboGears, web2py, Tornado, Flask, Bottle, and Zope support developers in the design and maintenance of complex applications. Pyjs and IronPython can be used to develop the client-side of Ajax-based applications. SQLAlchemy can be used as a data mapper to a relational database. Twisted is a framework to program communication between computers; this framework is used by Dropbox, for example.
Libraries such as NumPy, SciPy and Matplotlib allow the effective use of Python in scientific computing,[212][213] with specialized libraries such as Biopython and Astropy providing domain-specific functionality. SageMath is a computer algebra system with a notebook interface that is programmable in Python; the SageMath library covers many aspects of mathematics, including algebra, combinatorics, numerical mathematics, number theory, and calculus.[214] OpenCV has Python bindings with a rich set of features for computer vision and image processing.[215]
Python is commonly used in artificial-intelligence and machine-learning projects, with support from libraries such as TensorFlow, Keras, Pytorch, scikit-learn and ProbLog (a logic language).[216][217][218][219][220] As a scripting language with a modular architecture, simple syntax, and rich text processing tools, Python is often used for natural language processing.[221]
The combination of Python and Prolog has proven useful for AI applications, with Prolog providing knowledge representation and reasoning capabilities. The Janus system, in particular, exploits similarities between these two languages, in part because of their dynamic typing and their simple, recursive data structures. This combination is typically applied natural language processing, visual query answering, geospatial reasoning, and handling semantic web data.[222][223]
The Natlog system, implemented in Python, uses Definite Clause Grammars (DCGs) to create prompts for two types of generators: text-to-text generators such as GPT3, and text-to-image generators such as DALL-E or Stable Diffusion.[224]
Python can be used for graphical user interfaces (GUIs), by using libraries such as Tkinter.[225] Similarly, for the One Laptop per Child XO computer, most of the Sugar desktop environment is written in Python (as of 2008).[226]
Python is embedded in many software products (and some hardware products) as a scripting language. These products include the following:
finite element method software such as Abaqus,
3D parametric modelers such as FreeCAD,
3D animation packages such as 3ds Max, Blender, Cinema 4D, Lightwave, Houdini, Maya, modo, MotionBuilder, Softimage,
the visual effects compositor Nuke,
2D imaging programs such as GIMP,[227] Inkscape, Scribus and Paint Shop Pro,[228] and
musical notation programs such as scorewriter and capella.
Similarly, GNU Debugger uses Python as a pretty printer to show complex structures such as C++ containers. Esri promotes Python as the best choice for writing scripts in ArcGIS.[229] Python has also been used in several video games,[230][231] and it has been adopted as first of the three programming languages available in Google App Engine (the other two being Java and Go).[232] LibreOffice includes Python, and its developers plan to replace Java with Python; LibreOffice's Python Scripting Provider is a core feature[233] since version 4.0 (from 7 February 2013).
Among hardware products, the Raspberry Pi single-board computer project has adopted Python as its main user-programming language.
Many operating systems include Python as a standard component. Python ships with most Linux distributions,[234] AmigaOS 4 (using Python 2.7), FreeBSD (as a package), NetBSD, and OpenBSD (as a package); it can be used from the command line (terminal). Many Linux distributions use installers written in Python: Ubuntu uses the Ubiquity installer, while Red Hat Linux and Fedora Linux use the Anaconda installer. Gentoo Linux uses Python in its package management system, Portage.[235]
Python is used extensively in the information security industry, including in exploit development.[236][237]
Languages influenced by Python[edit]
Python's design and philosophy have influenced many other programming languages:
Boo uses indentation, a similar syntax, and a similar object model.[238]
Cobra uses indentation and a similar syntax; its Acknowledgements document lists Python first among influencing languages.[239]
CoffeeScript, a programming language that cross-compiles to JavaScript, has a Python-inspired syntax.
ECMAScript–JavaScript borrowed iterators and generators from Python.[240]
GDScript, a Python-like scripting language that is built in to the Godot game engine.[241]
Go is designed for "speed of working in a dynamic language like Python";[242] Go shares Python's syntax for slicing arrays.
Groovy was motivated by a desire to incorporate the Python design philosophy into Java.[243]
Julia was designed to be "as usable for general programming as Python".[27]
Mojo is a non-strict[28][244] superset of Python (e.g., omitting classes, and adding struct).[245]
Nim uses indentation and a similar syntax.[246]
Ruby's creator, Yukihiro Matsumoto, said that "I wanted a scripting language that was more powerful than Perl, and more object-oriented than Python. That's why I decided to design my own language."[247]
Swift, a programming language developed by Apple, has some Python-inspired syntax.[248]
Kotlin blends Python and Java features, which minimizes boilerplate code and enhances developer efficiency.[249]
Python's development practices have also been emulated by other languages. For example, Python requires a document that describes the rationale and context for any language change; this document is known as a Python Enhancement Proposal or PEP. This practice is also used by the developers of Tcl,[250] Erlang,[251] and Swift.[252]
See also[edit]
Computer programming portalFree and open-source software portal
Python syntax and semantics
pip (package manager)
List of programming languages
History of programming languages
Comparison of programming languages
Notes[edit]
^ since 3.5, but those hints are ignored, except with unofficial tools[4]
^
Tier 1: 64-bit Linux, macOS; 64- and 32-bit Windows 10+[5]
Tier 2: E.g. 32-bit WebAssembly (WASI)
Tier 3: 64-bit Android,[6] iOS, FreeBSD, and (32-bit) Raspberry Pi OSUnofficial (or has been known to work): Other Unix-like/BSD variants) and a few other platforms[7][8][9]
^ del in Python does not behave the same way delete in languages such as C++ does, where such a word is used to call the destructor and deallocate heap memory.
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^ "Modular Docs – Why Mojo". docs.modular.com. Archived from the original on 5 May 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023. Mojo as a member of the Python family [..] Embracing Python massively simplifies our design efforts, because most of the syntax is already specified. [..] we decided that the right long-term goal for Mojo is to provide a superset of Python (i.e. be compatible with existing programs) and to embrace the CPython immediately for long-tail ecosystem enablement. To a Python programmer, we expect and hope that Mojo will be immediately familiar, while also providing new tools for developing systems-level code that enable you to do things that Python falls back to C and C++ for.
^ Spencer, Michael (4 May 2023). "What is Mojo Programming Language?". datasciencelearningcenter.substack.com. Archived from the original on 5 May 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
^ Yegulalp, Serdar (16 January 2017). "Nim language draws from best of Python, Rust, Go, and Lisp". InfoWorld. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2020. Nim's syntax is strongly reminiscent of Python's, as it uses indented code blocks and some of the same syntax (such as the way if/elif/then/else blocks are constructed).
^ "An Interview with the Creator of Ruby". Linuxdevcenter.com. Archived from the original on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
^ Lattner, Chris (3 June 2014). "Chris Lattner's Homepage". Chris Lattner. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2014. I started work on the Swift Programming Language in July of 2010. I implemented much of the basic language structure, with only a few people knowing of its existence. A few other (amazing) people started contributing in earnest late in 2011, and it became a major focus for the Apple Developer Tools group in July 2013 [...] drawing ideas from Objective-C, Rust, Haskell, Ruby, Python, C#, CLU, and far too many others to list.
^ Jalan, Nishant Aanjaney (10 November 2022). "Programming in Kotlin". CodeX. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
^ Kupries, Andreas; Fellows, Donal K. (14 September 2000). "TIP #3: TIP Format". tcl.tk. Tcl Developer Xchange. Archived from the original on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2008.
^ Gustafsson, Per; Niskanen, Raimo (29 January 2007). "EEP 1: EEP Purpose and Guidelines". erlang.org. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
^ "Swift Evolution Process". Swift Programming Language Evolution repository on GitHub. 18 February 2020. Archived from the original on 27 April 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
Sources[edit]
"Python for Artificial Intelligence". Python Wiki. 19 July 2012. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
Paine, Jocelyn, ed. (August 2005). "AI in Python". AI Expert Newsletter. Amzi!. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
"PyAIML 0.8.5 : Python Package Index". Pypi.python.org. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
Russell, Stuart J. & Norvig, Peter (2009). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-604259-4.
Further reading[edit]
Downey, Allen (July 2024). Think Python: How to Think Like a Computer Scientist (3rd ed.). O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-1098155438.
Lutz, Mark (2013). Learning Python (5th ed.). O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-15806-4.
Summerfield, Mark (2009). Programming in Python 3 (2nd ed.). Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN 978-0-321-68056-3.
Ramalho, Luciano (May 2022). Fluent Python. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-1-4920-5632-4.
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span>
<span>Function syntax</span>
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<span>Libraries</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span>
<span>Reference implementation</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span>
<span>API documentation generators</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span>
<span>Naming</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span>
<span>Popularity</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span>
<span>See also</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span>
<span>Notes</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span>
<span>References</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span>
<span>Sources</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span>
<span>Further reading</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span>
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<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programmeertaal)" title="Python (programmeertaal) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Python (programmeertaal)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(Programmiersprache)" title="Python (Programmiersprache) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Python (Programmiersprache)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%86_(%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A9)" title="بايثون (لغة برمجة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بايثون (لغة برمجة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%A8" title="পাইথন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পাইথন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(proqramla%C5%9Fd%C4%B1rma_dili)" title="Python (proqramlaşdırma dili) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Python (proqramlaşdırma dili)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="پایتون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پایتون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%A8_(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE)" title="পাইথন (প্রোগ্রামিং ভাষা) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাইথন (প্রোগ্রামিং ভাষা)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="Python (мова праграмавання) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Python (мова праграмавання)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8" title="पाइथन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पाइथन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programski_jezik)" title="Python (programski jezik) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Python (programski jezik)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(lavar_programmi%C3%B1)" title="Python (lavar programmiñ) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Python (lavar programmiñ)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Python (programming language)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(iaith_raglennu)" title="Python (iaith raglennu) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Python (iaith raglennu)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programmeringssprog)" title="Python (programmeringssprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Python (programmeringssprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(Programmiersprache)" title="Python (Programmiersprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Python (Programmiersprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programmeerimiskeel)" title="Python (programmeerimiskeel) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Python (programmeerimiskeel)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programlingvo)" title="Python (programlingvo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Python (programlingvo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(informatika)" title="Python (informatika) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Python (informatika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_(%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="پایتون (زبان برنامهنویسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پایتون (زبان برنامهنویسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(langage)" title="Python (langage) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Python (langage)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A4%D9%86_(%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="پايتؤن (برنامهنيويسي زوان) – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="پايتؤن (برنامهنيويسي زوان)" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%A5%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8(%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE)" title="પાયથોન(પ્રોગ્રામિંગ ભાષા) – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પાયથોન(પ્રોગ્રામિંગ ભાષા)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%B4%EC%8D%AC" title="파이썬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파이썬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_programming_language" title="Python programming language – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Python programming language" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8" title="पाइथन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पाइथन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programski_jezik)" title="Python (programski jezik) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Python (programski jezik)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(bahasa_pemrograman)" title="Python (bahasa pemrograman) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Python (bahasa pemrograman)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(linguage_de_programmation)" title="Python (linguage de programmation) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Python (linguage de programmation)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(forritunarm%C3%A1l)" title="Python (forritunarmál) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Python (forritunarmál)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9F" title="פייתון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פייתון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="პაითონი (პროგრამირების ენა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პაითონი (პროგრამირების ენა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(lugha_ya_programu)" title="Python (lugha ya programu) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Python (lugha ya programu)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(ziman%C3%AA_bernamesaziy%C3%AA)" title="Python (zimanê bernamesaziyê) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Python (zimanê bernamesaziyê)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99_(%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%A3%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%A1)" title="ໄພທອນ (ພາສາໂປຣແກຣມ) – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໄພທອນ (ພາສາໂປຣແກຣມ)" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(lingua_programmationis)" title="Python (lingua programmationis) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Python (lingua programmationis)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programm%C4%93%C5%A1anas_valoda)" title="Python (programmēšanas valoda) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Python (programmēšanas valoda)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/paiton" title="paiton – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="paiton" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programoz%C3%A1si_nyelv)" title="Python (programozási nyelv) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Python (programozási nyelv)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Пајтон (програмски јазик) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пајтон (програмски јазик)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BA_(%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7)" title="പൈത്തൺ (പ്രോഗ്രാമിങ്ങ് ഭാഷ) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പൈത്തൺ (പ്രോഗ്രാമിങ്ങ് ഭാഷ)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE)" title="पायथन (आज्ञावली भाषा) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पायथन (आज्ञावली भाषा)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="Python (პროგრამირაფაშ ნინა) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="Python (პროგრამირაფაშ ნინა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="Python (programming language)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programmeertaal)" title="Python (programmeertaal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Python (programmeertaal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE)" title="पाइथन (प्रोगामिङ भाषा) – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पाइथन (प्रोगामिङ भाषा)" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%94%DF%8A%DF%8C%DF%95%DF%90%DF%B2%DF%AC" title="ߔߊߌߕߐ߲߬ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߔߊߌߕߐ߲߬" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D_(%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%82_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE)" title="ପାଇଥନ୍ (ପ୍ରୋଗ୍ରାମିଂ ଭାଷା) – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପାଇଥନ୍ (ପ୍ରୋଗ୍ରାମିଂ ଭାଷା)" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%A8_(%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE)" title="ਪਾਈਥਨ (ਪ੍ਰੋਗਰਾਮਿੰਗ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਾਈਥਨ (ਪ੍ਰੋਗਰਾਮਿੰਗ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%86_(%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C)" title="پائیتھن (کمپیوٹر بولی) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پائیتھن (کمپیوٹر بولی)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%95%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%93" title="ផាយថុន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ផាយថុន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(lengagi_%C3%ABd_programassion)" title="Python (lengagi ëd programassion) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Python (lengagi ëd programassion)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(Programmeerspraak)" title="Python (Programmeerspraak) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Python (Programmeerspraak)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(Programmalast%C4%B1r%C4%B1w_tili)" title="Python (Programmalastırıw tili) – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Python (Programmalastırıw tili)" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1_(%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9D_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4)" title="ᱯᱟᱭᱛᱷᱚᱱ (ᱯᱨᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢᱤᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ) – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱟᱭᱛᱷᱚᱱ (ᱯᱨᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢᱤᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ)" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programmin_leid)" title="Python (programmin leid) – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Python (programmin leid)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="පයිතන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පයිතන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Python (programming language)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programovac%C3%AD_jazyk)" title="Python (programovací jazyk) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Python (programovací jazyk)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programski_jezik)" title="Python (programski jezik) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Python (programski jezik)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86_(%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C)" title="پایتۆن (زمانی بەرنامەسازی) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پایتۆن (زمانی بەرنامەسازی)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Python (програмски језик) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Python (програмски језик)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programski_jezik)" title="Python (programski jezik) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Python (programski jezik)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(ohjelmointikieli)" title="Python (ohjelmointikieli) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Python (ohjelmointikieli)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programspr%C3%A5k)" title="Python (programspråk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Python (programspråk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(wikang_pamprograma)" title="Python (wikang pamprograma) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Python (wikang pamprograma)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பைத்தான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பைத்தான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language) – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="Python (programming language)" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_(%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7)" title="పైథాన్ (కంప్యూటర్ భాష) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పైథాన్ (కంప్యూటర్ భాష)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษาไพทอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาไพทอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%86_(%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="پائیتھن (پروگرامنگ زبان) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پائیتھن (پروگرامنگ زبان)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="پايسون – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پايسون" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_l%E1%BA%ADp_tr%C3%ACnh)" title="Python (ngôn ngữ lập trình) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Python (ngôn ngữ lập trình)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(lingaedje_%C3%A9ndjolike)" title="Python (lingaedje éndjolike) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Python (lingaedje éndjolike)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9F%92%E8%AA%9E" title="蟒語 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="蟒語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Python (programming language)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1295905060">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #43e2f7;">Python</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Python.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Python.svg/150px-Python.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Python.svg/225px-Python.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Python.svg/300px-Python.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Multi-paradigm" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm">Multi-paradigm</a>: <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-oriented">object-oriented</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural</a> (<a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>), <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reflective_programming" title="Reflective programming">reflective</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">Guido van Rossum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation" title="Python Software Foundation">Python Software Foundation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">20 February 1991<span class="noprint">; 34 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1991-02-20</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-alt-sources-history_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alt-sources-history-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1295905060"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">3.13.5
/ 11 June 2025<span class="noprint">; 32 days ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">11 June 2025</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Duck_typing" title="Duck typing">duck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">dynamic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">strong</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Optional_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Optional typing">optional type annotations</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">Cross-platform</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation_License" title="Python Software Foundation License">Python Software Foundation License</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">.py, .pyw, .pyz,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br>
.pyi, .pyc, .pyd</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/">python.org</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Major <a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">implementations</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/CPython" title="CPython">CPython</a>, <a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a>, <a href="/wiki/MicroPython" title="MicroPython">MicroPython</a>, <a href="/wiki/CircuitPython" title="CircuitPython">CircuitPython</a>, <a href="/wiki/IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jython" title="Jython">Jython</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stackless_Python" title="Stackless Python">Stackless Python</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language#Dialects,_flavors_and_implementations" title="Programming language">Dialects</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Cython" title="Cython">Cython</a>, <a href="/wiki/RPython" class="mw-redirect" title="RPython">RPython</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bazel_(software)" title="Bazel (software)">Starlark</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/ABC_(programming_language)" title="ABC (programming language)">ABC</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-faq-created_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faq-created-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-98-interview_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98-interview-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br><a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-python.org_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-python.org-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-classmix_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classmix-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/CLU_(programming_language)" title="CLU (programming language)">CLU</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-effbot-call-by-object_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-effbot-call-by-object-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dylan_(programming_language)" title="Dylan (programming language)">Dylan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br><a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-python.org_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-python.org-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Icon_(programming_language)" title="Icon (programming language)">Icon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-4_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-6_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-6-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap"><br><a href="/wiki/Modula-3" title="Modula-3">Modula-3</a></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-98-interview_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98-interview-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-classmix_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classmix-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Standard_ML" title="Standard ML">Standard ML</a><sup id="cite_ref-python.org_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-python.org-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Apache_Groovy" title="Apache Groovy">Apache Groovy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boo_(programming_language)" title="Boo (programming language)">Boo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobra_(programming_language)" title="Cobra (programming language)">Cobra</a>, <a href="/wiki/CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/D_(programming_language)" title="D (programming language)">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDScript" class="mw-redirect" title="GDScript">GDScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Julia_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Julia-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mojo_(programming_language)" title="Mojo (programming language)">Mojo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mojo_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mojo-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nim_(programming_language)" title="Nim (programming language)">Nim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ring_(programming_language)" title="Ring (programming language)">Ring</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Ring_programming_language_and_other_languages_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Ring_programming_language_and_other_languages-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bini_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bini-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-lattner2014_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lattner2014-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/V_(programming_language)" title="V (programming language)">V</a><sup id="cite_ref-vpeople_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vpeople-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below hlist" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 3px;">
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/20px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400"></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Python_Programming" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Python Programming">Python Programming</a> at Wikibooks</li></ul>
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<p><b>Python</b> is a <a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level</a>, <a href="/wiki/General-purpose_programming_language" title="General-purpose programming language">general-purpose programming language</a>. Its design philosophy emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Code_readability" class="mw-redirect" title="Code readability">code readability</a> with the use of <a href="/wiki/Significant_indentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Significant indentation">significant indentation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-7_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-7-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Python is <a href="/wiki/Type_system#DYNAMIC" title="Type system">dynamically type-checked</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage-collected</a>. It supports multiple <a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">programming paradigms</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural</a>), <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-oriented">object-oriented</a> and <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional programming</a>. It is often described as a "batteries included" language due to its comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Standard_library" title="Standard library">standard library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-About_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">Guido van Rossum</a> began working on Python in the late 1980s as a successor to the <a href="/wiki/ABC_(programming_language)" title="ABC (programming language)">ABC</a> programming language, and he first released it in 1991 as Python 0.9.0.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Python 2.0 was released in 2000. Python 3.0, released in 2008, was a major revision not completely <a href="/wiki/Backward-compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="Backward-compatible">backward-compatible</a> with earlier versions. Python 2.7.18, released in 2020, was the last release of Python 2.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Python consistently ranks as one of the most popular programming languages, and it has gained widespread use in the <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> community.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tiobecurrent_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiobecurrent-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Python" title="History of Python">History of Python</a></div>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guido_van_Rossum_in_PyConUS24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Guido_van_Rossum_in_PyConUS24.jpg/250px-Guido_van_Rossum_in_PyConUS24.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Guido_van_Rossum_in_PyConUS24.jpg/330px-Guido_van_Rossum_in_PyConUS24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Guido_van_Rossum_in_PyConUS24.jpg/500px-Guido_van_Rossum_in_PyConUS24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="5976"></a><figcaption>The designer of Python, <a href="/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">Guido van Rossum</a>, at PyCon US 2024</figcaption></figure>
<p>Python was conceived in the late 1980s<sup id="cite_ref-venners-interview-pt-1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-venners-interview-pt-1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">Guido van Rossum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Centrum_Wiskunde_%26_Informatica" title="Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica">Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica</a> (CWI) in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>; it was conceived as a successor to the <a href="/wiki/ABC_(programming_language)" title="ABC (programming language)">ABC</a> programming language, which was inspired by <a href="/wiki/SETL" title="SETL">SETL</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-12_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-12-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> capable of <a href="/wiki/Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">exception handling</a> and interfacing with the <a href="/wiki/Amoeba_(operating_system)" title="Amoeba (operating system)">Amoeba</a> operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-faq-created_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faq-created-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Python implementation began in December, 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline-of-python_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-of-python-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Rossum assumed sole responsibility for the project, as the lead developer, until 12 July 2018, when he announced his "permanent vacation" from responsibilities as Python's "<a href="/wiki/Benevolent_dictator_for_life" title="Benevolent dictator for life">benevolent dictator for life</a>" (BDFL); this title was bestowed on him by the Python community to reflect his long-term commitment as the project's chief decision-maker.<sup id="cite_ref-lj-bdfl-resignation_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lj-bdfl-resignation-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (He has since come out of retirement and is self-titled "BDFL-emeritus".) In January 2019, active Python core developers elected a five-member Steering Council to lead the project.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The name <i>Python</i> is said to derive from the British comedy series <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus" title="Monty Python's Flying Circus">Monty Python's Flying Circus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Python 2.0 was released on 16 October 2000, with many major new features such as <a href="/wiki/List_comprehension" title="List comprehension">list comprehensions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cycle_detection" title="Cycle detection">cycle-detecting</a> garbage collection, <a href="/wiki/Reference_counting" title="Reference counting">reference counting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> support.<sup id="cite_ref-newin-2.0_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newin-2.0-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Python 2.7's <a href="/wiki/End-of-life_product" class="mw-redirect" title="End-of-life product">end-of-life</a> was initially set for 2015, and then postponed to 2020 out of concern that a large body of existing code could not easily be forward-ported to Python 3.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It no longer receives security patches or updates.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Python 2.7 and older versions are officially unsupported, a different unofficial Python implementation, <a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a>, continues to support Python 2, i.e., "2.7.18+" (plus 3.10), with the plus signifying (at least some) "<a href="/wiki/Backporting" title="Backporting">backported</a> security updates".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Python 3.0 was released on 3 December 2008, with some new semantics and changed syntax. Several releases in the Python 3.x series have added new syntax to the language; a few releases in 3.x have also removed outdated modules.
</p><p>As of 11 June 2025<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Python 3.13.5 is the latest stable release, and is the only Python version to get bugfixes (it is highly recommended to upgrade to it, or upgrade to any other recent version past Python 3.9). This version currently receives full bug-fix and security updates, while Python 3.12—released in October 2023—had active bug-fix support only until April 2025, and since then only security fixes. Python 3.9<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the oldest supported version of Python (albeit in the 'security support' phase), because Python 3.8 has become an end-of-life product.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting with Python 3.13, it and later versions receive two years of full support (which has increased from one and a half years), followed by three years of security support; this is the same total duration of support as previously.
</p><p>Security updates were expedited in 2021 and again twice in 2022. More issues were fixed in 2023 and in September 2024 (for Python versions 3.8.20 through 3.12.6)—all versions (including 2.7)<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had been insecure because of issues leading to possible <a href="/wiki/Remote_code_execution" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote code execution">remote code execution</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cache_poisoning" title="Cache poisoning">web-cache poisoning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Python 3.10 added the <code>|</code> union type operator<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and added structural <a href="/wiki/Pattern_matching" title="Pattern matching">pattern matching</a> capability to the language, with the new <code>match</code> and <code>case</code> keywords.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Python 3.11 expanded <a href="/wiki/Exception_handling_(programming)" title="Exception handling (programming)">exception handling</a> functionality. Python 3.12 added the new keyword <code>type</code>. Notable changes from version 3.10 to 3.11 include increased program execution speed and improved error reporting.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Python 3.11 is claimed to be 10–60% faster than Python 3.10, and Python 3.12 increases by an additional 5%. Python 3.12 also includes improved error messages (again improved in 3.14) and many other changes.
</p><p>Python 3.13 introduced more syntax for types; a new and improved interactive interpreter (<a href="/wiki/Read%E2%80%93eval%E2%80%93print_loop" title="Read–eval–print loop">REPL</a>), featuring multi-line editing and color support; an incremental garbage collector, which results in shorter pauses for collection in programs that have many objects, as well as increasing the improved speed in 3.11 and 3.12); an <i>experimental</i> <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time (JIT) compiler</a> (such features need to be enabled specifically for the increase in speed);<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an <i>experimental</i> free-threaded build mode, which disables the <a href="/wiki/Global_interpreter_lock" title="Global interpreter lock">global interpreter lock</a> (GIL), allowing threads to run more concurrently, as enabled in <code>python3.13t</code> or <code>python3.13t.exe</code>.
</p><p>Python Enhancement Proposal (PEP) 711 proposes PyBI—a standard format for distributing Python binaries.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Python 3.14.0 is now in the beta 4 phase (introduces e.g. a new opt-in interpreter, up to 30% faster).
</p><p>Python 3.15 will "Make UTF-8 mode default";<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mode is supported in all current Python versions, but it currently must be opted into. <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a> is already used by default on Windows (and other operating systems) for most purposes; an exception is opening files. Enabling UTF-8 also makes code fully cross-platform.
</p>
<dl><dt>Potentially breaking changes</dt></dl>
<p>Python 3.0 introduced very breaking changes, but all breaking changes in 3.x discussed below, are designed to affect few users.
</p><p>Python 3.12 dropped some outdated modules, and more will be dropped in the future, deprecated as of 3.13; already deprecated array 'u' format code will emit <code>DeprecationWarning</code> since 3.13 and will be removed in Python 3.16. The 'w' format code should be used instead. Part of ctypes is also deprecated and <code>http.server.CGIHTTPRequestHandler</code> will emit a DeprecationWarning, and will be removed in 3.15. Using that code already has a high potential for both security and functionality bugs. Parts of the typing module are deprecated, e.g. creating a <code>typing.NamedTuple</code> class using keyword arguments to denote the fields and such (and more) will be disallowed in Python 3.15. Python 3.12 removed <code>wstr</code> meaning Python extensions<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> need to be modified.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Python 3.13 introduces some changes in behavior, i.e., new "well-defined semantics", fixing bugs, and removing many deprecated classes, functions and methods (as well as some of the Python/C API and outdated modules). "The old implementation of <code>locals()</code> and <code>frame.f_locals</code> was slow, inconsistent and buggy, and it had many corner cases and oddities. Code that works around those may need revising; code that uses <code>locals()</code> for simple templating or print debugging should continue to work correctly."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Python 3.13 introduces the experimental free-threaded build mode, which disables the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL); the GIL is a feature of CPython that previously prevented multiple threads from executing Python bytecode simultaneously. This optional build, introduced through PEP 703, enables better exploitation of multi-core CPUs. By allowing multiple threads to run Python code in parallel, the free-threaded mode addresses long-standing performance bottlenecks associated with the GIL. This change offers a new path for parallelism in Python, without resorting to multiprocessing or external concurrency frameworks.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Regarding annotations in upcoming Python version: "In Python 3.14, <code>from __future__ import annotations</code> will continue to work as it did before, converting annotations into strings."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Python 3.14 drops the <a href="/wiki/Pretty_Good_Privacy" title="Pretty Good Privacy">PGP</a> digital verification signatures, it had deprecated in version 3.11, when its replacement Sigstore was added for all CPython artifacts; the use of PGP has been criticized by security practitioners.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Some additional standard-library modules will be removed in Python 3.15 or 3.16, as will be many deprecated classes, functions and methods.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_philosophy_and_features">Design philosophy and features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design philosophy and features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Python is a <a href="/wiki/Multi-paradigm_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">multi-paradigm programming language</a>. Object-oriented programming and structured programming are fully supported, and many of their features support functional programming and <a href="/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">aspect-oriented programming</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Metaprogramming" title="Metaprogramming">metaprogramming</a><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-13_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-13-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Metaobject" title="Metaobject">metaobjects</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-14_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-14-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many other paradigms are supported via extensions, including <a href="/wiki/Design_by_contract" title="Design by contract">design by contract</a><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-15_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-15-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-16_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-16-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Logic_programming" title="Logic programming">logic programming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-17_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-17-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Python is often referred to as a <i><a href="/wiki/Glue_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Glue language">'glue language</a>'</i><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because it can seamlessly integrate components written in other languages.
</p><p>Python uses dynamic typing and a combination of <a href="/wiki/Reference_counting" title="Reference counting">reference counting</a> and a cycle-detecting garbage collector for <a href="/wiki/Memory_management" title="Memory management">memory management</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reference_counting_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reference_counting-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It uses dynamic <a href="/wiki/Name_resolution_(programming_languages)" title="Name resolution (programming languages)">name resolution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Late_binding" title="Late binding">late binding</a>), which binds method and variable names during program execution.
</p><p>Python's design offers some support for functional programming in the <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a> tradition. It has <code>filter</code>,<code>map</code>and<code>reduce</code> functions; <a href="/wiki/List_comprehension" title="List comprehension">list comprehensions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Associative_array" title="Associative array">dictionaries</a>, sets, and <a href="/wiki/Generator_(computer_programming)" title="Generator (computer programming)">generator</a> expressions.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-59_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-59-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard library has two modules (<code>itertools</code> and <code>functools</code>) that implement functional tools borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_ML" title="Standard ML">Standard ML</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-18_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-18-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Python's core philosophy is summarized in the <a href="/wiki/Zen_of_Python" title="Zen of Python">Zen of Python</a> (PEP 20), which includes aphorisms such as these:<sup id="cite_ref-PEP20_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEP20-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>Beautiful is better than ugly.</li>
<li>Explicit is better than implicit.</li>
<li>Simple is better than complex.</li>
<li>Complex is better than complicated.</li>
<li>Readability counts.</li></ul>
<p>However, Python features regularly violate these principles and have received criticism for adding unnecessary language bloat.<sup id="cite_ref-Python-Changes-2014_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Python-Changes-2014-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Responses to these criticisms note that the Zen of Python is a guideline rather than a rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Confusion-regarding-a-rule-in-the-Zen-of-Python_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Confusion-regarding-a-rule-in-the-Zen-of-Python-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The addition of some new features had been controversial: Guido van Rossum resigned as Benevolent Dictator for Life after conflict about adding the assignment expression operator in Python 3.8.<sup id="cite_ref-The-Most-Controversial-Python-Walrus-Operator_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The-Most-Controversial-Python-Walrus-Operator-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The-Controversy-Behind-The-Walrus-Operator-in-Python_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The-Controversy-Behind-The-Walrus-Operator-in-Python-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Nevertheless, rather than building all functionality into its core, Python was designed to be highly <a href="/wiki/Extensible" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensible">extensible</a> via modules. This compact modularity has made it particularly popular as a means of adding programmable interfaces to existing applications. Van Rossum's vision of a small core language with a large standard library and easily extensible interpreter stemmed from his frustrations with ABC, which represented the opposite approach.<sup id="cite_ref-venners-interview-pt-1_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-venners-interview-pt-1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Python claims to strive for a simpler, less-cluttered syntax and grammar, while giving developers a choice in their coding methodology. In contrast to <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>'s motto "<a href="/wiki/There_is_more_than_one_way_to_do_it" class="mw-redirect" title="There is more than one way to do it">there is more than one way to do it</a>", Python advocates an approach where "there should be one—and preferably only one—obvious way to do it.".<sup id="cite_ref-PEP20_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEP20-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, however, Python provides many ways to achieve a given goal. There are, for example, at least three ways to format a string literal, with no certainty as to which one a programmer should use.<sup id="cite_ref-Python-String-Formatting-Best-Practices_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Python-String-Formatting-Best-Practices-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alex_Martelli" title="Alex Martelli">Alex Martelli</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellow</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation" title="Python Software Foundation">Python Software Foundation</a> and Python book author; he wrote that "To describe something as 'clever' is <i>not</i> considered a compliment in the Python culture."<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-19_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-19-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Python's developers usually try to avoid <a href="/wiki/Premature_optimization" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature optimization">premature optimization</a>; they also reject patches to non-critical parts of the <a href="/wiki/CPython" title="CPython">CPython</a> reference implementation that would offer marginal increases in speed at the cost of clarity.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-20_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-20-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Execution speed can be improved by moving speed-critical functions to extension modules written in languages such as C, or by using a <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Just-in-time compiler">just-in-time compiler</a> like <a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a>. It is also possible to <a href="#Cross-compilers_to_other_languages">cross-compile to other languages</a>; but this approach either fails to achieve the expected speed-up, since Python is a very <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic language">dynamic language</a>, or only a restricted subset of Python is compiled (with potential minor semantic changes).<sup id="cite_ref-PyJL_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PyJL-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Python's developers aim for the language to be fun to use. This goal is reflected in the name—a tribute to the British comedy group <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a><sup id="cite_ref-whyname_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whyname-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—and in playful approaches to some tutorials and reference materials. For instance, some code examples use the terms "spam" and "eggs" (in reference to <a href="/wiki/Spam_(Monty_Python)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spam (Monty Python)">a Monty Python sketch</a>), rather than the typical terms <a href="/wiki/Foobar" title="Foobar">"foo" and "bar"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> in the Python community is <i>pythonic</i>, which has a wide range of meanings related to program style. Pythonic code may use Python <a href="/wiki/Programming_idiom" title="Programming idiom">idioms</a> well; be natural or show fluency in the language; or conform with Python's minimalist philosophy and emphasis on readability.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax_and_semantics">Syntax and semantics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Syntax and semantics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Python_syntax_and_semantics" title="Python syntax and semantics">Python syntax and semantics</a></div>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hello_World_in_Python.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Block of Python code showing sample source code" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hello_World_in_Python.png/250px-Hello_World_in_Python.png" decoding="async" width="231" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hello_World_in_Python.png/500px-Hello_World_in_Python.png 1.5x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="346"></a><figcaption>An example of Python code and indentation</figcaption></figure>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Af-Helloworld_(C_Sharp).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="C code featuring curly braces and semicolon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Af-Helloworld_%28C_Sharp%29.svg/250px-Af-Helloworld_%28C_Sharp%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="233" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Af-Helloworld_%28C_Sharp%29.svg/350px-Af-Helloworld_%28C_Sharp%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Af-Helloworld_%28C_Sharp%29.svg/466px-Af-Helloworld_%28C_Sharp%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="176"></a><figcaption>Example of <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a> code with curly braces and semicolons</figcaption></figure>
<p>Python is meant to be an easily readable language. Its formatting is visually uncluttered and often uses English keywords where other languages use punctuation. Unlike many other languages, it does not use <a href="/wiki/Curly_bracket_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Curly bracket programming language">curly brackets</a> to delimit blocks, and semicolons after statements are allowed but rarely used. It has fewer syntactic exceptions and special cases than <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-52_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-52-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indentation">Indentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Indentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Python_syntax_and_semantics#Indentation" title="Python syntax and semantics">Python syntax and semantics § Indentation</a></div>
<p>Python uses <a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">whitespace</a> indentation, rather than curly brackets or keywords, to delimit <a href="/wiki/Block_(programming)" title="Block (programming)">blocks</a>. An increase in indentation comes after certain statements; a decrease in indentation signifies the end of the current block.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-53_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-53-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the program's visual structure accurately represents its semantic structure.<sup id="cite_ref-guttag_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guttag-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This feature is sometimes termed the <a href="/wiki/Off-side_rule" title="Off-side rule">off-side rule</a>. Some other languages use indentation this way; but in most, indentation has no semantic meaning. The recommended indent size is four spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statements_and_control_flow">Statements and control flow</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Statements and control flow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Python's <a href="/wiki/Statement_(computer_science)" title="Statement (computer science)">statements</a> include the following:
</p>
<ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Assignment_(computer_science)" title="Assignment (computer science)">assignment</a> statement, using a single equals sign <code>=</code></li>
<li>The <code><a href="/wiki/If-then-else" class="mw-redirect" title="If-then-else">if</a></code> statement, which conditionally executes a block of code, along with <code>else</code> and <code>elif</code> (a contraction of <code>else if</code>)</li>
<li>The <code><a href="/wiki/Foreach#Python" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreach">for</a></code> statement, which iterates over an <i>iterable</i> object, capturing each element to a local variable for use by the attached block</li>
<li>The <code><a href="/wiki/While_loop#Python" title="While loop">while</a></code> statement, which executes a block of code as long as boolean condition is true</li>
<li>The <code><a href="/wiki/Exception_handling_syntax#Python" title="Exception handling syntax">try</a></code> statement, which allows exceptions raised in its attached code block to be caught and handled by <code>except</code> clauses (or new syntax <code>except*</code> in Python 3.11 for exception groups<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); the <code>try</code> statement also ensures that clean-up code in a <code>finally</code> block is always run regardless of how the block exits</li>
<li>The <code>raise</code> statement, used to raise a specified exception or re-raise a caught exception</li>
<li>The <code>class</code> statement, which executes a block of code and attaches its local namespace to a <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (computer science)">class</a>, for use in object-oriented programming</li>
<li>The <code>def</code> statement, which defines a <a href="/wiki/Function_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Function (computing)">function</a> or <a href="/wiki/Method_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Method (computing)">method</a></li>
<li>The <code><a href="/wiki/Dispose_pattern#Language_constructs" title="Dispose pattern">with</a></code> statement, which encloses a code block within a context manager, allowing <a href="/wiki/Resource_acquisition_is_initialization" title="Resource acquisition is initialization">resource-acquisition-is-initialization</a> (RAII)-like behavior and replacing a common try/finally idiom<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of a context include acquiring a <a href="/wiki/Lock_(computer_science)" title="Lock (computer science)">lock</a> before some code is run, and then releasing the lock; or opening and then closing a <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">file</a></li>
<li>The <code><a href="/wiki/Break_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Break statement">break</a></code> statement, which exits a loop</li>
<li>The <code>continue</code> statement, which skips the rest of the current iteration and continues with the next</li>
<li>The <code>del</code> statement, which removes a variable—deleting the reference from the name to the value, and producing an error if the variable is referred to before it is redefined <sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>The <code>pass</code> statement, serving as a <a href="/wiki/NOP_(code)" title="NOP (code)">NOP</a> (i.e., no operation), which is syntactically needed to create an empty code block</li>
<li>The <code><a href="/wiki/Assertion_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assertion (programming)">assert</a></code> statement, used in debugging to check for conditions that should apply</li>
<li>The <code>yield</code> statement, which returns a value from a <a href="/wiki/Generator_(computer_programming)#Python" title="Generator (computer programming)">generator</a> function (and also an operator); used to implement <a href="/wiki/Coroutine" title="Coroutine">coroutines</a></li>
<li>The <code>return</code> statement, used to return a value from a function</li>
<li>The <code><a href="/wiki/Include_directive" title="Include directive">import</a></code> and <code>from</code> statements, used to import modules whose functions or variables can be used in the current program</li>
<li>The <code>match</code> and <code>case</code> statements, analogous to a <a href="/wiki/Switch_statement" title="Switch statement">switch statement</a> construct, which compares an expression against one or more cases as a control-flow measure</li></ul>
<p>The assignment statement (<code>=</code>) binds a name as a <a href="/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming)" title="Pointer (computer programming)">reference</a> to a separate, dynamically allocated <a href="/wiki/Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">object</a>. Variables may subsequently be rebound at any time to any object. In Python, a variable name is a generic reference holder without a fixed <a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">data type</a>; however, it always refers to <i>some</i> object with a type. This is called <a href="/wiki/Type_system#Dynamic_type_checking_and_runtime_type_information" title="Type system">dynamic typing</a>—in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Statically-typed" class="mw-redirect" title="Statically-typed">statically-typed</a> languages, where each variable may contain only a value of a certain type.
</p><p>Python does not support <a href="/wiki/Tail_call" title="Tail call">tail call</a> optimization or <a href="/wiki/First-class_continuations" class="mw-redirect" title="First-class continuations">first-class continuations</a>; according to Van Rossum, the language never will.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-55_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-55-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-56_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-56-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, better support for <a href="/wiki/Coroutine" title="Coroutine">coroutine</a>-like functionality is provided by extending Python's generators.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-57_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-57-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before 2.5, generators were <a href="/wiki/Lazy_evaluation" title="Lazy evaluation">lazy</a> <a href="/wiki/Iterator" title="Iterator">iterators</a>; data was passed unidirectionally out of the generator. From Python 2.5 on, it is possible to pass data back into a generator function; and from version 3.3, data can be passed through multiple stack levels.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-58_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-58-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expressions">Expressions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Expressions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Python's <a href="/wiki/Expression_(computer_science)" title="Expression (computer science)">expressions</a> include the following:
</p>
<ul><li>The <code>+</code>, <code>-</code>, and <code>*</code> operators for mathematical addition, subtraction, and multiplication are similar to other languages, but the behavior of division differs. There are two types of division in Python: <a href="/wiki/Floor_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Floor division">floor division</a> (or integer division) <code>//</code>, and floating-point division <code>/</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Python uses the <code>**</code> operator for exponentiation.</li>
<li>Python uses the <code>+</code> operator for string concatenation. The language uses the <code>*</code> operator for duplicating a string a specified number of times.</li>
<li>The <code>@</code> infix operator is intended to be used by libraries such as <a href="/wiki/NumPy" title="NumPy">NumPy</a> for <a href="/wiki/Matrix_multiplication" title="Matrix multiplication">matrix multiplication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PEP465_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEP465-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Python3.5Changelog_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Python3.5Changelog-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>The syntax <code>:=</code>, called the "walrus operator", was introduced in Python 3.8. This operator assigns values to variables as part of a larger expression.<sup id="cite_ref-Python3.8Changelog_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Python3.8Changelog-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>In Python, <code>==</code> compares two objects by value. Python's <code>is</code> operator may be used to compare object identities (i.e., comparison by reference), and comparisons may be chained—for example, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="n">a</span> <span class="o"><=</span> <span class="n">b</span> <span class="o"><=</span> <span class="n">c</span></code>.</li>
<li>Python uses <code>and</code>, <code>or</code>, and <code>not</code> as Boolean operators.</li>
<li>Python has a type of expression called a <i><a href="/wiki/List_comprehension#Python" title="List comprehension">list comprehension</a></i>, and a more general expression called a <i>generator expression</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-59_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-59-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_function" title="Anonymous function">Anonymous functions</a> are implemented using <a href="/wiki/Lambda_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambda (programming)">lambda expressions</a>; however, there may be only one expression in each body.</li>
<li>Conditional expressions are written as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="n">x</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">c</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="n">y</span></code>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-60_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-60-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (This is different in operand order from the <code><a href="/wiki/%3F:" class="mw-redirect" title="?:">c ? x : y</a></code> operator common to many other languages.)</li>
<li>Python makes a distinction between <a href="/wiki/List_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="List (computer science)">lists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuple" title="Tuple">tuples</a>. Lists are written as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]</span></code>, are mutable, and cannot be used as the keys of dictionaries (since dictionary keys must be <a href="/wiki/Immutable" class="mw-redirect" title="Immutable">immutable</a> in Python). Tuples, written as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span></code>, are immutable and thus can be used as the keys of dictionaries, provided that all of the tuple's elements are immutable. The <code>+</code> operator can be used to concatenate two tuples, which does not directly modify their contents, but produces a new tuple containing the elements of both. For example, given the variable <code>t</code> initially equal to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span></code>, executing <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="n">t</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">t</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span></code> first evaluates <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="n">t</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span></code>, which yields <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span></code>; this result is then assigned back to <code>t</code>—thereby effectively "modifying the contents" of <code>t</code> while conforming to the immutable nature of tuple objects. Parentheses are optional for tuples in unambiguous contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Python features <i>sequence unpacking</i> where multiple expressions, each evaluating to something assignable (e.g., a variable or a writable property) are associated just as in forming tuple literal; as a whole, the results are then put on the left-hand side of the equal sign in an assignment statement. This statement expects an <i>iterable</i> object on the right-hand side of the equal sign to produce the same number of values as the writable expressions on the left-hand side; while iterating, the statement assigns each of the values produced on the right to the corresponding expression on the left.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Python has a "string format" operator <code>%</code> that functions analogously to <code><a href="/wiki/Printf" title="Printf">printf</a></code> format strings in the C language—e.g. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="s2">"spam=</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2"> eggs=</span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s2">"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"blah"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span></code> evaluates to <code>"spam=blah eggs=2"</code>. In Python 2.6+ and 3+, this operator was supplemented by the <code>format()</code> method of the <code>str</code> class, e.g., <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="s2">"spam=</span><span class="si">{0}</span><span class="s2"> eggs=</span><span class="si">{1}</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"blah"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span></code>. Python 3.6 added "f-strings": <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="n">spam</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"blah"</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">eggs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="sa">f</span><span class="s1">'spam=</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">spam</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s1"> eggs=</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">eggs</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s1">'</span></code>.<sup id="cite_ref-pep-0498_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pep-0498-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Strings in Python can be <a href="/wiki/Concatenated" class="mw-redirect" title="Concatenated">concatenated</a> by "adding" them (using the same operator as for adding integers and floats); e.g., <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="s2">"spam"</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s2">"eggs"</span></code> returns <code>"spameggs"</code>. If strings contain numbers, they are concatenated as strings rather than as integers, e.g. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="s2">"2"</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s2">"2"</span></code> returns <code>"22"</code>.</li>
<li>Python supports <a href="/wiki/String_literal" title="String literal">string literals</a> in several ways:
<ul><li>Delimited by single or double quotation marks; single and double quotation marks have equivalent functionality (unlike in <a href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Unix shells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>, and Perl-influenced languages). Both marks use the backslash (<code>\</code>) as an <a href="/wiki/Escape_character" title="Escape character">escape character</a>. <a href="/wiki/String_interpolation" title="String interpolation">String interpolation</a> became available in Python 3.6 as "formatted string literals".<sup id="cite_ref-pep-0498_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pep-0498-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Triple-quoted, i.e., starting and ending with three single or double quotation marks; this may span multiple lines and function like <a href="/wiki/Here_document" title="Here document">here documents</a> in shells, Perl, and <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Raw_string" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw string">Raw string</a> varieties, denoted by prefixing the string literal with <code>r</code>. Escape sequences are not interpreted; hence raw strings are useful where literal backslashes are common, such as in <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expressions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>-style paths. (Compare "<code>@</code>-quoting" in <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>.)</li></ul></li>
<li>Python has <a href="/wiki/Array_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Array index">array index</a> and <a href="/wiki/Array_slicing" title="Array slicing">array slicing</a> expressions in lists, which are written as <code>a[key]</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">]</span></code> or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">step</span><span class="p">]</span></code>. Indexes are <a href="/wiki/Zero-based_numbering" title="Zero-based numbering">zero-based</a>, and negative indexes are relative to the end. Slices take elements from the <i>start</i> index up to, but not including, the <i>stop</i> index. The (optional) third slice <a href="/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming)" title="Parameter (computer programming)">parameter</a>, called <i>step</i> or <i>stride</i>, allows elements to be skipped or reversed. Slice indexes may be omitted—for example, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">[:]</span></code> returns a copy of the entire list. Each element of a slice is a <a href="/wiki/Shallow_copy" class="mw-redirect" title="Shallow copy">shallow copy</a>.</li></ul>
<p>In Python, a distinction between expressions and statements is rigidly enforced, in contrast to languages such as <a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>. This distinction leads to duplicating some functionality, for example:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_comprehensions" class="mw-redirect" title="List comprehensions">List comprehensions</a> vs. <code>for</code>-loops</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conditional (programming)">Conditional</a> expressions vs. <code>if</code> blocks</li>
<li>The <code>eval()</code> vs. <code>exec()</code> built-in functions (in Python 2, <code>exec</code> is a statement); the former function is for expressions, while the latter is for statements</li></ul>
<p>A statement cannot be part of an expression; because of this restriction, expressions such as list and <code>dict</code> comprehensions (and lambda expressions) cannot contain statements. As a particular case, an assignment statement such as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span></code> cannot be part of the conditional expression of a conditional statement.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methods">Methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Method_(computer_programming)" title="Method (computer programming)">Methods</a> of objects are functions attached to the object's class; the syntax for normal methods and functions, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argument</span><span class="p">)</span></code>, is <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_sugar" title="Syntactic sugar">syntactic sugar</a> for <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="n">Class</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">argument</span><span class="p">)</span></code>. Python methods have an explicit <code><a href="/wiki/This_(computer_programming)" title="This (computer programming)">self</a></code> parameter to access <a href="/wiki/Instance_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Instance data">instance data</a>, in contrast to the implicit self (or <code>this</code>) parameter in some object-oriented programming languages (e.g., <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-61_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-61-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Python also provides methods, often called <i>dunder methods</i> (because their names begin and end with double underscores); these methods allow user-defined classes to modify how they are handled by native operations including length, comparison, <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Arithmetic operations">arithmetic</a>, and type conversion.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typing">Typing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Typing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Python_3.13_Standrd_Type_Hierarchy-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Python_3.13_Standrd_Type_Hierarchy-en.svg/250px-Python_3.13_Standrd_Type_Hierarchy-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Python_3.13_Standrd_Type_Hierarchy-en.svg/500px-Python_3.13_Standrd_Type_Hierarchy-en.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="566"></a><figcaption>The standard type hierarchy in Python 3</figcaption></figure>
<p>Python uses <a href="/wiki/Duck_typing" title="Duck typing">duck typing</a>, and it has typed objects but untyped variable names. Type constraints are not checked at definition time; rather, operations on an object may fail at usage time, indicating that the object is not of an appropriate type. Despite being <a href="/wiki/Dynamically_typed" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamically typed">dynamically typed</a>, Python is <a href="/wiki/Strongly_typed" class="mw-redirect" title="Strongly typed">strongly typed</a>, forbidding operations that are poorly defined (e.g., adding a number and a string) rather than quietly attempting to interpret them.
</p><p>Python allows programmers to define their own types using <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (computer science)">classes</a>, most often for <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a>. New <a href="/wiki/Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">instances</a> of classes are constructed by calling the class, for example, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="n">SpamClass</span><span class="p">()</span></code> or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="n">EggsClass</span><span class="p">()</span></code>); the classes are instances of the <a href="/wiki/Metaclass" title="Metaclass">metaclass</a> <code>type</code> (which is an instance of itself), thereby allowing metaprogramming and <a href="/wiki/Reflective_programming" title="Reflective programming">reflection</a>.
</p><p>Before version 3.0, Python had two kinds of classes, both using the same syntax: <i>old-style</i> and <i>new-style</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-classy_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classy-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current Python versions support the semantics of only the new style.
</p><p>Python supports <a href="/wiki/Optional_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Optional typing">optional type annotations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-type_hint-PEP_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-type_hint-PEP-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These annotations are not enforced by the language, but may be used by external tools such as <b>mypy</b> to catch errors.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mypy also supports a Python compiler called mypyc, which leverages type annotations for optimization.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<caption>Summary of Python 3's built-in types
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Type
</th>
<th><a href="/wiki/Immutable_object" title="Immutable object">Mutability</a>
</th>
<th>Description
</th>
<th>Syntax examples
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>bool</code>
</td>
<td>immutable
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Boolean_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Boolean value">Boolean value</a>
</td>
<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="kc">True</span></code><br><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="kc">False</span></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>bytearray</code>
</td>
<td>mutable
</td>
<td>Sequence of <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">bytes</a>
</td>
<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nb">bytearray</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'Some ASCII'</span><span class="p">)</span></code><br><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nb">bytearray</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s2">"Some ASCII"</span><span class="p">)</span></code><br><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nb">bytearray</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">119</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">105</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">107</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">105</span><span class="p">])</span></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>bytes</code>
</td>
<td>immutable
</td>
<td>Sequence of bytes
</td>
<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'Some ASCII'</span></code><br><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s2">"Some ASCII"</span></code><br><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nb">bytes</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">119</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">105</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">107</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">105</span><span class="p">])</span></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>complex</code>
</td>
<td>immutable
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Complex_number" title="Complex number">Complex number</a> with real and imaginary parts
</td>
<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="mi">3</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mf">2.7</span><span class="n">j</span></code><br><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="mi">3</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mf">2.7</span><span class="n">j</span></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>dict</code>
</td>
<td>mutable
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Associative_array" title="Associative array">Associative array</a> (or dictionary) of key and value pairs; can contain mixed types (keys and values); keys must be a hashable type
</td>
<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">'key1'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">1.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">}</span></code><br><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">{}</span></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>types.EllipsisType</code>
</td>
<td>immutable
</td>
<td>An <a href="/wiki/Ellipsis_(programming_operator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellipsis (programming operator)">ellipsis</a> placeholder to be used as an index in <a href="/wiki/NumPy" title="NumPy">NumPy</a> arrays
</td>
<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="o">...</span></code><br><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="bp">Ellipsis</span></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>float</code>
</td>
<td>immutable
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Double-precision" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-precision">Double-precision</a> <a href="/wiki/Floating-point_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating-point number">floating-point number</a>. The precision is machine-dependent, but in practice it is generally implemented as a 64-bit <a href="/wiki/IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">IEEE 754</a> number with 53 bits of precision.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>
<p><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="mf">1.33333</span></code>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>frozenset</code>
</td>
<td>immutable
</td>
<td>Unordered <a href="/wiki/Set_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Set (computer science)">set</a>, contains no duplicates; can contain mixed types, if hashable
</td>
<td><span class="nowrap"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nb">frozenset</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mf">4.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'string'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">])</span></code></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>int</code>
</td>
<td>immutable
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Integer_(computer_science)" title="Integer (computer science)">Integer</a> of unlimited magnitude<sup id="cite_ref-pep0237_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pep0237-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="mi">42</span></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>list</code>
</td>
<td>mutable
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/List_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="List (computer science)">List</a>, can contain mixed types
</td>
<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">[</span><span class="mf">4.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'string'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">]</span></code><br><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">[]</span></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>types.NoneType</code>
</td>
<td>immutable
</td>
<td>An object representing the absence of a value, often called <a href="/wiki/Null_pointer" title="Null pointer">null</a> in other languages
</td>
<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="kc">None</span></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>types.NotImplementedType</code>
</td>
<td>immutable
</td>
<td>A placeholder that can be returned from <a href="/wiki/Operator_overloading" title="Operator overloading">overloaded operators</a> to indicate unsupported operand types.
</td>
<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="bp">NotImplemented</span></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>range</code>
</td>
<td>immutable
</td>
<td>An <i>immutable sequence</i> of numbers, commonly used for iterating a specific number of times in <code>for</code> loops<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="err">−</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span></code><br><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="err">−</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="err">−</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>set</code>
</td>
<td>mutable
</td>
<td>Unordered <a href="/wiki/Set_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Set (computer science)">set</a>, contains no duplicates; can contain mixed types, if hashable
</td>
<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">{</span><span class="mf">4.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'string'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">}</span></code><br><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">()</span></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>str</code>
</td>
<td>immutable
</td>
<td>A <a href="/wiki/Character_string" class="mw-redirect" title="Character string">character string</a>: sequence of Unicode codepoints
</td>
<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="s1">'Wikipedia'</span></code><br><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="s2">"Wikipedia"</span></code><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="sd">"""Spanning</span>
<span class="sd">multiple</span>
<span class="sd">lines"""</span>
</pre></div><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Spanning</span>
<span class="n">multiple</span>
<span class="n">lines</span>
</pre></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>tuple</code>
</td>
<td>immutable
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Tuple" title="Tuple">Tuple</a>, can contain mixed types
</td>
<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">4.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'string'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span></code><br><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'single element'</span><span class="p">,)</span></code><br><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">()</span></code>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arithmetic_operations">Arithmetic operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Arithmetic operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Python includes conventional symbols for arithmetic operators (<code>+</code>, <code>-</code>, <code>*</code>, <code>/</code>), the floor-division operator <code>//</code>, and the <a href="/wiki/Modulo_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulo operation">modulo operator</a> <code>%</code>. (With the module operator, a remainder can be negative, e.g., <code>4 % -3 == -2</code>.) Python also offers the <code>**</code> symbol for <a href="/wiki/Exponentiation" title="Exponentiation">exponentiation</a>, e.g. <code>5**3 == 125</code> and <code>9**0.5 == 3.0</code>; it also offers the matrix‑multiplication operator <code>@</code> .<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These operators work as in traditional mathematics; with the same <a href="/wiki/Order_of_operations" title="Order of operations">precedence rules</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Infix_notation" title="Infix notation">infix</a> operators <code>+</code> and <code>-</code> can also be <a href="/wiki/Unary_operation" title="Unary operation">unary</a>, to represent positive and negative numbers respectively.
</p><p>Division between integers produces floating-point results. The behavior of division has changed significantly over time:<sup id="cite_ref-pep0238_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pep0238-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>The current version of Python (i.e., since 3.0) changed <code>the /</code> operator to always represent floating-point division, e.g., <code class="nowrap mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="mi">5</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mf">2.5</span></code>.</li>
<li>The floor division <code>//</code> operator was introduced. Thus <code>7//3 == 2</code>, <code>-7//3 == -3</code>, <code>7.5//3 == 2.0</code>, and <code>-7.5//3 == -3.0</code>. For outdated Python 2.7 adding the <code class="nowrap mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python2 mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">__future__</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">division</span></code> statement causes a module in Python 2.7 to use Python 3.0 rules for division instead (see above).</li></ul>
<p>In Python terms, the <code>/</code> operator represents <i>true division</i> (or simply <i>division</i>), while the <code>//</code> operator represents <i>floor division.</i> Before version 3.0, the <code>/</code> operator represents <i>classic division</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pep0238_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pep0238-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Rounding" title="Rounding">Rounding</a> towards negative infinity, though a different method than in most languages, adds consistency to Python. For instance, this rounding implies that the equation <code class="nowrap mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">//</span><span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="o">//</span><span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span></code> is always true. The rounding also implies that the equation <code class="nowrap mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="n">b</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">//</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">a</span></code> is valid for both positive and negative values of <code>a</code>. As expected, the result of <code>a%b</code> lies in the <a href="/wiki/Half-open_interval" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-open interval">half-open interval</a> [0, <i>b</i>), where <code>b</code> is a positive integer; however, maintaining the validity of the equation requires that the result must lie in the interval (<i>b</i>, 0] when <code>b</code> is negative.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-62_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-62-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Python provides a <code>round</code> function for rounding a float to the nearest integer. For <a href="/wiki/Rounding#Tie-breaking" title="Rounding">tie-breaking</a>, Python 3 uses the <i>round to even</i> method: <code>round(1.5)</code> and <code>round(2.5)</code> both produce <code>2</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-64_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-64-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Python versions before 3 used the <a href="/wiki/Rounding#Rounding_away_from_zero" title="Rounding">round-away-from-zero</a> method: <code>round(0.5)</code> is <code>1.0</code>, and <code>round(-0.5)</code> is <code>−1.0</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-63_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-63-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Python allows Boolean expressions that contain multiple equality relations to be consistent with general usage in mathematics. For example, the expression <code>a < b < c</code> tests whether <code>a</code> is less than <code>b</code> and <code>b</code> is less than <code>c</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-65_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-65-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> C-derived languages interpret this expression differently: in C, the expression would first evaluate <code>a < b</code>, resulting in 0 or 1, and that result would then be compared with <code>c</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-CPL_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPL-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Python uses <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary-precision_arithmetic" title="Arbitrary-precision arithmetic">arbitrary-precision arithmetic</a> for all integer operations. The <code>Decimal</code> type/class in the <code>decimal</code> module provides <a href="/wiki/Decimal_floating_point" title="Decimal floating point">decimal floating-point numbers</a> to a pre-defined arbitrary precision with several rounding modes.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-88_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-88-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <code>Fraction</code> class in the <code>fractions</code> module provides arbitrary precision for <a href="/wiki/Rational_number" title="Rational number">rational numbers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Due to Python's extensive mathematics library and the third-party library <a href="/wiki/NumPy" title="NumPy">NumPy</a>, the language is frequently used for scientific scripting in tasks such as numerical data processing and manipulation.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Function_syntax">Function syntax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Function syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Function_(computer_programming)" title="Function (computer programming)">Functions</a> are created in Python by using the <code>def</code> keyword. A function is defined similarly to how it is called, by first providing the function name and then the required parameters. Here is an example of a function that prints its inputs:
</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python3 mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">printer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">input1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">input2</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"already there"</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">input1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">input2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">printer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"hello"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Example output:</span>
<span class="c1"># hello</span>
<span class="c1"># already there</span>
</pre></div><p>To assign a default value to a function parameter in case no actual value is provided at run time, variable-definition syntax can be used inside the function header.
</p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Code_examples">Code examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Code examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/%22Hello,_World!%22_program" title=""Hello, World!" program">"Hello, World!" program</a>:
</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Hello, world!'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
<p>Program to calculate the <a href="/wiki/Factorial" title="Factorial">factorial</a> of a positive integer:
</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr mw-highlight-lines" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="linenos" data-line="1"></span><span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">input</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Type a number, and its factorial will be printed: '</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="linenos" data-line="2"></span>
<span class="linenos" data-line="3"></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="linenos" data-line="4"></span> <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">ValueError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'You must enter a non-negative integer'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="linenos" data-line="5"></span>
<span class="linenos" data-line="6"></span><span class="n">factorial</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="linenos" data-line="7"></span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="linenos" data-line="8"></span> <span class="n">factorial</span> <span class="o">*=</span> <span class="n">i</span>
<span class="linenos" data-line="9"></span>
<span class="linenos" data-line="10"></span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">factorial</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Libraries">Libraries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Python's large standard library<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-86_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-86-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is commonly cited as one of its greatest strengths. For Internet-facing applications, many standard formats and protocols such as <a href="/wiki/MIME" title="MIME">MIME</a> and <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> are supported. The language includes modules for creating <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interfaces</a>, connecting to <a href="/wiki/Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational databases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generator" title="Pseudorandom number generator">generating pseudorandom numbers</a>, arithmetic with arbitrary-precision decimals,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-88_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-88-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> manipulating <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expressions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unit_testing" title="Unit testing">unit testing</a>.
</p><p>Some parts of the standard library are covered by specifications—for example, the <a href="/wiki/Web_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Web Server Gateway Interface">Web Server Gateway Interface</a> (WSGI) implementation <code>wsgiref</code> follows PEP 333<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-89_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-89-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—but most parts are specified by their code, internal documentation, and <a href="/wiki/Test_suite" title="Test suite">test suites</a>. However, because most of the standard library is cross-platform Python code, only a few modules must be altered or rewritten for variant implementations.
</p><p>As of 13 March 2025,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Python_Package_Index" title="Python Package Index">Python Package Index</a> (PyPI), the official repository for third-party Python software, contains over 614,339<sup id="cite_ref-PyPI_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PyPI-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> packages. These have a wide range of functionality, including the following:
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">Automation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Data_analytics" class="mw-redirect" title="Data analytics">Data analytics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Databases</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Documentation" title="Documentation">Documentation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">Graphical user interfaces</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image processing">Image processing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">Mobile apps</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">Multimedia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Computer_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer networking">Computer networking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific computing">Scientific computing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/System_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="System administration">System administration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Test_framework" class="mw-redirect" title="Test framework">Test frameworks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Text_processing" title="Text processing">Text processing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Web_framework" title="Web framework">Web frameworks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Web_scraping" title="Web scraping">Web scraping</a></li></ul></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_environments">Development environments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Development environments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_integrated_development_environments#Python" title="Comparison of integrated development environments">Comparison of integrated development environments § Python</a></div>
<p>Most Python implementations (including CPython) include a <a href="/wiki/Read%E2%80%93eval%E2%80%93print_loop" title="Read–eval–print loop">read–eval–print loop</a> (REPL); this permits the environment to function as a <a href="/wiki/Command_line_interpreter" class="mw-redirect" title="Command line interpreter">command line interpreter</a>, with which users enter statements sequentially and receive results immediately.
</p><p>Python is also bundled with an <a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environment (IDE)</a> called <a href="/wiki/IDLE" title="IDLE">IDLE</a>, which is oriented toward beginners.
</p><p>Other shells, including <a href="/wiki/IDLE" title="IDLE">IDLE</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPython" title="IPython">IPython</a>, add additional capabilities such as improved auto-completion, session-state retention, and <a href="/wiki/Syntax_highlighting" title="Syntax highlighting">syntax highlighting</a>.
</p><p>Standard desktop IDEs include PyCharm, IntelliJ Idea, Visual Studio Code; there are also <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>-based IDEs, such as the following environments:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/SageMath" title="SageMath">SageMath</a>, for developing science- and math-related programs;</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Project_Jupyter" title="Project Jupyter">Jupyter Notebooks</a>, an open-source interactive computing platform;</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PythonAnywhere" title="PythonAnywhere">PythonAnywhere</a>, a browser-based IDE and hosting environment; and</li>
<li>Canopy IDE, a commercial IDE that emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Scientific_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific computing">scientific computing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementations">Implementations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Implementations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Python_software#Python_implementations" title="List of Python software">List of Python software § Python implementations</a></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reference_implementation">Reference implementation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Reference implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/CPython" title="CPython">CPython</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Reference_implementation" title="Reference implementation">reference implementation</a> of Python. This implementation is written in C, meeting the <a href="/wiki/C11_(C_standard_revision)" title="C11 (C standard revision)">C11</a> standard<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (since version 3.11, older versions use the <a href="/wiki/C89_(C_version)" class="mw-redirect" title="C89 (C version)">C89</a> standard with several select <a href="/wiki/C99" title="C99">C99</a> features), but third-party extensions are not limited to older C versions—e.g., they can be implemented using C11 or C++.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-66_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-66-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CPython <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiles</a> Python programs into an intermediate <a href="/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode">bytecode</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-67_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-67-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is then executed by a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-68_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-68-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CPython is distributed with a large standard library written in a combination of C and native Python.
</p><p>CPython is available for many platforms, including Windows and most modern <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems, including macOS (and <a href="/wiki/Apple_M1" title="Apple M1">Apple M1</a> Macs, since Python 3.9.1, using an experimental installer). Starting with Python 3.9, the Python installer intentionally fails to install on <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a> and 8;<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> was supported until Python 3.5, with unofficial support for <a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">VMS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Platform portability was one of Python's earliest priorities.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-69_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-69-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During development of Python 1 and 2, even <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a> were supported;<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since that time, support has been dropped for many platforms.
</p><p>All current Python versions (since 3.7) support only operating systems that feature multithreading, by now supporting not nearly as many operating systems (dropping many outdated) than in the past.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_implementations">Other implementations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other implementations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>All alternative implementations have at least slightly different semantic. For example, an alternative may include unordered dictionaries, in contrast to other current Python versions. As another example in the larger Python ecosystem, PyPy does not support the full C Python API. Alternative implementations include the following:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a> is a fast, compliant interpreter of Python 2.7 and 3.10.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-70_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-70-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PyPy's <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Just-in-time compiler">just-in-time compiler</a> often improves speed significantly relative to CPython, but PyPy does not support some libraries written in C.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-71_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-71-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PyPy offers support for the <a href="/wiki/RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a> instruction-set architecture.</li>
<li>Codon is an implentation with an <a href="/wiki/Ahead-of-time_compilation" title="Ahead-of-time compilation">ahead-of-time (AOT) compiler</a>, which compiles a statically-typed Python-like language whose "syntax and semantics are nearly identical to Python's, there are some notable differences"<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Codon uses 64-bit machine integers for speed, not arbitrarily as with Python; Codon developers claim that speedups over CPython are usually on the order of ten to a hundred times. Codon compiles to machine code (via <a href="/wiki/LLVM" title="LLVM">LLVM</a>) and supports native multithreading.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Codon can also compile to Python extension modules that can be imported and used from Python.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MicroPython" title="MicroPython">MicroPython</a> and <a href="/wiki/CircuitPython" title="CircuitPython">CircuitPython</a> are Python 3 variants that are optimized for <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontrollers</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Lego_Mindstorms_EV3" title="Lego Mindstorms EV3">Lego Mindstorms EV3</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Pyston is a variant of the Python runtime that uses just-in-time compilation to speed up execution of Python programs.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Cinder is a performance-oriented fork of CPython 3.8 that features a number of optimizations, including bytecode inline caching, eager evaluation of coroutines, a method-at-a-time <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">JIT</a>, and an experimental bytecode compiler.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>The Snek<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> embedded computing language "is Python-inspired, but it is not Python. It is possible to write Snek programs that run under a full Python system, but most Python programs will not run under Snek."<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Snek is compatible with 8-bit <a href="/wiki/AVR_microcontrollers" title="AVR microcontrollers">AVR microcontrollers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/ATmega" class="mw-redirect" title="ATmega">ATmega 328P</a>-based Arduino, as well as larger microcontrollers that are compatible with <a href="/wiki/MicroPython" title="MicroPython">MicroPython</a>. Snek is an imperative language that (unlike Python) omits <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a>. Snek supports only one numeric data type, which features 32-bit <a href="/wiki/Single-precision" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-precision">single precision</a> (resembling <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> numbers, though smaller).</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unsupported_implementations">Unsupported implementations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Unsupported implementations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Stackless_Python" title="Stackless Python">Stackless Python</a> is a significant fork of CPython that implements <a href="/wiki/Microthread" title="Microthread">microthreads</a>. This implementation uses the <a href="/wiki/Call_stack" title="Call stack">call stack</a> differently, thus allowing massively concurrent programs. PyPy also offers a stackless version.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-73_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-73-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Just-in-time Python compilers have been developed, but are now unsupported:
</p>
<ul><li>Google began a project named <a href="/wiki/Unladen_Swallow" title="Unladen Swallow">Unladen Swallow</a> in 2009: this project aimed to speed up the Python interpreter five-fold by using <a href="/wiki/LLVM" title="LLVM">LLVM</a>, and improve <a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">multithreading</a> capability for scaling to thousands of cores,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-74_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-74-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while typical implementations are limited by the <a href="/wiki/Global_interpreter_lock" title="Global interpreter lock">global interpreter lock</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psyco" title="Psyco">Psyco</a> is a discontinued <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time</a> <a href="/wiki/Run-time_algorithm_specialization" title="Run-time algorithm specialization">specializing</a> compiler, which integrates with CPython and transforms bytecode to machine code at runtime. The emitted code is specialized for certain <a href="/wiki/Data_type" title="Data type">data types</a> and is faster than standard Python code. Psyco does not support Python 2.7 or later.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PyS60" class="mw-redirect" title="PyS60">PyS60</a> was a Python 2 interpreter for <a href="/wiki/Series_60" class="mw-redirect" title="Series 60">Series 60</a> mobile phones, which was released by <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> in 2005. The interpreter implemented many modules from Python's standard library, as well as additional modules for integration with the <a href="/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a> operating system. The Nokia <a href="/wiki/N900" class="mw-redirect" title="N900">N900</a> also supports Python through the <a href="/wiki/GTK" title="GTK">GTK</a> widget library, allowing programs to be written and run on the target device.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cross-compilers_to_other_languages">Cross-compilers to other languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cross-compilers to other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>There are several compilers/<a href="/wiki/Transpiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Transpiler">transpilers</a> to high-level object languages; the source language is unrestricted Python, a subset of Python, or a language similar to Python:
</p>
<ul><li>Brython,<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transcrypt,<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pyjs" title="Pyjs">Pyjs</a> compile Python to <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>. (The latest release of Pyjs was in 2012.)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cython" title="Cython">Cython</a> compiles a superset of Python to C. The resulting code can be used with Python via direct C-level API calls into the Python interpreter.</li>
<li>PyJL compiles/transpiles a subset of Python to "human-readable, maintainable, and high-performance Julia source code".<sup id="cite_ref-PyJL_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PyJL-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the developers' performance claims, this is not possible for <i>arbitrary</i> Python code; that is, compiling to a faster language or machine code is known to be impossible in the general case. The semantics of Python might potentially be changed, but in many cases speedup is possible with few or no changes in the Python code. The faster Julia source code can then be used from Python or compiled to machine code.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nuitka" title="Nuitka">Nuitka</a> compiles Python into C.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This compiler works with Python 3.4 to 3.12 (and 2.6 and 2.7) for Python's main supported platforms (and Windows 7 or even Windows XP) and for Android. The compiler developers claim full support for Python 3.10, partial support for Python 3.11 and 3.12, and experimental support for Python 3.13. Nuitka supports macOS including Apple Silicon-based versions. The compiler is free of cost, though it has commercial add-ons (e.g., for hiding source code).</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Numba" title="Numba">Numba</a> is a JIT compiler that is used from Python; the compiler translates a subset of Python and NumPy code into fast machine code. This tool is enabled by adding a decorator to the relevant Python code.</li>
<li>Pythran compiles a subset of Python 3 to C++ (<a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B11" title="C++11">C++11</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Guelton_Brunet_Amini_Merlini_2015_p=014001_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guelton_Brunet_Amini_Merlini_2015_p=014001-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RPython" class="mw-redirect" title="RPython">RPython</a> can be compiled to C, and it is used to build the PyPy interpreter for Python.</li>
<li>The Python → 11l → C++ transpiler<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compiles a subset of Python 3 to C++ (<a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B17" title="C++17">C++17</a>).</li></ul>
<p>There are also specialized compilers:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/MyHDL" title="MyHDL">MyHDL</a> is a Python-based <a href="/wiki/Hardware_description_language" title="Hardware description language">hardware description language</a> (HDL) that converts MyHDL code to <a href="/wiki/Verilog" title="Verilog">Verilog</a> or <a href="/wiki/VHDL" title="VHDL">VHDL</a> code.</li></ul>
<p>Some older projects existed, as well as compilers not designed for use with Python 3.x and related syntax:
</p>
<ul><li>Google's Grumpy <a href="/wiki/Transpile" class="mw-redirect" title="Transpile">transpiles</a> Python 2 to <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latest release was in 2017.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a> allows running Python 2.7 programs with the .NET <a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Runtime" title="Common Language Runtime">Common Language Runtime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#Alpha" title="Software release life cycle">alpha</a> version (released in 2021), is available for "Python 3.4, although features and behaviors from later versions may be included."<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jython" title="Jython">Jython</a> compiles Python 2.7 to Java bytecode, allowing the use of Java libraries from a Python program.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pyrex_(programming_language)" title="Pyrex (programming language)">Pyrex</a> (last released in 2010) and <a href="/wiki/Shed_Skin" title="Shed Skin">Shed Skin</a> (last released in 2013) compile to C and C++ respectively.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance">Performance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>A performance comparison among various Python implementations, using a non-numerical (combinatorial) workload, was presented at EuroSciPy '13.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Python's performance relative to other programming languages is benchmarked by <a href="/wiki/The_Computer_Language_Benchmarks_Game" title="The Computer Language Benchmarks Game">The Computer Language Benchmarks Game</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>There are several approaches to optimizing Python performance, given the inherent slowness of an <a href="/wiki/Interpreted_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpreted language">interpreted language</a>. These approaches include the following strategies or tools:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">Just-in-time compilation</a>: Dynamically compiling Python code just before it is executed. This technique is used in libraries such as <a href="/wiki/Numba" title="Numba">Numba</a> and <a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">Static compilation</a>: Python code is compiled into machine code sometime before execution. An example of this approach is Cython, which compiles Python into C.</li>
<li>Concurrency and parallelism: Multiple tasks can be run simultaneously. Python contains modules such as `multiprocessing` to support this form of parallelism. Moreover, this approach helps to overcome limitations of the <a href="/wiki/Global_interpreter_lock" title="Global interpreter lock">Global Interpreter Lock</a> (GIL) in CPU tasks.</li>
<li>Efficient data structures: Performance can also be improved by using data types such as <code>Set</code> for membership tests, or <code>deque</code> from <code>collections</code> for <a href="/wiki/Queueing_theory" title="Queueing theory">queue</a> operations.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_Development">Language Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Language Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Python's development is conducted largely through the <i>Python Enhancement Proposal</i> (PEP) process; this process is the primary mechanism for proposing major new features, collecting community input on issues, and documenting Python design decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-PepCite000_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PepCite000-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Python coding style is covered in PEP 8.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outstanding PEPs are reviewed and commented on by the Python community and the steering council.<sup id="cite_ref-PepCite000_183-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PepCite000-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Enhancement of the language corresponds with development of the CPython reference implementation. The mailing list python-dev is the primary forum for the language's development. Specific issues were originally discussed in the <a href="/wiki/Roundup_(issue_tracker)" title="Roundup (issue tracker)">Roundup</a> <a href="/wiki/Bug_tracker" class="mw-redirect" title="Bug tracker">bug tracker</a> hosted by the foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-21_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-21-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, all issues and discussions were migrated to <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Development originally took place on a <a href="/wiki/Self-hosting_(web_services)" title="Self-hosting (web services)">self-hosted</a> source-code repository running <a href="/wiki/Mercurial" title="Mercurial">Mercurial</a>, until Python moved to <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> in January 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-py_dev_guide_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-py_dev_guide-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>CPython's public releases have three types, distinguished by which part of the version number is incremented:
</p>
<ul><li><i>Backward-incompatible versions</i>, where code is expected to break and must be manually <a href="/wiki/Ported" class="mw-redirect" title="Ported">ported</a>. The first part of the version number is incremented. These releases happen infrequently—version 3.0 was released 8 years after 2.0. According to Guido van Rossum, a version 4.0 will probably never exist.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><i>Major or "feature" releases</i> are largely compatible with the previous version but introduce new features. The second part of the version number is incremented. Starting with Python 3.9, these releases are expected to occur annually.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each major version is supported by bug fixes for several years after its release.<sup id="cite_ref-release-schedule_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-release-schedule-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><i>Bug fix releases</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-22_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-22-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which introduce no new features, occur approximately every three months; these releases are made when a sufficient number of bugs have been fixed <a href="/wiki/Upstream_(software_development)" title="Upstream (software development)">upstream</a> since the last release. Security vulnerabilities are also patched in these releases. The third and final part of the version number is incremented.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-22_192-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-22-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<p>Many <a href="/wiki/Beta_release" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta release">alpha, beta, and release-candidates</a> are also released as previews and for testing before final releases. Although there is a rough schedule for releases, they are often delayed if the code is not ready yet. Python's development team monitors the state of the code by running a large <a href="/wiki/Unit_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit test">unit test</a> suite during development.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-23_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-23-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The major <a href="/wiki/Academic_conference" title="Academic conference">academic conference</a> on Python is <a href="/wiki/PyCon" class="mw-redirect" title="PyCon">PyCon</a>. There are also special Python mentoring programs, such as <a href="/wiki/PyLadies" title="PyLadies">PyLadies</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="API_documentation_generators">API documentation generators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: API documentation generators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Tools that can generate documentation for Python <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a> include <a href="/wiki/Pydoc" title="Pydoc">pydoc</a> (available as part of the standard library); <a href="/wiki/Sphinx_(documentation_generator)" title="Sphinx (documentation generator)">Sphinx</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Pdoc" title="Pdoc">Pdoc</a> and its forks, <a href="/wiki/Doxygen" title="Doxygen">Doxygen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graphviz" title="Graphviz">Graphviz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming">Naming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Python's name is inspired by the British comedy group <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a>, whom Python creator Guido van Rossum enjoyed while developing the language. Monty Python references appear frequently in Python code and culture;<sup id="cite_ref-tutorial-chapter1_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tutorial-chapter1-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, the <a href="/wiki/Metasyntactic_variable" title="Metasyntactic variable">metasyntactic variables</a> often used in Python literature are <a href="/wiki/Spam_(Monty_Python)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spam (Monty Python)"><i>spam</i> and <i>eggs</i></a>, rather than the traditional <a href="/wiki/Foobar" title="Foobar"><i>foo</i> and <i>bar</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tutorial-chapter1_195-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tutorial-chapter1-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-26_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-26-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official Python documentation also contains various references to Monty Python routines.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Python users are sometimes referred to as "Pythonistas".<sup id="cite_ref-introducing_python_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-introducing_python-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affix</a> <i>Py</i> is often used when naming Python applications or libraries. Some examples include the following:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygame" title="Pygame">Pygame</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Language_binding" title="Language binding">binding</a> of <a href="/wiki/Simple_DirectMedia_Layer" title="Simple DirectMedia Layer">Simple DirectMedia Layer</a> to Python (commonly used to create games);</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PyQt" title="PyQt">PyQt</a> and <a href="/wiki/PyGTK" title="PyGTK">PyGTK</a>, which bind <a href="/wiki/Qt_(software)" title="Qt (software)">Qt</a> and GTK to Python respectively;</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a>, a Python implementation originally written in Python;</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NumPy" title="NumPy">NumPy</a>, a Python library for numerical processing.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popularity">Popularity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Popularity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Since 2003, Python has consistently ranked in the top ten of the most popular programming languages in the <a href="/wiki/TIOBE_Programming_Community_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="TIOBE Programming Community Index">TIOBE Programming Community Index</a>; as of December 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Python was the most popular language.<sup id="cite_ref-tiobecurrent_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiobecurrent-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Python was selected as Programming Language of the Year (for "the highest rise in ratings in a year") in 2007, 2010, 2018, and 2020—the only language to have done so four times as of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). In the TIOBE Index, monthly rankings are based on the volume of searches for programming languages on Google, Amazon, Wikipedia, Bing, and 20 other platforms. According to the accompanying graph, Python has shown a marked upward trend since the early 2000s, eventually passing more established languages such as C, C++, and Java. This trend can be attributed to Python's readable syntax, comprehensive standard library, and application in data science and machine learning fields.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiobeindex.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Tiobeindex.png/250px-Tiobeindex.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Tiobeindex.png/500px-Tiobeindex.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="450"></a><figcaption>TIOBE Index Chart showing Python's popularity compared to other programming languages</figcaption></figure>
<p>Large organizations that use Python include <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-quotes-about-python_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotes-about-python-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-29_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-29-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-30_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-30-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-31_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-31-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some smaller entities such as <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic" title="Industrial Light & Magic">Industrial Light & Magic</a><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-32_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-32-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/ITA_Software" title="ITA Software">ITA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-33_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-33-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The social news networking site <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> was developed mostly in Python.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organizations that partly use Python include <a href="/wiki/Discord" title="Discord">Discord</a><sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_Use">Types of Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Types of Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Python_software" title="List of Python software">List of Python software</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Python_Powered.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Python_Powered.png/250px-Python_Powered.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Python_Powered.png/500px-Python_Powered.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1058" data-file-height="728"></a><figcaption>Software that is powered by Python</figcaption></figure>
<p>Python has many uses, including the following:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">Scripting</a> for <a href="/wiki/Web_application" title="Web application">web applications</a></li>
<li>Scientific computing</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> projects</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">Graphical user interfaces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desktop_environment" title="Desktop environment">desktop environments</a></li>
<li>Embedded scripting in software and hardware products</li>
<li>Operating systems</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">Information security</a></li></ul>
<p>Python can serve as a scripting language for web applications, e.g., via the <a href="/wiki/Mod_wsgi" title="Mod wsgi">mod_wsgi</a> module for the <a href="/wiki/Apache_webserver" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache webserver">Apache web server</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-35_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-35-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With <a href="/wiki/Web_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Web Server Gateway Interface">Web Server Gateway Interface</a>, a standard API has evolved to facilitate these applications. <a href="/wiki/Web_framework" title="Web framework">Web frameworks</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Django_(web_framework)" title="Django (web framework)">Django</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pylons_(web_framework)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pylons (web framework)">Pylons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_(web_framework)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramid (web framework)">Pyramid</a>, <a href="/wiki/TurboGears" title="TurboGears">TurboGears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Web2py" title="Web2py">web2py</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tornado_(web_server)" title="Tornado (web server)">Tornado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flask_(web_framework)" title="Flask (web framework)">Flask</a>, Bottle, and <a href="/wiki/Zope" title="Zope">Zope</a> support developers in the design and maintenance of complex applications. Pyjs and <a href="/wiki/IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a> can be used to develop the client-side of Ajax-based applications. <a href="/wiki/SQLAlchemy" title="SQLAlchemy">SQLAlchemy</a> can be used as a <a href="/wiki/Data_mapper_pattern" title="Data mapper pattern">data mapper</a> to a relational database. <a href="/wiki/Twisted_(software)" title="Twisted (software)">Twisted</a> is a framework to program communication between computers; this framework is used by <a href="/wiki/Dropbox" title="Dropbox">Dropbox</a>, for example.
</p><p>Libraries such as <a href="/wiki/NumPy" title="NumPy">NumPy</a>, <a href="/wiki/SciPy" title="SciPy">SciPy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matplotlib" title="Matplotlib">Matplotlib</a> allow the effective use of Python in scientific computing,<sup id="cite_ref-cise_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cise-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-millman_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millman-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with specialized libraries such as <a href="/wiki/Biopython" title="Biopython">Biopython</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astropy" title="Astropy">Astropy</a> providing domain-specific functionality. <a href="/wiki/SageMath" title="SageMath">SageMath</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Computer_algebra_system" title="Computer algebra system">computer algebra system</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Notebook_interface" title="Notebook interface">notebook interface</a> that is programmable in Python; the SageMath library covers many aspects of <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combinatorics" title="Combinatorics">combinatorics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numerical_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerical mathematics">numerical mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Number_theory" title="Number theory">number theory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">calculus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ICSE_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICSE-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/OpenCV" title="OpenCV">OpenCV</a> has Python bindings with a rich set of features for <a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">computer vision</a> and <a href="/wiki/Image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image processing">image processing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Python is commonly used in artificial-intelligence and machine-learning projects, with support from libraries such as <a href="/wiki/TensorFlow" title="TensorFlow">TensorFlow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keras" title="Keras">Keras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pytorch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pytorch">Pytorch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scikit-learn" title="Scikit-learn">scikit-learn</a> and <a href="/wiki/ProbLog" title="ProbLog">ProbLog</a> (a logic language).<sup id="cite_ref-whitepaper2015_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitepaper2015-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ProbLogConcepts_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ProbLogConcepts-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a scripting language with a <a href="/wiki/Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">modular architecture</a>, simple syntax, and rich text processing tools, Python is often used for <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-47_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-47-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The combination of Python and <a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a> has proven useful for AI applications, with Prolog providing knowledge representation and reasoning capabilities. The Janus system, in particular, exploits similarities between these two languages, in part because of their dynamic typing and their simple, recursive data structures. This combination is typically applied natural language processing, visual query answering, geospatial reasoning, and handling semantic web data.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
The Natlog system, implemented in Python, uses <a href="/wiki/Definite_clause_grammar" title="Definite clause grammar">Definite Clause Grammars</a> (DCGs) to create prompts for two types of generators: text-to-text generators such as GPT3, and text-to-image generators such as DALL-E or Stable Diffusion.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Python can be used for graphical user interfaces (GUIs), by using libraries such as <a href="/wiki/Tkinter" title="Tkinter">Tkinter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, for the <a href="/wiki/One_Laptop_per_Child" title="One Laptop per Child">One Laptop per Child</a> XO computer, most of the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar (software)">Sugar</a> desktop environment is written in Python (as of 2008).<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Python is embedded in many software products (and some hardware products) as a scripting language. These products include the following:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finite_element_method" title="Finite element method">finite element method</a> software such as <a href="/wiki/Abaqus" title="Abaqus">Abaqus</a>,</li>
<li>3D parametric modelers such as <a href="/wiki/FreeCAD" title="FreeCAD">FreeCAD</a>,</li>
<li>3D animation packages such as <a href="/wiki/3ds_Max" class="mw-redirect" title="3ds Max">3ds Max</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blender_(software)" title="Blender (software)">Blender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_4D" title="Cinema 4D">Cinema 4D</a>, <a href="/wiki/LightWave_3D" title="LightWave 3D">Lightwave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houdini_(software)" title="Houdini (software)">Houdini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maya_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (software)">Maya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modo_(software)" title="Modo (software)">modo</a>, <a href="/wiki/MotionBuilder" class="mw-redirect" title="MotionBuilder">MotionBuilder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autodesk_Softimage" title="Autodesk Softimage">Softimage</a>,</li>
<li>the visual effects compositor <a href="/wiki/Nuke_(software)" title="Nuke (software)">Nuke</a>,</li>
<li>2D imaging programs such as <a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Inkscape" title="Inkscape">Inkscape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scribus" title="Scribus">Scribus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paint_Shop_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="Paint Shop Pro">Paint Shop Pro</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-38_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-38-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">musical notation</a> programs such as <a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">scorewriter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capella_(notation_program)" title="Capella (notation program)">capella</a>.</li></ul>
<p>Similarly, <a href="/wiki/GNU_Debugger" title="GNU Debugger">GNU Debugger</a> uses Python as a <a href="/wiki/Pretty_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pretty printer">pretty printer</a> to show complex structures such as C++ containers. <a href="/wiki/Esri" title="Esri">Esri</a> promotes Python as the best choice for writing scripts in <a href="/wiki/ArcGIS" title="ArcGIS">ArcGIS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-39_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-39-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Python has also been used in several video games,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-40_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-40-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-41_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-41-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it has been adopted as first of the three <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> available in <a href="/wiki/Google_App_Engine" title="Google App Engine">Google App Engine</a> (the other two being <a href="/wiki/Java_(software_platform)" title="Java (software platform)">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-42_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-42-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a> includes Python, and its developers plan to replace Java with Python; LibreOffice's Python Scripting Provider is a core feature<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since version 4.0 (from 7 February 2013).
</p><p>Among hardware products, the <a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a> <a href="/wiki/Single-board_computer" title="Single-board computer">single-board computer</a> project has adopted Python as its main user-programming language.
</p><p>Many operating systems include Python as a standard component. Python ships with most <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distributions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS_4" title="AmigaOS 4">AmigaOS 4</a> (using Python 2.7), <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> (as a package), <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>, and <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a> (as a package); it can be used from the command line (terminal). Many Linux distributions use installers written in Python: <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a> uses the <a href="/wiki/Ubiquity_(software)" title="Ubiquity (software)">Ubiquity</a> installer, while <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Linux" title="Red Hat Linux">Red Hat Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora Linux</a> use the <a href="/wiki/Anaconda_(installer)" title="Anaconda (installer)">Anaconda</a> installer. <a href="/wiki/Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo Linux</a> uses Python in its <a href="/wiki/Package_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Package management system">package management system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portage_(software)" title="Portage (software)">Portage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-51_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-51-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Python is used extensively in the information security industry, including in exploit development.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-49_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-49-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-50_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-50-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages_influenced_by_Python">Languages influenced by Python</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Languages influenced by Python"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Python's design and philosophy have influenced many other programming languages:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boo_(programming_language)" title="Boo (programming language)">Boo</a> uses indentation, a similar syntax, and a similar object model.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-90_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-90-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cobra_(programming_language)" title="Cobra (programming language)">Cobra</a> uses indentation and a similar syntax; its <i>Acknowledgements</i> document lists Python first among influencing languages.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-91_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-91-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a>, a programming language that cross-compiles to JavaScript, has a Python-inspired syntax.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a>–<a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> borrowed iterators and <a href="/wiki/Generator_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Generator (computer science)">generators</a> from Python.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-93_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-93-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/GDScript" class="mw-redirect" title="GDScript">GDScript</a>, a Python-like scripting language that is built in to the <a href="/wiki/Godot_(game_engine)" title="Godot (game engine)">Godot</a> game engine.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a> is designed for "speed of working in a dynamic language like Python";<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-94_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-94-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Go shares Python's syntax for slicing arrays.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Groovy_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groovy (programming language)">Groovy</a> was motivated by a desire to incorporate the Python design philosophy into <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-95_246-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-95-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a> was designed to be "as usable for general programming as Python".<sup id="cite_ref-Julia_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Julia-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(programming_language)" title="Mojo (programming language)">Mojo</a> is a non-strict<sup id="cite_ref-Mojo_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mojo-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> superset of Python (e.g., omitting classes, and adding <a href="/wiki/Struct" class="mw-redirect" title="Struct">struct</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nim_(programming_language)" title="Nim (programming language)">Nim</a> uses indentation and a similar syntax.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>'s creator, <a href="/wiki/Yukihiro_Matsumoto" title="Yukihiro Matsumoto">Yukihiro Matsumoto</a>, said that "I wanted a scripting language that was more powerful than Perl, and more object-oriented than Python. That's why I decided to design my own language."<sup id="cite_ref-linuxdevcenter_250-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linuxdevcenter-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a>, a programming language developed by Apple, has some Python-inspired syntax.<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a> blends Python and Java features, which minimizes boilerplate code and enhances developer efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<p>Python's development practices have also been emulated by other languages. For example, Python requires a document that describes the rationale and context for any language change; this document is known as a <i>Python Enhancement Proposal</i> or PEP. This practice is also used by the developers of <a href="/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl">Tcl</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-99_253-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-99-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-100_254-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-100-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Swift.<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Python_syntax_and_semantics" title="Python syntax and semantics">Python syntax and semantics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pip_(package_manager)" title="Pip (package manager)">pip (package manager)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">List of programming languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History of programming languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison of programming languages</a></li></ul>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">since 3.5, but those hints are ignored, except with unofficial tools<sup id="cite_ref-type_hint-PEP_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-type_hint-PEP-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<ul><li><b>Tier 1</b>: 64-bit <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>; 64- and 32-bit <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a> 10+<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><b>Tier 2</b>: E.g. 32-bit <a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a> (WASI)</li>
<li><b>Tier 3</b>: 64-bit <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, and (32-bit) <a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi_OS" title="Raspberry Pi OS">Raspberry Pi OS</a><br>Unofficial (or has been known to work): Other <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a>/<a href="/wiki/BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a> variants) and a few other platforms<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><code>del</code> in Python does not behave the same way <code>delete</code> in languages such as <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> does, where such a word is used to call the <a href="/wiki/Destructor_(computer_programming)" title="Destructor (computer programming)">destructor</a> and deallocate heap memory.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3/faq/general.html#what-is-python">"General Python FAQ – Python 3 documentation"</a>. <i>docs.python.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=docs.python.org&rft.atitle=General+Python+FAQ+%E2%80%93+Python+3+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2F3%2Ffaq%2Fgeneral.html%23what-is-python&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-alt-sources-history-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alt-sources-history_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tuhs.org/Usenet/alt.sources/1991-February/001749.html">"Python 0.9.1 part 01/21"</a>. alt.sources archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210811171015/https://www.tuhs.org/Usenet/alt.sources/1991-February/001749.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Python+0.9.1+part+01%2F21&rft.pub=alt.sources+archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tuhs.org%2FUsenet%2Falt.sources%2F1991-February%2F001749.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.python.org/moin/Why%20is%20Python%20a%20dynamic%20language%20and%20also%20a%20strongly%20typed%20language">"Why is Python a dynamic language and also a strongly typed language"</a>. <i>Python Wiki</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210314173706/https://wiki.python.org/moin/Why%20is%20Python%20a%20dynamic%20language%20and%20also%20a%20strongly%20typed%20language">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Python+Wiki&rft.atitle=Why+is+Python+a+dynamic+language+and+also+a+strongly+typed+language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.python.org%2Fmoin%2FWhy%2520is%2520Python%2520a%2520dynamic%2520language%2520and%2520also%2520a%2520strongly%2520typed%2520language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-type_hint-PEP-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-type_hint-PEP_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-type_hint-PEP_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0483/">"PEP 483 – The Theory of Type Hints"</a>. <i>Python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614153558/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0483/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Python.org&rft.atitle=PEP+483+%E2%80%93+The+Theory+of+Type+Hints&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-0483%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0011/">"PEP 11 – CPython platform support | peps.python.org"</a>. <i>Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Python+Enhancement+Proposals+%28PEPs%29&rft.atitle=PEP+11+%E2%80%93+CPython+platform+support+%7C+peps.python.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeps.python.org%2Fpep-0011%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0738/">"PEP 738 – Adding Android as a supported platform | peps.python.org"</a>. <i>Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Python+Enhancement+Proposals+%28PEPs%29&rft.atitle=PEP+738+%E2%80%93+Adding+Android+as+a+supported+platform+%7C+peps.python.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeps.python.org%2Fpep-0738%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/download/other/">"Download Python for Other Platforms"</a>. <i>Python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127015815/https://www.python.org/download/other/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Python.org&rft.atitle=Download+Python+for+Other+Platforms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdownload%2Fother%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/test.html?highlight=android#test.support.is_android">"test – Regression tests package for Python – Python 3.7.13 documentation"</a>. <i>docs.python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220517151240/https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/test.html?highlight=android#test.support.is_android">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=docs.python.org&rft.atitle=test+%E2%80%93+Regression+tests+package+for+Python+%E2%80%93+Python+3.7.13+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2F3.7%2Flibrary%2Ftest.html%3Fhighlight%3Dandroid%23test.support.is_android&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.2ality.com/2013/02/javascript-influences.html">"Perl and Python influences in JavaScript"</a>. <i>www.2ality.com</i>. 24 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226141121/http://2ality.com/2013/02/javascript-influences.html%0A">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.2ality.com&rft.atitle=Perl+and+Python+influences+in+JavaScript&rft.date=2013-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.2ality.com%2F2013%2F02%2Fjavascript-influences.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRauschmayer" class="citation web cs1">Rauschmayer, Axel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://speakingjs.com/es5/ch03.html">"Chapter 3: The Nature of JavaScript; Influences"</a>. <i>O'Reilly, Speaking JavaScript</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226141123/http://speakingjs.com/es5/ch03.html%0A">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=O%27Reilly%2C+Speaking+JavaScript&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+The+Nature+of+JavaScript%3B+Influences&rft.aulast=Rauschmayer&rft.aufirst=Axel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspeakingjs.com%2Fes5%2Fch03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Julia-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Julia_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Julia_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://julialang.org/blog/2012/02/why-we-created-julia">"Why We Created Julia"</a>. <i>Julia website</i>. February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200502144010/https://julialang.org/blog/2012/02/why-we-created-julia/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2014</span>. <q>We want something as usable for general programming as Python [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Julia+website&rft.atitle=Why+We+Created+Julia&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjulialang.org%2Fblog%2F2012%2F02%2Fwhy-we-created-julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Mojo-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mojo_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mojo_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrill2023" class="citation web cs1">Krill, Paul (4 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoworld.com/article/3695588/mojo-language-marries-python-and-mlir-for-ai-development.html">"Mojo language marries Python and MLIR for AI development"</a>. <i>InfoWorld</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230505064554/https://www.infoworld.com/article/3695588/mojo-language-marries-python-and-mlir-for-ai-development.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=Mojo+language+marries+Python+and+MLIR+for+AI+development&rft.date=2023-05-04&rft.aulast=Krill&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F3695588%2Fmojo-language-marries-python-and-mlir-for-ai-development.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-The_Ring_programming_language_and_other_languages-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Ring_programming_language_and_other_languages_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRing_Team2017" class="citation web cs1">Ring Team (4 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ring-lang.sourceforge.net/doc1.6/introduction.html#ring-and-other-languages">"Ring and other languages"</a>. <i>ring-lang.net</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ring-lang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ring-lang (page does not exist)">ring-lang</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225175312/http://ring-lang.sourceforge.net/doc1.6/introduction.html#ring-and-other-languages">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ring-lang.net&rft.atitle=Ring+and+other+languages&rft.date=2017-12-04&rft.au=Ring+Team&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fring-lang.sourceforge.net%2Fdoc1.6%2Fintroduction.html%23ring-and-other-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-bini-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bini_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBini2007" class="citation book cs1">Bini, Ola (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/practicaljrubyon0000bini/page/3"><i>Practical JRuby on Rails Web 2.0 Projects: bringing Ruby on Rails to the Java platform</i></a></span>. Berkeley: APress. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/practicaljrubyon0000bini/page/3">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59059-881-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59059-881-8"><bdi>978-1-59059-881-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+JRuby+on+Rails+Web+2.0+Projects%3A+bringing+Ruby+on+Rails+to+the+Java+platform&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=APress&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59059-881-8&rft.aulast=Bini&rft.aufirst=Ola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpracticaljrubyon0000bini%2Fpage%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-lattner2014-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lattner2014_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLattner2014" class="citation web cs1">Lattner, Chris (3 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nondot.org/sabre/">"Chris Lattner's Homepage"</a>. Chris Lattner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225175312/http://nondot.org/sabre/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2014</span>. <q>The Swift language is the product of tireless effort from a team of language experts, documentation gurus, compiler optimization ninjas, and an incredibly important internal dogfooding group who provided feedback to help refine and battle-test ideas. Of course, it also greatly benefited from the experiences hard-won by many other languages in the field, drawing ideas from Objective-C, Rust, Haskell, Ruby, Python, C#, CLU, and far too many others to list.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chris+Lattner%27s+Homepage&rft.pub=Chris+Lattner&rft.date=2014-06-03&rft.aulast=Lattner&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnondot.org%2Fsabre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-vpeople-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vpeople_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/vlang/v/blob/master/doc/docs.md#introduction">"V documentation (Introduction)"</a>. <i>GitHub</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=V+documentation+%28Introduction%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fvlang%2Fv%2Fblob%2Fmaster%2Fdoc%2Fdocs.md%23introduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-7-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-7_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhlman" class="citation web cs1">Kuhlman, Dave. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120623165941/http://cutter.rexx.com/~dkuhlman/python_book_01.html">"A Python Book: Beginning Python, Advanced Python, and Python Exercises"</a>. Section 1.1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.davekuhlman.org/python_book_01.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Python+Book%3A+Beginning+Python%2C+Advanced+Python%2C+and+Python+Exercises&rft.pages=Section+1.1&rft.aulast=Kuhlman&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.davekuhlman.org%2Fpython_book_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-About-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-About_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/about">"About Python"</a>. Python Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120420010049/http://www.python.org/about/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Python&rft.pub=Python+Software+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span>, second section "Fans of Python use the phrase "batteries included" to describe the standard library, which covers everything from asynchronous processing to zip files."</span>
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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0206/">"PEP 206 – Python Advanced Library"</a>. <i>Python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505003659/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0206/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Python.org&rft.atitle=PEP+206+%E2%80%93+Python+Advanced+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-0206%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossum2009" class="citation web cs1">Rossum, Guido Van (20 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://python-history.blogspot.com/2009/01/brief-timeline-of-python.html">"The History of Python: A Brief Timeline of Python"</a>. <i>The History of Python</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200605032200/https://python-history.blogspot.com/2009/01/brief-timeline-of-python.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+History+of+Python&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Python%3A+A+Brief+Timeline+of+Python&rft.date=2009-01-20&rft.aulast=Rossum&rft.aufirst=Guido+Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpython-history.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F01%2Fbrief-timeline-of-python.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2020" class="citation web cs1">Peterson, Benjamin (20 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pythoninsider.blogspot.com/2020/04/python-2718-last-release-of-python-2.html">"Python 2.7.18, the last release of Python 2"</a>. <i>Python Insider</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200426204118/https://pythoninsider.blogspot.com/2020/04/python-2718-last-release-of-python-2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Python+Insider&rft.atitle=Python+2.7.18%2C+the+last+release+of+Python+2&rft.date=2020-04-20&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpythoninsider.blogspot.com%2F2020%2F04%2Fpython-2718-last-release-of-python-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2022/">"Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2022"</a>. <i>Stack Overflow</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627175307/https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2022/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stack+Overflow&rft.atitle=Stack+Overflow+Developer+Survey+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsurvey.stackoverflow.co%2F2022%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jetbrains.com/lp/devecosystem-2020/">"The State of Developer Ecosystem in 2020 Infographic"</a>. <i>JetBrains: Developer Tools for Professionals and Teams</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301062411/https://www.jetbrains.com/lp/devecosystem-2020/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JetBrains%3A+Developer+Tools+for+Professionals+and+Teams&rft.atitle=The+State+of+Developer+Ecosystem+in+2020+Infographic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jetbrains.com%2Flp%2Fdevecosystem-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-tiobecurrent-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tiobecurrent_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiobecurrent_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/">"TIOBE Index"</a>. TIOBE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180225101948/https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2023</span>. <q>The TIOBE Programming Community index is an indicator of the popularity of programming languages</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TIOBE+Index&rft.pub=TIOBE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tiobe.com%2Ftiobe-index%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span> Updated as required.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-timeline-of-python-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-timeline-of-python_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Rossum2009" class="citation web cs1">van Rossum, Guido (20 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://python-history.blogspot.com/2009/01/brief-timeline-of-python.html">"A Brief Timeline of Python"</a>. <i>The History of Python</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200605032200/https://python-history.blogspot.com/2009/01/brief-timeline-of-python.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+History+of+Python&rft.atitle=A+Brief+Timeline+of+Python&rft.date=2009-01-20&rft.aulast=van+Rossum&rft.aufirst=Guido&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpython-history.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F01%2Fbrief-timeline-of-python.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-94-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-94_245-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKincaid2009" class="citation news cs1">Kincaid, Jason (10 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2009/11/10/google-go-language/">"Google's Go: A New Programming Language That's Python Meets C++"</a>. <i>TechCrunch</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100118014358/http://www.techcrunch.com/2009/11/10/google-go-language/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=Google%27s+Go%3A+A+New+Programming+Language+That%27s+Python+Meets+C%2B%2B&rft.date=2009-11-10&rft.aulast=Kincaid&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2009%2F11%2F10%2Fgoogle-go-language%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-95-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-95_246-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrachan2003" class="citation web cs1">Strachan, James (29 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070405085722/http://radio.weblogs.com/0112098/2003/08/29.html">"Groovy – the birth of a new dynamic language for the Java platform"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radio.weblogs.com/0112098/2003/08/29.html">the original</a> on 5 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Groovy+%E2%80%93+the+birth+of+a+new+dynamic+language+for+the+Java+platform&rft.date=2003-08-29&rft.aulast=Strachan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradio.weblogs.com%2F0112098%2F2003%2F08%2F29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.modular.com/mojo/why-mojo.html">"Modular Docs – Why Mojo"</a>. <i>docs.modular.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230505083518/https://docs.modular.com/mojo/why-mojo.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2023</span>. <q>Mojo as a member of the Python family [..] Embracing Python massively simplifies our design efforts, because most of the syntax is already specified. [..] we decided that the right long-term goal for Mojo is to provide a superset of Python (i.e. be compatible with existing programs) and to embrace the CPython immediately for long-tail ecosystem enablement. To a Python programmer, we expect and hope that Mojo will be immediately familiar, while also providing new tools for developing systems-level code that enable you to do things that Python falls back to C and C++ for.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=docs.modular.com&rft.atitle=Modular+Docs+%E2%80%93+Why+Mojo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.modular.com%2Fmojo%2Fwhy-mojo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2023" class="citation web cs1">Spencer, Michael (4 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datasciencelearningcenter.substack.com/p/what-is-mojo-programming-language">"What is Mojo Programming Language?"</a>. <i>datasciencelearningcenter.substack.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230505090408/https://datasciencelearningcenter.substack.com/p/what-is-mojo-programming-language">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=datasciencelearningcenter.substack.com&rft.atitle=What+is+Mojo+Programming+Language%3F&rft.date=2023-05-04&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatasciencelearningcenter.substack.com%2Fp%2Fwhat-is-mojo-programming-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYegulalp2017" class="citation web cs1">Yegulalp, Serdar (16 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoworld.com/article/3157745/application-development/nim-language-draws-from-best-of-python-rust-go-and-lisp.html">"Nim language draws from best of Python, Rust, Go, and Lisp"</a>. <i>InfoWorld</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181013211847/https://www.infoworld.com/article/3157745/application-development/nim-language-draws-from-best-of-python-rust-go-and-lisp.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2020</span>. <q>Nim's syntax is strongly reminiscent of Python's, as it uses indented code blocks and some of the same syntax (such as the way if/elif/then/else blocks are constructed).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=Nim+language+draws+from+best+of+Python%2C+Rust%2C+Go%2C+and+Lisp&rft.date=2017-01-16&rft.aulast=Yegulalp&rft.aufirst=Serdar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F3157745%2Fapplication-development%2Fnim-language-draws-from-best-of-python-rust-go-and-lisp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-linuxdevcenter-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-linuxdevcenter_250-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2001/11/29/ruby.html">"An Interview with the Creator of Ruby"</a>. Linuxdevcenter.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180428150410/http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2001/11/29/ruby.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Interview+with+the+Creator+of+Ruby&rft.pub=Linuxdevcenter.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxdevcenter.com%2Fpub%2Fa%2Flinux%2F2001%2F11%2F29%2Fruby.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLattner2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Lattner" title="Chris Lattner">Lattner, Chris</a> (3 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nondot.org/sabre">"Chris Lattner's Homepage"</a>. Chris Lattner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222150510/http://nondot.org/sabre/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2014</span>. <q>I started work on the Swift Programming Language in July of 2010. I implemented much of the basic language structure, with only a few people knowing of its existence. A few other (amazing) people started contributing in earnest late in 2011, and it became a major focus for the Apple Developer Tools group in July 2013 [...] drawing ideas from Objective-C, Rust, Haskell, Ruby, Python, C#, CLU, and far too many others to list.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chris+Lattner%27s+Homepage&rft.pub=Chris+Lattner&rft.date=2014-06-03&rft.aulast=Lattner&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnondot.org%2Fsabre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJalan2022" class="citation web cs1">Jalan, Nishant Aanjaney (10 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/codex/programming-in-kotlin-934bdb3659cf">"Programming in Kotlin"</a>. <i>CodeX</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CodeX&rft.atitle=Programming+in+Kotlin&rft.date=2022-11-10&rft.aulast=Jalan&rft.aufirst=Nishant+Aanjaney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fcodex%2Fprogramming-in-kotlin-934bdb3659cf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-99-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-99_253-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKupriesFellows2000" class="citation web cs1">Kupries, Andreas; Fellows, Donal K. (14 September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcl.tk/cgi-bin/tct/tip/3.html">"TIP #3: TIP Format"</a>. <i>tcl.tk</i>. Tcl Developer Xchange. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170713233954/http://tcl.tk/cgi-bin/tct/tip/3.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tcl.tk&rft.atitle=TIP+%233%3A+TIP+Format&rft.date=2000-09-14&rft.aulast=Kupries&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft.au=Fellows%2C+Donal+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcl.tk%2Fcgi-bin%2Ftct%2Ftip%2F3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-100-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-100_254-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGustafssonNiskanen2007" class="citation web cs1">Gustafsson, Per; Niskanen, Raimo (29 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erlang.org/eeps/eep-0001.html">"EEP 1: EEP Purpose and Guidelines"</a>. erlang.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615153206/http://erlang.org/eeps/eep-0001.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EEP+1%3A+EEP+Purpose+and+Guidelines&rft.pub=erlang.org&rft.date=2007-01-29&rft.aulast=Gustafsson&rft.aufirst=Per&rft.au=Niskanen%2C+Raimo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erlang.org%2Feeps%2Feep-0001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/apple/swift-evolution/blob/master/process.md">"Swift Evolution Process"</a>. <i>Swift Programming Language Evolution repository on GitHub</i>. 18 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200427182556/https://github.com/apple/swift-evolution/blob/master/process.md">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Swift+Programming+Language+Evolution+repository+on+GitHub&rft.atitle=Swift+Evolution+Process&rft.date=2020-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fapple%2Fswift-evolution%2Fblob%2Fmaster%2Fprocess.md&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121101045354/http://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonForArtificialIntelligence">"Python for Artificial Intelligence"</a>. Python Wiki. 19 July 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonForArtificialIntelligence">the original</a> on 1 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Python+for+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.pub=Python+Wiki&rft.date=2012-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.python.org%2Fmoin%2FPythonForArtificialIntelligence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaine2005" class="citation journal cs1">Paine, Jocelyn, ed. (August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326105810/http://www.ainewsletter.com/newsletters/aix_0508.htm#python_ai_ai">"AI in Python"</a>. <i>AI Expert Newsletter</i>. Amzi!. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ainewsletter.com/newsletters/aix_0508.htm#python_ai_ai">the original</a> on 26 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AI+Expert+Newsletter&rft.atitle=AI+in+Python&rft.date=2005-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ainewsletter.com%2Fnewsletters%2Faix_0508.htm%23python_ai_ai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/PyAIML">"PyAIML 0.8.5 : Python Package Index"</a>. Pypi.python.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PyAIML+0.8.5+%3A+Python+Package+Index&rft.pub=Pypi.python.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpypi.python.org%2Fpypi%2FPyAIML&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussellNorvig2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell" title="Stuart J. Russell">Russell, Stuart J.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Peter_Norvig" title="Peter Norvig">Norvig, Peter</a> (2009). <i>Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach</i> (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-604259-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-604259-4"><bdi>978-0-13-604259-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artificial+Intelligence%3A+A+Modern+Approach&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-13-604259-4&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Stuart+J.&rft.au=Norvig%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowney2024" class="citation book cs1">Downey, Allen (July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allendowney.github.io/ThinkPython/"><i>Think Python: How to Think Like a Computer Scientist</i></a> (3rd ed.). O'Reilly Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1098155438" title="Special:BookSources/978-1098155438"><bdi>978-1098155438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Think+Python%3A+How+to+Think+Like+a+Computer+Scientist&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2024-07&rft.isbn=978-1098155438&rft.aulast=Downey&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallendowney.github.io%2FThinkPython%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutz2013" class="citation book cs1">Lutz, Mark (2013). <i>Learning Python</i> (5th ed.). O'Reilly Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-15806-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-15806-4"><bdi>978-0-596-15806-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learning+Python&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-596-15806-4&rft.aulast=Lutz&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummerfield2009" class="citation book cs1">Summerfield, Mark (2009). <i>Programming in Python 3</i> (2nd ed.). Addison-Wesley Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-68056-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-68056-3"><bdi>978-0-321-68056-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Programming+in+Python+3&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Professional&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-321-68056-3&rft.aulast=Summerfield&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamalho2022" class="citation book cs1">Ramalho, Luciano (May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtworks.com/insights/books/fluent-python-2nd-edition"><i>Fluent Python</i></a>. O'Reilly Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4920-5632-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4920-5632-4"><bdi>978-1-4920-5632-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fluent+Python&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2022-05&rft.isbn=978-1-4920-5632-4&rft.aulast=Ramalho&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtworks.com%2Finsights%2Fbooks%2Ffluent-python-2nd-edition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Python_(programming_language)" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Python (programming language)">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/60px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Python" class="extiw" title="q:Python">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Python_Programming" class="extiw" title="b:Python Programming">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Python" class="extiw" title="v:Python">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/60px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865" class="extiw" title="d:Q28865">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div>
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<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/">The Python Tutorial</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/CircuitPython" title="CircuitPython">CircuitPython</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CLPython" title="CLPython">CLPython</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CPython" title="CPython">CPython</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cython" title="Cython">Cython</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MicroPython" title="MicroPython">MicroPython</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Numba" title="Numba">Numba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jython" title="Jython">Jython</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psyco" title="Psyco">Psyco</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Python_for_S60" title="Python for S60">Python for S60</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shed_Skin" title="Shed Skin">Shed Skin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stackless_Python" title="Stackless Python">Stackless Python</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unladen_Swallow" title="Unladen Swallow">Unladen Swallow</a></li>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_(software)" title="Eric (software)">eric</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Ninja-IDE" title="Ninja-IDE">Ninja-IDE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PyCharm" title="PyCharm">PyCharm</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PyDev" title="PyDev">PyDev</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spyder_(software)" title="Spyder (software)">Spyder</a></li>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Web Server Gateway Interface">WSGI</a></li>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">Guido van Rossum</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Python_software" title="List of Python software">Software</a> (list)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation" title="Python Software Foundation">Python Software Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Python_Conference" title="Python Conference">Python Conference</a> (PyCon)</li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">classic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">.NET</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elixir_(programming_language)" title="Elixir (programming language)">Elixir</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lua" title="Lua">Lua</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caml" title="Caml">Caml </a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl </a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raku_(programming_language)" title="Raku (programming language)">Raku</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Python</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SAS_language" title="SAS language">SAS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">Shell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">more...</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/20px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/40px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"></span></span> <b>Lists:</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">Alphabetical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages_by_type" title="List of programming languages by type">Categorical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Generational_list_of_programming_languages" title="Generational list of programming languages">Generational</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Programming_languages" title="Category:Programming languages">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Python_web_frameworks122" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Python_web_frameworks" title="Template:Python web frameworks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Python_web_frameworks" title="Template talk:Python web frameworks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Python_web_frameworks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Python web frameworks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Python_web_frameworks122" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Python</a> <a href="/wiki/Web_framework" title="Web framework">web frameworks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/CherryPy" title="CherryPy">CherryPy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CubicWeb" title="CubicWeb">CubicWeb</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Django_(web_framework)" title="Django (web framework)">Django</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/FastAPI" title="FastAPI">FastAPI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flask_(web_framework)" title="Flask (web framework)">Flask</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grok_(web_framework)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grok (web framework)">Grok</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nevow" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevow">Nevow</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pylons_project#Pylons_Framework" title="Pylons project">Pylons</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pylons_project#Pyramid" title="Pylons project">Pyramid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quixote_(web_framework)" title="Quixote (web framework)">Quixote</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tornado_(web_server)" title="Tornado (web server)">Tornado</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/TurboGears" title="TurboGears">TurboGears</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Twisted_(software)" title="Twisted (software)">TwistedWeb</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Web2py" title="Web2py">web2py</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zope#Zope_2" title="Zope">Zope 2</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Python_(programming_language)_web_frameworks" title="Category:Python (programming language) web frameworks">more</a></i>...</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_server-side_web_frameworks#Python" title="Comparison of server-side web frameworks">Comparison</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Differentiable_computing254" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Differentiable_computing" title="Template:Differentiable computing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Differentiable_computing" title="Template talk:Differentiable computing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Differentiable_computing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Differentiable computing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Differentiable_computing254" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Differentiable computing</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Differentiable_function" title="Differentiable function">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Differentiable_programming" title="Differentiable programming">Differentiable programming</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Information_geometry" title="Information geometry">Information geometry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_manifold" title="Statistical manifold">Statistical manifold</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_differentiation" title="Automatic differentiation">Automatic differentiation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neuromorphic_computing" title="Neuromorphic computing">Neuromorphic computing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_recognition" title="Pattern recognition">Pattern recognition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ricci_calculus" title="Ricci calculus">Ricci calculus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Computational_learning_theory" title="Computational learning theory">Computational learning theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_bias" title="Inductive bias">Inductive bias</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphcore" title="Graphcore">IPU</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tensor_Processing_Unit" title="Tensor Processing Unit">TPU</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vision_processing_unit" title="Vision processing unit">VPU</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Memristor" title="Memristor">Memristor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SpiNNaker" title="SpiNNaker">SpiNNaker</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software libraries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/TensorFlow" title="TensorFlow">TensorFlow</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PyTorch" title="PyTorch">PyTorch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Keras" title="Keras">Keras</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scikit-learn" title="Scikit-learn">scikit-learn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theano_(software)" title="Theano (software)">Theano</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JAX_(software)" title="JAX (software)">JAX</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flux_(machine-learning_framework)" title="Flux (machine-learning framework)">Flux.jl</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MindSpore" title="MindSpore">MindSpore</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"></a></span> Portals
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Computer_programming" title="Portal:Computer programming">Computer programming</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_and_open-source_software510" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FOSS" title="Template:FOSS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FOSS" title="Template talk:FOSS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FOSS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FOSS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_and_open-source_software510" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software" title="Alternative terms for free software">Alternative terms for free software</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_and_closed-source_software" title="Comparison of open-source and closed-source software">Comparison of open-source and closed-source software</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_source-code-hosting_facilities" title="Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities">Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_software_project_directories" title="List of free software project directories">Free software project directories</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long-term support</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_development" title="Open-source software development">Open-source software development</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_free_software" title="Outline of free software">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="Timeline of free and open-source software">Timeline</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" title="List of free and open-source software packages">Software<br>packages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_software_for_audio" title="Comparison of free software for audio">Audio</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_bioinformatics_software" title="List of open-source bioinformatics software">Bioinformatics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_codecs" title="List of open-source codecs">Codecs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_configuration_management_software" title="Comparison of open-source configuration management software">Configuration management</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Drivers</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver" title="Free and open-source graphics device driver">Graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_wireless_drivers" title="Comparison of open-source wireless drivers">Wireless</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Health</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics" title="List of open-source software for mathematics">Mathematics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_office_suites" title="List of office suites">Office suites</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_operating_systems" title="Comparison of open-source operating systems">Operating systems</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_routing_platforms" title="List of open-source routing platforms">Routing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_television_software" title="List of free television software">Television</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_video_games" title="List of open-source video games">Video games</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_web_applications" title="List of free and open-source web applications">Web applications</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_shopping_cart_software" title="Comparison of shopping cart software">E-commerce</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications" title="List of free and open-source Android applications">Android apps</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_iOS_applications" title="List of free and open-source iOS applications">iOS apps</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_open-source_applications_and_services" title="List of commercial open-source applications and services">Commercial</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_proprietary_software" title="List of formerly proprietary software">Formerly proprietary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_free_and_open-source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="List of formerly free and open-source software">Formerly open-source</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Open-source-software_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source-software movement">Open-source-software movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free-software_events" title="List of free-software events">Events</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_advocacy" title="Open-source software advocacy">Advocacy</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_organizations" title="List of free and open-source software organizations">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Movement_of_India" title="Free Software Movement of India">Free Software Movement of India</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Licenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Free_License" title="Academic Free License">AFL</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_License" title="Apple Public Source License">APSL</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_License" title="Artistic License">Artistic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beerware" title="Beerware">Beerware</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_License" title="Common Development and Distribution License">CDDL</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Public_License" title="Eclipse Public License">EPL</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU GPL</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">GNU AGPL</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU LGPL</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISC_license" title="ISC license">ISC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License">MPL</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Python_License" title="Python License">Python</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation_License" title="Python Software Foundation License">Python Software Foundation License</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sleepycat_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleepycat License">Sleepycat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unlicense" title="Unlicense">Unlicense</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/WTFPL" title="WTFPL">WTFPL</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zlib_License" title="Zlib License">zlib</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Types_and_standards23" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and<br> standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses" title="Comparison of free and open-source software licenses">Comparison of licenses</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement" title="Contributor License Agreement">Contributor License Agreement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">Debian Free Software Guidelines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Definition of Free Cultural Works</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Free_license" title="Free license">Free license</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">The Free Software Definition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">The Open Source Definition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Open-source license</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_software_license" title="Permissive software license">Permissive software license</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Challenges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/License_proliferation" title="License proliferation">License proliferation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_software_rebranded_by_Debian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla software rebranded by Debian">Mozilla software rebranding</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_device_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary device driver">Proprietary device drivers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_firmware" title="Proprietary firmware">Proprietary firmware</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary software</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO/Linux controversies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Software_patents_and_free_software" title="Software patents and free software">Software patents</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_security" title="Open-source software security">Software security</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tivoization" title="Tivoization">Tivoization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Computing" title="Trusted Computing">Trusted Computing</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br>topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">Forking</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/GNU_Manifesto" title="GNU Manifesto">GNU Manifesto</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Open_Specification_Promise" title="Microsoft Open Specification Promise">Microsoft Open Specification Promise</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Open-core_model" title="Open-core model">Open-core model</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">Source-available software</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar" title="The Cathedral and the Bazaar">The Cathedral and the Bazaar</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Portal</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Free_software" title="Category:Free software">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Statistical_software284" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Statistical_software" title="Template:Statistical software"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Statistical_software" title="Template talk:Statistical software"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Statistical_software" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Statistical software"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Statistical_software284" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_statistical_software" title="List of statistical software">Statistical software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public-domain_software" title="Public-domain software">Public domain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dataplot" title="Dataplot">Dataplot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epi_Info" title="Epi Info">Epi Info</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CSPro" title="CSPro">CSPro</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/X-12-ARIMA" class="mw-redirect" title="X-12-ARIMA">X-12-ARIMA</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADMB" title="ADMB">ADMB</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/DAP_(software)" title="DAP (software)">DAP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gretl" title="Gretl">gretl</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jamovi" title="Jamovi">jamovi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JASP" title="JASP">JASP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Just_another_Gibbs_sampler" title="Just another Gibbs sampler">JAGS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JMulTi" title="JMulTi">JMulTi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Project_Jupyter" title="Project Jupyter">Jupyter</a> (<i>Ju</i>lia, <i>Py</i>thon, <i>R</i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">GNU Octave</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/OpenBUGS" title="OpenBUGS">OpenBUGS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(software)" title="Orange (software)">Orange</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PSPP" title="PSPP">PSPP</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Python</a> (statsmodels, <a href="/wiki/PyMC3" class="mw-redirect" title="PyMC3">PyMC3</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPython" title="IPython">IPython</a>, <a href="/wiki/IDLE" title="IDLE">IDLE</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a> (<a href="/wiki/RStudio" title="RStudio">RStudio</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SageMath" title="SageMath">SageMath</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SimFiT" title="SimFiT">SimFiT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SOFA_Statistics" title="SOFA Statistics">SOFA Statistics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stan_(software)" title="Stan (software)">Stan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/XLispStat" title="XLispStat">XLispStat</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">Freeware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/BV4.1_(software)" title="BV4.1 (software)">BV4.1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CumFreq" title="CumFreq">CumFreq</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SegReg" title="SegReg">SegReg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/XploRe" title="XploRe">XploRe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/WinBUGS" title="WinBUGS">WinBUGS</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">Commercial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">Cross-platform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_Desk" title="Data Desk">Data Desk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/GAUSS_(software)" title="GAUSS (software)">GAUSS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/GraphPad_InStat" class="mw-redirect" title="GraphPad InStat">GraphPad InStat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/GraphPad_Prism" class="mw-redirect" title="GraphPad Prism">GraphPad Prism</a></li>
<li>IBM <a href="/wiki/SPSS" title="SPSS">SPSS</a> Statistics</li>
<li>IBM <a href="/wiki/SPSS_Modeler" title="SPSS Modeler">SPSS Modeler</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JMP_(statistical_software)" title="JMP (statistical software)">JMP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maple_(software)" title="Maple (software)">Maple</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mathcad" title="Mathcad">Mathcad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Mathematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfram Mathematica">Mathematica</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/OxMetrics" title="OxMetrics">OxMetrics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RATS_(software)" title="RATS (software)">RATS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_Analytics" title="Revolution Analytics">Revolution Analytics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SAS_(software)" title="SAS (software)">SAS</a> (<a href="/wiki/SAS_Viya" title="SAS Viya">SAS Viya</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SmartPLS" title="SmartPLS">SmartPLS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stata" title="Stata">Stata</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/StatView" title="StatView">StatView</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SUDAAN" title="SUDAAN">SUDAAN</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/S-PLUS" title="S-PLUS">S-PLUS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/TSP_(econometrics_software)" title="TSP (econometrics software)">TSP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World_Programming_System" title="World Programming System">World Programming System</a> (WPS)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMDP" title="BMDP">BMDP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/EViews" title="EViews">EViews</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Genstat" title="Genstat">GenStat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LIMDEP" title="LIMDEP">LIMDEP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LISREL" title="LISREL">LISREL</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MedCalc" title="MedCalc">MedCalc</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Microfit" title="Microfit">Microfit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minitab" title="Minitab">Minitab</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MLwiN" title="MLwiN">MLwiN</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NCSS_(statistical_software)" title="NCSS (statistical software)">NCSS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shazam_(econometrics_software)" title="Shazam (econometrics software)">Shazam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SigmaStat" title="SigmaStat">SigmaStat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statistica" title="Statistica">Statistica</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/StatsDirect" title="StatsDirect">StatsDirect</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/StatXact" title="StatXact">StatXact</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SYSTAT_(statistics_package)" title="SYSTAT (statistics package)">SYSTAT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Unscrambler" title="The Unscrambler">The Unscrambler</a></li>
<li>Unistat</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Excel</a> add-ons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analyse-it" title="Analyse-it">Analyse-it</a></li>
<li>Unistat for Excel</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/XLfit" title="XLfit">XLfit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RExcel" title="RExcel">RExcel</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_statistical_packages" title="Comparison of statistical packages">Comparison</a></b> • <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Statistical_software" title="Category:Statistical software">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Numerical-analysis_software146" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Numerical_analysis_software" title="Template:Numerical analysis software"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Numerical_analysis_software" title="Template talk:Numerical analysis software"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Numerical_analysis_software" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Numerical analysis software"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Numerical-analysis_software146" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_numerical-analysis_software" title="List of numerical-analysis software">Numerical-analysis software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Simulation_Library" title="Advanced Simulation Library">Advanced Simulation Library</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ADMB" title="ADMB">ADMB</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_(programming_language)" title="Chapel (programming language)">Chapel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euler_Mathematical_Toolbox" title="Euler Mathematical Toolbox">Euler Mathematical Toolbox</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/FreeFem%2B%2B" title="FreeFem++">FreeFem++</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/FreeMat" title="FreeMat">FreeMat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(mathematics_software)" title="Genius (mathematics software)">Genius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gmsh" title="Gmsh">Gmsh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">GNU Octave</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gretl" title="Gretl">gretl</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Project_Jupyter" title="Project Jupyter">Jupyter</a> (<i>Ju</i>lia, <i>Pyt</i>hon, <i>R</i>; <a href="/wiki/IPython" title="IPython">IPython</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MFEM" title="MFEM">MFEM</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/OpenFOAM" title="OpenFOAM">OpenFOAM</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Python</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SageMath" title="SageMath">SageMath</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(software)" title="Salome (software)">Salome</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ScicosLab" title="ScicosLab">ScicosLab</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scilab" title="Scilab">Scilab</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/X10_(programming_language)" title="X10 (programming language)">X10</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Weka_(software)" title="Weka (software)">Weka</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Discontinued12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_(programming_language)" title="Fortress (programming language)">Fortress</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proprietary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/DADiSP" title="DADiSP">DADiSP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/FEATool_Multiphysics" title="FEATool Multiphysics">FEATool Multiphysics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/GAUSS_(software)" title="GAUSS (software)">GAUSS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LabVIEW" title="LabVIEW">LabVIEW</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maple_(software)" title="Maple (software)">Maple</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mathcad" title="Mathcad">Mathcad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Mathematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfram Mathematica">Mathematica</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MWorks" title="MWorks">MWorks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SAS_(software)" title="SAS (software)">SAS</a> (<a href="/wiki/SAS_Viya" title="SAS Viya">SAS Viya</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Speakeasy_(computational_environment)" title="Speakeasy (computational environment)">Speakeasy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/VisSim" title="VisSim">VisSim</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_numerical-analysis_software" title="Comparison of numerical-analysis software">Comparison</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1350" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1350" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1084736">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4434275-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh96008834">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13560465c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13560465c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Python (programovací jazyk)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph170668&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007563637105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/051626225">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/c274a087-484b-4995-8a3c-dde45cfdd7e1">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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